Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provided by the kernel to allow processes to communicate with each other. The types of inter process communication on Linux OS are: The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Windows: 1. Clipboard - The clipboard acts as a central depository for data sharing among applications. When a user performs a cut or copy operation in an application, the application puts the selected data on the clipboard in one or more standard or application-defined formats. Any other application can then retrieve the data from the clipboard, choosing from the available formats that it understands. 2. File Mapping - File mapping enables a process to treat the contents of a file as if they were a block of memory in the process\'s address space. The process can use simple pointer operations to examine and modify the contents of the file. When two or more processes access the same file mapping, each process receives a pointer to memory in its own address space that it can use to read or modify the contents of the file. 3. Mailslot - Mailslots provide one-way communication. Any process that creates a mailslot is a mailslot server. Other processes, called mailslot clients, send messages to the mailslot server by writing a message to its mailslot. 4. RPC - RPC enables applications to call functions remotely. Therefore, RPC makes IPC as easy as calling a function. RPC operates between processes on a single computer or on different computers on a network. 5. Windows Socket - Windows Sockets is a protocol-independent interface capable of supporting current and emerging networking capabilities. The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Mac OS: 1. Mach Ports : Mach 3.0 is capable of running as a stand-alone kernel, with other traditional OS- services like IO, file systems and networking stack running as user mode.It is much faster to make a direct call between linked components than it is to send messages or do RPC between separate tasks. 2. Apple Events : Universally supported by GUI applications on Mac OS for remote control.Operations like opening or telling an application to open a file or quit etc can be done using these. 3. Pasteboard - Copy Paste , Drag and drop done between applications is performed using this technique. 4. Distributed Objects - Remote messaging feature of Cocoa to call an object in different Cocoa applicaton. Windows server uses the best technique to manage IPC because a) It provides an efficient way for two or more processes on the same computer to share data. b) It is capable of supporting current and emerging networking capabilities, such as quality of service monitoring, robust asynchronous communication, I/O completion ports for superior performance, and protocol-specific network features. => Multiprocessing : refers to the use of two or morecentral processing units (CPU) within a single computer system.All the operating systems provide support for multiprocessing. Windows manages.

1. Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provided by the kernel to allow
processes to communicate with each other.
The types of inter process communication on Linux OS are:
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Windows:
1. Clipboard - The clipboard acts as a central depository for data sharing among applications.
When a user performs a cut or copy operation in an application, the application puts the selected
data on the clipboard in one or more standard or application-defined formats. Any other
application can then retrieve the data from the clipboard, choosing from the available formats
that it understands.
2. File Mapping - File mapping enables a process to treat the contents of a file as if they were a
block of memory in the process's address space. The process can use simple pointer operations
to examine and modify the contents of the file. When two or more processes access the same file
mapping, each process receives a pointer to memory in its own address space that it can use to
read or modify the contents of the file.
3. Mailslot - Mailslots provide one-way communication. Any process that creates a mailslot is a
mailslot server. Other processes, called mailslot clients, send messages to the mailslot server by
writing a message to its mailslot.
4. RPC - RPC enables applications to call functions remotely. Therefore, RPC makes IPC as easy
as calling a function. RPC operates between processes on a single computer or on different
computers on a network.
5. Windows Socket - Windows Sockets is a protocol-independent interface capable of supporting
current and emerging networking capabilities.
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Mac OS:
1. Mach Ports : Mach 3.0 is capable of running as a stand-alone kernel, with other traditional OS-
services like IO, file systems and networking stack running as user mode.It is much faster to
make a direct call between linked components than it is to send messages or do RPC between
separate tasks.
2. Apple Events : Universally supported by GUI applications on Mac OS for remote
control.Operations like opening or telling an application to open a file or quit etc can be done
using these.
3. Pasteboard - Copy Paste , Drag and drop done between applications is performed using this
technique.
4. Distributed Objects - Remote messaging feature of Cocoa to call an object in different Cocoa
applicaton.
Windows server uses the best technique to manage IPC because

2. a) It provides an efficient way for two or more processes on the same computer to share data.
b) It is capable of supporting current and emerging networking capabilities, such as quality of
service monitoring, robust asynchronous communication, I/O completion ports for superior
performance, and protocol-specific network
features.
=> Multiprocessing : refers to the use of two or morecentral processing units (CPU) within a
single computer system.All the operating systems provide support for multiprocessing.
Windows manages multiprocessing in the most efficient manner because it provides Increased
Throughput , Increased Reliability.
In this system, as the workload is distributed among several processors which results in increased
reliability. If one processor fails then its failure may slightly slow down the speed of the system
but system will work smoothly.
Process or Thread OS model approach ?
Multithreading requires careful programming since threads shares data structures that should
only be modified by one thread at a time. Unlike threads, processes don't share the same address
space.
Threads are considered as light weight because they use muh less resources than processes.
Threads are inter dependant on each other unlike processes which are independent of each other.
=> Distributed OS's also uses same process communication techniques which are used by
Desktop OS's like layered and middleware protocols , Remote Procedure calls , Remote
methods invocation etc.
Features of CISC :
1- Emphasis is on hardware and includes multi-clock complex instructions.
Limitations :
1- Small code sizes,high cycles per second.
Features of RISC :
1) Emphasis on Software and it has Low cycles per second, large code sizes
Limitations :
1) Single-clock, reduced simple instruction only
Solution
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provided by the kernel to allow
processes to communicate with each other.
The types of inter process communication on Linux OS are:
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Windows:

3. 1. Clipboard - The clipboard acts as a central depository for data sharing among applications.
When a user performs a cut or copy operation in an application, the application puts the selected
data on the clipboard in one or more standard or application-defined formats. Any other
application can then retrieve the data from the clipboard, choosing from the available formats
that it understands.
2. File Mapping - File mapping enables a process to treat the contents of a file as if they were a
block of memory in the process's address space. The process can use simple pointer operations
to examine and modify the contents of the file. When two or more processes access the same file
mapping, each process receives a pointer to memory in its own address space that it can use to
read or modify the contents of the file.
3. Mailslot - Mailslots provide one-way communication. Any process that creates a mailslot is a
mailslot server. Other processes, called mailslot clients, send messages to the mailslot server by
writing a message to its mailslot.
4. RPC - RPC enables applications to call functions remotely. Therefore, RPC makes IPC as easy
as calling a function. RPC operates between processes on a single computer or on different
computers on a network.
5. Windows Socket - Windows Sockets is a protocol-independent interface capable of supporting
current and emerging networking capabilities.
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Mac OS:
1. Mach Ports : Mach 3.0 is capable of running as a stand-alone kernel, with other traditional OS-
services like IO, file systems and networking stack running as user mode.It is much faster to
make a direct call between linked components than it is to send messages or do RPC between
separate tasks.
2. Apple Events : Universally supported by GUI applications on Mac OS for remote
control.Operations like opening or telling an application to open a file or quit etc can be done
using these.
3. Pasteboard - Copy Paste , Drag and drop done between applications is performed using this
technique.
4. Distributed Objects - Remote messaging feature of Cocoa to call an object in different Cocoa
applicaton.
Windows server uses the best technique to manage IPC because
a) It provides an efficient way for two or more processes on the same computer to share data.
b) It is capable of supporting current and emerging networking capabilities, such as quality of
service monitoring, robust asynchronous communication, I/O completion ports for superior
performance, and protocol-specific network
features.

4. => Multiprocessing : refers to the use of two or morecentral processing units (CPU) within a
single computer system.All the operating systems provide support for multiprocessing.
Windows manages multiprocessing in the most efficient manner because it provides Increased
Throughput , Increased Reliability.
In this system, as the workload is distributed among several processors which results in increased
reliability. If one processor fails then its failure may slightly slow down the speed of the system
but system will work smoothly.
Process or Thread OS model approach ?
Multithreading requires careful programming since threads shares data structures that should
only be modified by one thread at a time. Unlike threads, processes don't share the same address
space.
Threads are considered as light weight because they use muh less resources than processes.
Threads are inter dependant on each other unlike processes which are independent of each other.
=> Distributed OS's also uses same process communication techniques which are used by
Desktop OS's like layered and middleware protocols , Remote Procedure calls , Remote
methods invocation etc.
Features of CISC :
1- Emphasis is on hardware and includes multi-clock complex instructions.
Limitations :
1- Small code sizes,high cycles per second.
Features of RISC :
1) Emphasis on Software and it has Low cycles per second, large code sizes
Limitations :
1) Single-clock, reduced simple instruction only