The Cask Of Amontillado Analysis Essay

The Cask Of Amontillado Analysis Essay
Analysis of "The Cask of Amontillado" In Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado", Wolfgang
Iser's theory can be used as a reader analyzes the way Poe depicts the narrator in the story. Iser's
theory states "we [the reader] must suspend the ideas and attitudes that shape our own personality
before we can experience the unfamiliar world of the literary text" (291) in one of his works called
The Implied Reader, meaning the reader approaching the text can only use the text to figure out the
meaning it gives out and must not bring in their own erudition. The narrator in the story says, "The
thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best I could; but when he ventured upon insult, I
vowed revenge," (Poe 3). The narrator does not describe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
With that being said, the reader can put the text together by "filling in the gaps left by the text itself,"
(Iser 280) and conclude that the narrator is Montresor. A reader may use Stanley Fish's theory from
Why No One's Afraid of Wolfgang Iser to analyze the disposition that Poe inscribes Fortunato to
hold in the story. Fish's theory is different to Iser's theory and claims, "There is no distinction
between what the text gives and what the reader supplies; he [the reader] supplies everything," (7),
meaning that the reader can add their own interpretation of the text from prior knowledge to find the
meaning of the text with evidence. The reader may be informed about Poe and how most of his
writings were Gothic, which had themes related to death and premature burial. The reader could
predict that this story will end with a character dying and make connections throughout the story.
Fortunato is described by the narrator as "A man to be respected and even feared. He prided himself
in his connoisseurship in wine," (Poe 3). The reader gets an idea of the type of person that Fortunato
is along with his personal interests, and how that may affect the way Montresor gets revenge on him.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

An Analysis Of Jacob And Wilhelm Grimm 's Version Of The...
Reading of Rumpelstiltskin
Do not abuse your power, do not lie, and above all else, do not be greedy. Like many within its
genre, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's version of the fairy–tale Rumpelstiltskin, attempts to propagate
strong moral lessons towards a youthful demographic. Many years ago, this concept held true to me,
in which, with little contradiction, I was able to draw the three aforementioned conclusions from the
classic fable. Recently, however, upon revisitation of the text, certain elements within the Grimm
brother's tale evoked a strongly oppositional reading from me. Where I once accepted the author's
words with minimal hesitation, I now found myself strongly resenting the 'good' character,
unexpectedly empathising with the once ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alas, with the ability to spin straw into gold, the ring and necklace offered by the soon to be queen
were of little worth to Rumpelstiltskin from the very beginning, yet still, in her time of need, he
assisted her like a true gentleman. In fact, in exchange for his valuable 'services,' he only ever asks
for something truly precious, her child, when she no longer faces the threat of death. Evil? I think
not. Rather, perhaps Rumpelstiltskin was simply lonely and in desire of the love and attention of a
human companion...And for this, he died?
As such, with this initial contradiction, I was prompted to re–read the text once more with even
greater opposition, the seemingly pure and 'good willed' Miller's daughter now falling into the path
of my oppositional frenzy.
She was, I noticed during my second reading now, in direct contradiction with my 21st century view
of women , acting as a shameful and outdated representation of females in general. Surely, rather
than simply contradicting her father at the beginning, or telling the king the truth later, she responds
submissively and fearfully to their actions and commands, as though she is incapable of anything
herself, relying on others (Rumpelstiltskin) instead to rectify her situation. This damsel in distress
representation–although easily accepted in my innocence as a child–is one that I found exceedingly
unpalatable now.
Furthermore, as I continued, I discovered something else that saw me

Analysis Of The Poem ' Ozymandias ' By Percy Bysshe Shelley
Week One
In the first week of scholarship we began with an introduction to the module. I understood that the
module focuses on helping us to develop various skills, such as study skills, research skills, and how
to work at a degree level in general. This will be helpful because I can learn new skills and develop
my current skills, which will be beneficial for my improvement as I progress through my degree.
We also looked at the poem 'Ozymandias' by Percy Bysshe Shelley. What I took from the poem, and
what we agreed on, was that the overall theme of the poem was destruction and how things change
over time. What I found fascinating was the variety of opinions that my classmates had; some of the
ideas presented were intriguing and though–provoking, such as the fact that there could be more
than one voice in the poem. This has inspired me to look deeper when analysing a piece of literature
in order to discover meanings which are not as obvious at a first glance.
Week Two
The topic of this week was writing skills. One quote especially stood out to me from the class
PowerPoint from Enrique Jardiel Poncela, "When writing can be read without effort, great effort has
gone into its writing." (Class Presentation). To me, this shows that writing is not as easy as it seems;
it takes a large amount of effort to produce a written piece that is both good and enjoyable, and
unfortunately I do not often appreciate this when reading.
After discussing what good writing skills consist of, I

A Reader- Oriented Approach to Edgar Alan Poe's the Tell-...
"If a tree falls in the forest and no one hears it, does it make a sound?" A Reader– Oriented approach
to Edgar Alan Poe's The Tell– Tale Heart The Titular question is an old philosophical riddle for
which a wide range of metaphysical and non–metaphysical solution has been offered. The answers
differ based on the perspective of the interpreter. Judging these answers is neither possible nor
desirable for us, but the riddle and the ensuing debates attest to the veracity of one of the most basic
tenets of reader–response theory: If a text does not have a reader, it does not exist–or at least, it has
no meaning. It's reader, with whatever experience he brings to the text, who gives it its meaning. Of
particular significance is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The narrator is a psychopath with wacky motivations. If we accept this convenient explanation then
we have to deal with another question: could a madman talks with such lucidity and exactness? The
answer that Ken Frieden gives to this question is a positive one. He downplays the contrast between
the sane narrative and mad narrator: "The discrepancy between sane narrator and madman perhaps
shows the error of assuming that linguistic normalcy implies psychological normalcy." Friedan took
it for granted that the narrator is mad because he kills an old man for no reason. He is doubly mad,
Friedan said, when he imagines he hears the pounding of the dead man's heart and gives away the
crime he had concealed. Yet the narrator tells a coherent tale, as if to demonstrate out of spite that he
is sane, refuting the ordinary belief that he must be mad. On the other side of the road, there are
critics who are sympathetic toward the narrator and dismiss any suggestion of madness. Daniel
Hoffman, for instance is willing to believe the narrator's claim about the Old man's eye. Hoffman
reads the vulture–like eye as a Freudian Father–Figure. He takes the old man as a father–figure;
whose "Eye becomes the all–seeing surveillance of the child by the father." (Bloom 53) . This
surveillance is, Hoffman writes, "the inculcation into his soul

Response Criticism In Raymond Carver's Cathedral
In the short story, "Cathedral", Carver uses reader response criticism to let the reader interpret the
story by leaving out pieces of information. Carver has been dubbed a "minimalist" for his low–key
plots and spare style (34). This approach allows the reader to look deeper into a character without
even knowing their name. With the mentioning of alcohol, marijuana, and a suicide attempt, all
before the eye–opening moment at the end...it gives the reader a glimpse into Raymond Carver's
own life–long struggle with alcoholism and possible struggles with his life. In "Cathedral", the
narrator seems to be very grumpy, jealous, and ignorant. The narrator fails to mention any names
except for Robert's, but the narrator mostly refers to him as "the blind man". When the narrator
speaks of his wife's past, he never mentions her name, or her ex–fiancés; and you can sense the
bitterness from the narrator about his wife's past when he says "Her officer– why should he have a
name? he was the childhood sweetheart, and what more does he want? (36)." The reader can pick up
the vibe that the husband seems to be jealous that this man holds a special place in his wife's heart
because they had the cute Hollywood movie plot where two childhood sweethearts grow up and run
off and get married. The narrator never comes out and says these things though, because Carver uses
his language and minimalist ways to let the reader piece everything together and to interpret the
story in their own way. The

Why I Write Joan Didion On Keeping A Notebook Summary
Response to Didion Readings Throughout her writing Joan Didion brings up many important points
and reasons to write that apply to all types of people from professional writers to average people.
Didion uses an approach that allows many people to understand the importance of writing in
everyone's life. In both "Why I Write" and "On Keeping a Notebook" readers are able to find the
personal importance of writing from recalling the past, to finding an answer, and even simply
expressing personal thoughts and feelings. Memory and recalling the past is an important part of the
lives of many people. Everyone has a memory that they hold dear or that reminds them of a special
part of their life. Through her writing, Didion amplifies the importance of writing down the things
that happen directly to a person or occur around them. She believes that writing down what is
happening is a way to reconnect to a memory. It may be a small and random detail about something
that sparks the memory of a very important part of life or reminds us of the person we used to be.
The things written may seem insignificant but "it all comes back" and has an important impact on
the memories we have (p16). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She states that she "write(s) entirely to find out (she) is thinking, what (she) is looking at, what (she)
sees and what it means" (p10). She uses writing to find answers by writing down questions and
unknowns and continues to write until the questions are answered and the unknowns become clear.
It is a practice that many people can use in today's world. There are always new problems arising
from small day to day questions to large and important life decisions. Didion's method is one of the
many ways to overcome problems and find answers to life's many

lighthod Light and Dark in Joseph Conrad's Heart of...
Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness
Joseph Conrad's repeated use of darkness in his novel Heart of Darkness has been widely
interpreted. Readers have arrived at many different conclusions about the use of darkness
throughout the novel. The critics themselves cannot agree what the darkness means.
The critics draw different conclusions about the use of darkness. For some critics, the use of
darkness is seen as an intentional literary device. For example, Gary Adelman and Michael
Levenson discuss the use of darkness and comment upon Conrad's purpose. Gary Adelman suggests
that Conrad used darkness as a means to tie together various elements of the novel. Adelman says,
"the most elaborate of Conrad's devices for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Marlow finally meets Kurtz, he is faced with a "shocking revelation" (87) writes Adelman;
"that the darkness . . . is not African, but European" (87).
While Adelman talks about darkness and how it links many elements of the novel together, Michael
Levenson concludes that Conrad chose to use darkness throughout the novel because of the sense it
conveyed to the reader. Levenson sees darkness as the "perfect moral term" (404), conjuring up a
certain impression that is conveyed from beginning to end of the story. As the story unfolds, the
reader is meant to associate darkness with facts and values. Levenson reasons that the "transitions"
(404) from one scene to another are almost "seamless" (404) as a result of the way in which Conrad
uses words like darkness and gloom and what those words come to mean to the reader. To illustrate
his point, he talks about "the transitions from the literal gloom of the African jungle to Kurtz's
gloomy horror . . . from the black bank of clouds above the Thames to the heart of darkness" (404).
They appear seamless, says Levenson "because this darkness is a metaphor which so reliably links
facts and values" (405). He then points out that because of its associations and the frequency with
which it is used, the word darkness "scarcely seems a figure of speech at all" (405). According to
Levenson, this works to Conrad's advantage. He suggests that, as long as there is a strong
association in the reader's mind between darkness

The X-Men : Anti-Morality Of Characters
Overview: People have always felt the urge to classify characters as heroes or villains, however
today more writers and readers recognize that the morality of characters is not as clear–cut as pure
good and evil, allowing characters to step out of the traditional label of hero and villain. Despite this
fact, fans still feel the need to restrain a character's morality into a defined box, whether it be anti–
heroes (protagonists who have flaws), anti–villains (villains with heroic goals or virtues), or the
classic heroes and villains. Yet debates arise amongst fans when a character's morality does not
clearly fit under one label, especially when their morality does not match their literary function in
the story. A prime example of this conflict can be witnessed within the X–Men fandom. The X–Men,
a team of Marvel superheroes, have become a well–known metaphor for the suppression of various
minority groups. The X–Men are mutants, people born with superhuman abilities, that fight for
equality and peace between the humans and themselves. On the contrary, the main antagonist,
Magneto, believes that humans and mutant's cannot live in harmony. He believes mutants are
evolutionarily superior to humans and that violent measures are the only way subdue human threats.
Since Magneto's principles contradict the X–Men's morality, and his pro–genocide ideology is
deemed unethical by our modern societal standards, comic book writers and fans of the X–Men
traditionally classify him as a

Essay Finding Meaning in The Turn of The Screw, by Henry...
At first glance, Bly appears to be a rather lonely place. The vividly bleak backdrop for The Turn of
the Screw houses a handful of servants, two orphaned children, and ghosts who fade in and out of
view. But there are others present who are less obtrusive yet just as influential as Peter Quint and
Miss Jessel. Peering into and out of Bly's windows and mirrors, engaging with the text and the
lingering trace of author Henry James, a crowd of real and virtual readers hope to catch a glimpse of
a specter or to unravel a clever Freudian slipknot that will tell them something: They may be looking
for that which they think James intended as the text's truth – a transcendental center – or maybe they
subconsciously wish to see a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lustig asserts that James's story "uses its blanks to undermine all attempts to establish relations and
to join references into a coherent pattern" (255). This "coherent pattern" is what the New Critics
believe a text's essential organizing principle to be, and that it is present in the text whether a reader
notices it or not. For formalists, a text's essential effect lies in the text alone and is completely
independent of a reader's response to elements that create effect in him. Likewise, Lustig's precise
analysis of form and subsequent deconstructionist reading of The Turn of the Screw does not
mention what a possible reader's process might be when faced with the twists of Bly. But for whom
is the effect valuable, if not the reader?
As Iser explains in "The Reading Process," readers situate themselves within their responses, in
effect "awakening [the] responses within himself" (51). He further argues that "if a reader were
given the whole story...his imagination would never enter the field," and yield nothing but
"boredom" (51). To Iser, the life of the text depends on a reader's participation in formulating his
own response. More importantly, Iser touts the "unwritten parts," (gaps and ambiguities) of a text to
stimulate the imagination, a process that "animates these 'outlines,'" and "in turn...influence the
effect of the written part..." (50–51). Iser and other phenomenological reader–response critics
depend utterly upon the reader

Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Reader...
Reader Response Criticism to Camus' The Stranger (The Outsider)
In The Stranger (The Outsider), Albert Camus anticipates an active reader that will react to his text.
He wants the reader to form a changing, dynamic opinion of Meursault. The reader can create a
consciousness for Meursault from the facts that Meursault reports. By using vague and ambiguous
language, Camus stimulates the reader to explore all possibilities of meaning. Camus also intends to
shock the reader into rereading passages. Through discussion of narrative structure, the opening
lines, the role of pity, resentment toward Meursault's judges, and the relationship between murder
and innocence, I will prove that Camus' purpose is to bring the reader to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The reader is intentionally left to compare Meursault's impression on themselves with the
consciousness that Camus creates. Camus uses this other, reader–created Meursault as a bridge and
a tool to put the reader in Meursault's shoes. On trial, the reader compares the mental reaction of
Camus' Meursault with their consciousness for Meursault. Already the reader sympathizes with
Meursault (ostensibly because we create his consciousness and it is inherently similar to the
reader's), but in the court, Camus has the reader to place themselves on trial. The reader introspects
on whether they are guilty of indifference to society. Camus has the reader create a consciousness
for Meursault so that Camus can inspire introspection in the reader.
Camus anticipates the reader will re–read his startling opening. By the opening lines, he sets a tone
and standard that the reader should continually reassess their attitude toward Meursault. Aujord'hui,
maman est morte. Ou peut–être hier, je ne sais pas. J'ai reçu un télégramme de l'asile: << Mère
décédée. Enterrement demain. Sentiments distingués. >> Cela ne veut rien dire. C'était peut–
être hier (L'Etranger 9). At first, Camus shocks the reader into believing that Meursault does not care
about the death of his mother. Camus' intention, however, is to compel the reader to create a
dynamic approach to Meursault.

Analysis Of The Book ' A Good Story '
A good story, in my opinion, will have certain elements that keep a reader interested. Of course the
most obvious of those is the story line itself. No one will continue to read if they are not intrigued by
the plot. Secondly and equally important are the characters. Even if the story is captivating there is
little interest in continuing on if the characters are not either incredibly likable or easily feared or
hated. A strongly developed character will always keep a reader following along. In this particular
instance its the monsters that makes the play.
When it comes to the topic of monsters, most of us will readily agree that they are bad. Where this
agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of what makes a monster. Although ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to show the importance of a reader response to a story, I will attempt to show how at least
three characters in Shakespeare 's The Tempest could have been perceived as the monster of the tale.
Stephen T. Asma writes that "good monster stories can transmit moral truths to us by showing us
examples of dignity and depravity without preaching or proselytizing. (pg 64)" Considering that
people can live by very different morals, monsters can be seen in so many different forms. The
Tempest is a perfect example of this. There are at least fifteen characters in the play and of those
characters there are at least three that can be viewed as being a monster or at least possessing some
monster like qualities.
One of the most obvious choices as the monster of the play could be Antonio. He can be found to
say "Nobel Sebastian, thou lett'st thy fortune sleep – die, rather; wink'st whiles thou art waking.
(2.1.210)" in reference to the sleeping King Alonso. Antonio makes this comment to the king's
brother, in order to convince him that murdering the king is his best chance of taking the throne for
himself. In Act 3, scene 3 Antonio can again be seen speaking of the king's murder when he speaks
the line, "I am right glad that he's so out of hope. Do not for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you
resolved 't effect.(3.3.11)" In some opinions a person who is lacking morals and has become so
greedy that they are willing to plot and plan a murder can be viewed as the most

The Life And Opinions Of Tristram Shandy, Sisband
"Writing, when properly managed, (as you may be sure I think mine is) is but a different name for a
conversation" (87; vol. II, ch. XI), states the narrator Tristram Shandy in Laurence Sterne's novel,
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Indeed, the distinctive writing style of the
novel may make one feel reminded of a real conversation due to the many interruptions and
digressions, which are typical of human face–to–face interaction and which occasionally make it
more difficult for the reader to follow the storyline.
Following the above depicted statement, Tristram proceeds by maintaining that "the truest respect
which you can pay to the reader's understanding is to halve this matter amicably, and leave him
something to imagine, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the reader or a narratee like Sir or Madam, and the resulting consequences for the respective
addressee in terms of how they are dealt with. In order to achieve this, the analysis will be confined
to only three visual elements, namely asterisks, dashes, and gaps because they are the most common
ones. Although literary researchers have already examined these particular visual elements, they
have not done so in terms of their recipients. For my analysis, it is important to distinguish between
the narratee, the implied reader, and the actual reader: According to Jahn, the narratee is the
narrator's fictional addressee (cf. N1.5.); the implied reader, as already mentioned above, is "a text's
overall projection of a reader role, superordinate to any narratee" (N2.3.2.), which means that he is
e.g. able to understand the function of all visual elements in the novel and handles them perfectly;
Which is, according to Iser, influenced by his former experience (cf. Der Akt des Lesens 66). The
actual reader, consequently, does not necessarily have this experience and might struggle during the
reading

Essay on Reader Response Criticism to God's Determinations
Reader Response Criticism to God's Determinations
For the reader demanding either rational sense or aesthetic pleasure from poetry, reading the preface
to Edward Taylor's "God's Determinations" is humbling in ways unintended by the 17th century
Puritan minister and poet. "Rationality" per se seems rejected at the start, where we are asked first to
comprehend "Infinity," and then to envision it (everything) "beholding" "all things"(also
everything). "Things" get no clearer as we progress, as we find whatever "infinity" "beholds" in not
everything but "nothing," and that "nothing" itself to become the building material for "all."
Identifying the paradox, perhaps, as that which begins the Biblical account of the Creation, ... Show
Granted, logical incoherence might not trouble the reader demanding beauty from a poem, but even
the poem's most vivid images––rocks, rivers, curtains, a bright "gem" of some unmentioned size and
color––don't offer nearly the "delectable view" found in a poem of Taylor's contemporary Anne
Bradstreet.
Although Taylor certainly meant to "humble" his reader in the preface to his long poem, he certainly
did not have a modern rationalist or aesthete audience in mind when he wrote it. His intended
readers were rather his parishioners, 17th–century Puritan men and women for whom poetry was
more a rhetorical than an aesthetic exercise, and for whom God's ways were understood to be
inscrutable––what we might call "irrational"––to the sons of Adam. Part of a people who left for the
New World in order to enjoy a more perfect relation with their God, now in a third generation
Taylor's audience was beginning to forget what was for an orthodox Puritan their "proper" place
among "all things." "God's Determinations" was Taylor's way to remind his readers of that place.
Taylor begins his poem by limning the first verses of Genesis, but from line 3 to line 19, nearly half
the poem, he asks questions––questions which amplify God's physical might and unimaginable
power while they invite readers to remind themselves of a time (before their recent lapse in faith)
when they had evinced a more proper respect for that power. In this sense, the very "senselessness"
of Taylor's

Reader Response to James Joyce's The Dead Essays
Reader Response to Joyce's The Dead
James Joyce's story "The Dead" has a tremendous impact on the
readers, especially those who are familiar with the political situation in
Ireland at the time about which the Joyce wrote the final story in
Dubliners. In exploring the meaning of James Joyce's long short–story,
"The Dead", there are many critical approaches to take. Each approach
gives readers a lens, a set of guidelines through which to examine and
express ideas of the meaning of "The Dead." Joyce himself said that the
idea of paralysis was the intended theme of all the stories in The Dubliners
of which "The Dead" is the final story.
Of all critical approaches, reader ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(138)
The images reflect Gabriels ego in a sense, at the same for his
marital relationship, and at the end death, which may not be physical but
spiritual. Gabriel who is tallish and stout symbolizes authority and also
wants to be perfect for all times. He has a mental block, which makes him
believe that he is more superior and different than others are. He's built
a screen around himself, which stops him from identifying himself with the

"Common Man." The "...polished lenses and the bright gilt rims of the
glasses which screened his delicate and restless eyes...."(23,24). This
image perhaps tells us that the glasses are the screen that partition his
vision from the vision of others.
Joyce's intended theme of paralysis is exemplified in the
symbolization of snow. In the story, snow has a major role as it
symbolizes the political situation at the same time where everything was
cold and dead due to the political uncertainty at the time. Snow also
plays a major role as it interprets the reader to be on the alert, as
things at the end are not going to be as smooth as Gabriel had predicted.
This seen in the shift of mood when after the party had concluded, Gabriel
and his wife are heading towards the hotel and he's in a very

Critical Analysis Of Death Of A Salesman
How can two people watch or read the same story and yet, interpret it completely differently? Does
it have to do with the author's intentions, or maybe it has to do with the viewers' own backgrounds
and ideologies? Whatever the case may be, viewing one piece of work can lead to a wide array of
opinions and critiques. It is through the diversity of such lenses that Death of a Salesman, by Arthur
Miller has become one of the most well–known plays in modern history. There are many different
ways in which a play can be criticized, however, criticisms from the approaches of a Marxist and
reader–response will be utilized to further dissect Death of a Salesman. Marxist criticism sees pieces
of works as a struggle between different socioeconomic classes; what better way to see Miller's play
than for what it is at face value, the struggle of a middle–class man trying to achieve the American
dream (1750). On the other hand, a reader–response criticism comes from either an objective or
subjective view; in this case Death of a Salesman will be viewed with a subjective lens based on
Willy's deteriorating mental health (1746). Through a Marxist's eyes, Death of a Salesman
represents the struggle of middle–class families in a capitalistic world. From an early age, kids are
taught to do well in school, be involved with sports and activities, and to go on to college; all in
hopes of achieving the American Dream. This dream of obtaining success through hard work leads
many into the

Fish Reader Response Criticism
Fish's Reader Response Criticism is composed of two interdependent ideas: first, that the meaning
of texts is shaped by the reading experience itself, and second, that these meanings cannot be judged
to be correct or incorrect, but merely belonging to one "interpretive community" or another. The first
idea may be identified as the executive aspect of Reader Response Criticism because it analyzes the
act of reading, while the second idea is the epistemological aspect of the theory because it
circumscribes the knowledge we can acquire about a text to the merely relative. Studied
independently, each aspect of Reader Response Theory offers by itself strong arguments
countervailing the formalist stance of the New Critics. But as we will see, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This excerpt begins at the level of innate human concepts (flesh) and proceeds through the more
concrete level of medical terminology (muscles, blood, epidermis) and onwards through an
evocative metaphor (red cloud). Before the reader reaches the final clause ("whose soul is
lightning"), he has built up an expectation that a culminating trope will be used to close the
sentence, as is usual. Instead, the fragment ends with "whose soul is lightning" which refers not to
the red cloud, but to "the flesh itself." In other words, the red cloud is not the object of the
concluding clause, but a "psychological multiplier:" the reader sees a red cloud (associated with
storms) and then sees lightning exacerbated by the immediately preceding image. Now the reader
possesses a clear mental picture of the passionate flesh, but the strange syntax (both in French and
English) leaves him uncertain about what exactly the text has said: is lightning the soul of the flesh?
Is the soul the lightning emitted by the flesh? This is an important point–is the soul passion? Or is
passion simply one of several manifestations of the soul? Yourcenar has deliberately shrouded this
discussion in complex syntax because the distinction itself confounds us. If you are lost as to what
exactly the text says right now, Yourcenar has achieved her aim. Now take a look at Grace Frick's
artful translation of the same text:
The flesh itself, that amazing instrument of muscles, blood, and skin, that

Critic As Host
J. Hillis Miller's theoretical essay "A Critic as Host" demonstrates a deconstructive reading's
understanding of how a citation acts within an extraneous text, and whether the reading of it could
be univocal or equivocal. Miller introduces the relationship between a citation and the criticism it
dwells in as equal to the relationship of a parasite and host, where he defines the parasite as actively
consuming the host. However, Miller does not initially confirm which text is equivalent to parasite
and which to host, rather he explores this relationship by building on the structuralist idea of the
binary, the idea that the meaning of an object or idea is held in place by its opposition or
counterpart. Miller uses the foundation of structuralism

Essay on Reader Response to The Silmarillion by J.R.R....
Position Paper: Reader–response
I read a book the other day. It was a wonderful book called The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien. I
really enjoyed it; it gives the background information on the creation of Middle Earth. In it, Tolkien
tells us of Illúvatar, Eä, the Valar and the birth of Elves, Dwarves and Men. But, you know, I don't
think it has anything at all to do with Elves, Dwarves, Men and some god named Illúvatar. I think
Tolkien really wanted to write a Biblical allegory and a critique on ridiculous human nature really is.
Illúvatar is a substitution for God, the Valar substitute the Angels and the three god made races are
representative of human races. I think he didn't use more races because that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Now this letter is included in a book titled, The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, on pages 143–161. More
importantly, it is in the preface to The Silmarillion, pages xi–xxiv. In short, my taking the view that
this novel is a Biblical allegory completely undermines what the author had in mind when he wrote
The Silmarillion and even The Lord of the Rings. Technically, I can still take this view because
Reader–response criticism allows me too. I don't have to worry about what the author wanted, and
maybe that is why the opinion that The Silmarillion is a biblical allegory is a widely shared opinion.
One of the advantages to reader–response is that the reader can read a novel the way they desire. It
beats adhering to Marxist, Psychoanalytical or Feminist criticism. It gives more of a chance for the
reader to be creative, and it gives a reader the chance to do the right thing, and maybe research the
author a little bit. On the negative side, it gives the reader the chance to say, "this is what it means,
because I said so" or "it's my opinion, and you can't change it". I think that that is the major draw
back to this school of criticism. A person can read anything into anything and if they are not a
responsible critic, well then, anything's possible as long as you can prove it.

Do We Write the Text We Read by Reed Way Dasenbrock
Reed Way Dasenbrock's Do We Write the Text We Read? focuses on how the reader's thoughts
about a novel originate with pre–existing theories and how those theories can be altered and revised
as the text permits. Dasenbrock argues that through this passing theory, readers develop a sense of
value for the literary work and can progress their own learning capabilities. Dasenbrock utilizes
other theorists to make this point, specifically Stanley Fish who postulates that individuals read texts
differently because they interpret differently. He explains that interpretations of the reader are
created through their beliefs and furthermore, that because people have such different
interpretations, they are able to bring many different concepts to a community of readers. That
community is built by the common assumptions of the members of the community. Dasenbrock
adds to this theory by mentioning the importance of the dynamic evolution of texts that happen
across time. Fish, as Dasenbrock points out, states that the certain interpretations we hold are of the
only truth we should accept and that all other sources, due to their difference, register as false. He
disproves Fish's argument by bringing forth the idea that to say another individual's beliefs are
different than our own is to say that we understand their beliefs completely. He suggests that,
moreover, we can imply similar things by saying different words. There exists many differing ways
to observe, to interpret, and to

The Theories Of Louise Rosenblatt's Reader Response Theory
Reader Response Theory The Reader Response Theory emerged as a reaction against the New
Criticism or formalistic approach, which focused on the text, finding all the meaning, the value in it
and regarding everything else as extraneous, including readers. Despite the ideas of the Reader
Response in the 1920's, the late Louise Rosenblatt pioneered the Reader Response theory. She was a
literary theorist and an English Educator. In her writing, Literature as Exploration written in 1938,
she emphasizes that the readers play an important role in the life of any piece of literature.
According to Rosenblatt, "A novel or a poem or a play remains merely ink spot on a paper until a
reader transform them into a set of meaningful symbols" (1985, 25). ... Show more content on
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It allows for inferences and insights by the reader This means that when a reader reads some literary
texts it is the belief that it allows the individual to construct his/her own meaning. Once the reader is
able to interact with the text, he/she is able to explore and interpret it in a way in which his or her
cultural backgrounds is understood and that of others. Within a literary text, the reader is able to
understand why specific cultures do certain practices and how it places value on society.
Furthermore, it is through a text that individuals gain insight on what is morally acceptable to
society and can be able to link it through their experiences whether in their school environment and
the community. This insight may be gained not just by reading one book, but through various
literary text in which they are able to apply their critical thinking skills and construct their own
understanding whether it may be through a poem or story. However, not all similar books will be
written the same way, for example, Cinderella. There are many Cinderella books written with
countless interpretation; however, readers can be able to read all and find similarities such as it is
wrong to treat people cruel or that the stepmother is cruel. Despite that, a reader may have a
stepmother who is a wonderful person yet he or she can analyze and understand that not all
stepmothers are cruel or not everyone will treat a person wrongfully. In essence, the readers are able
to become critical thinkers through the assimilation of a literary

The 's Reading Process Theory Through The Text Of Mrs...
Yadav
Dr. Nidhi Vats
M.A. English (Final)
Decoding Wolfgang Iser‟s Reading Process Theory through the Text of Mrs Dalloway and
Bravely Fought the Queen In the 1960s, the new criticism theory in the American Literary arena
focused on the reading of a literary text as an independent form and not to be studied in relation to
any context. This gave birth to another theory that began majorly in 1960s and 1970s known as
reader response criticism, which also tried to do away with the author‟s role and focused on the
reader‟s perception that defined the text‟s subjectivity. In his work 'The Reading Process–A
Phenomenological Approach', Wolfgang Iser describes about the reading of a literary work or text as
an interaction between the reader and the author. In order to understand a text in a better way and to
explore its meaning, Louise Rosenblatt in his work 'Literature as Exploration' described how the
readers should be free from any "preconceived notions about the proper way to react to any work"
(Lewis,C.S.,1961) to experience any work or text individually. Similarly,
Iser also want the readers to make a niche for themselves while the aesthetic reading of a wok or a
text. Wolfgang Iser‟s reading in reference to two works, namely, Mrs Dalloway by Virginia
Woolf and Bravely Fought the Queen by Mahesh Dattani has been assessed in order to have a better
understanding and a practical approach in exploration or understanding the meaning of the texts.
Mrs Dalloway

Freedom And Confinement
Reader Response
"Another rule is, the wide of the walls is the same as the wide of Floor, I count eleven feet going
both ways, that means Floor is a square." (1.185) These areThis is the words in Jack's head, and is
related to the theme "Freedom and Confinement," which is one of the most important themes
through the whole book. This quote shows the reader that Jack's Ma has been inside an 11x11 room
for almost eight years. However, to five–year–old–Jack, "Room" is the world....It's where he was
born, it's where he and his Ma ate and slept and played and learned. He never seen the outside
world, the Room is the home for Jack, so it's not strange for him at all, but for his Ma, Room is
prison, her claustrophobia must be out of control. Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The U.S. cover of Room looks pretty innocuous, However, inside covers, Room is pretty scary.
Jack's five–year–old point of view softens the blow for the average reader, but here's what's really
happening in blunt, condensed form: Jack's Ma was kidnapped when she was nineteen and locked in
a shed. She is repeatedly raped, she had one child who died and one who lived (Jack). She raises
Jack fearing that she'll never escape. When it becomes likely that her captor will leave them to die,
Ma convinces her five–year–old son to play dead and risks his life in order for them to break out.
Thankfully, Ma's plan succeeds, but things do not get much less scary from there. The world is a
scary place even outside of Room's four small

Critical Analysis Of Killing The Bear By Judith Minty
The Analysis of Killing the Bear by Judith Minty Based on Reader Response Criticism The
important thing in the reader response theory is the interpretive of the readers itself, rather than the
author or even the text. The theory gives the competence to the reader to critic the text, however
with the condition the readers have the evidence or research from other people toward the critic. The
way of their interpretation may reveal their identity, because the reader gives the critic depends on
their knowledge and experience (Philip Goldstein, 2005). Everyone has their own perspective
toward anything, especially for the literary works. Each of people perspective is unique. That is why
reader response was created. The theory is about the transaction between the writer and the reader.
The writer composed a meaningful text, whereas the reader composed an interpreted meaning of the
text. Reader response is not about destroying the writer's idea, but it is more constructing the work
itself (Louise M. Rosenblatt, 1988). The theory usually used for the basic of the analysis. ... Show
Do not think about what people say about us. Because, each person has their own bear, their own
qualities and desire. That is why we should proud of it. References American University. Paragraph
Unity and Coherence. Academic Support Center (2009) Goldstein, Philip. Reader–Response Theory
and Criticism. The Johns Hopkins University Press (2005). Rosenblatt, Louise M. Writing and
Reading: The Transactional Theory. Champaign: University of Illionois at Urbana–Champaign
(1988) Rosenblatt, Louise M. The Acid Test for Literature Teaching. New York (2005) Schlutt,
Patricia and Kara Talen. Judith Minty: Comprehending the World. (2008)
www.throughthe3rdeye.com/node/57 Scruton, Roger. Sexual Desire: A Philosophical

Reader Response Criticism In 'Cathedral By David Bleich's...
What would one expect from an ordinary blind man? What can he possibly do to completely alter
the way of looking at life? In "Cathedral" by Raymond Carver, readers observe how Robert, a blind
guy, alters the narrator's world view and the respective marked alterations that take place in
narrator's life. The writer of this article explains about this shift of point of view and the enormous
change that takes place in the narrator's life, when he changes from a person who only looks to a
man who sees. The explanation is given through the lenses of reader response criticism using
subjective reader–response theory represented by David Bleich. Key Words: Cathedral, Carver,
Reader Response, Seeing and Looking Introduction: Raymond Carver was an American writer who
was famous for his minimalist style of writing. Even though according to Ann Beattie in an
interview in The Paris Review he resented the title, Carver is mostly known for his minimal short
stories. Among his many stories the writer of this article chose Cathedral to discuss. Since the story
is filled with numerous gaps it is the perfect story to be analyzed with subjective reader–response
theory introduced by David Bleich and his idea of symbolic objects which is the experience that a
reader goes through while reading the story. According to Bleich ... Show more content on
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He is bothered that Robert, the blind guy, is not wearing glasses or that he doesn't have a white cane.
"I'd always thought dark glasses were a must for the blind. Fact was, I wish he had a pair." (Carver
520). Robert is a bearded guy and the narrator thinks that even having a beard for a guy like him is
completely unnecessary because of all the trouble that he might go through taking care of his beard.
He thinks that Robert doesn't have the right to be bearded because it is against the norms that the
narrator has seen or read about his entire

Analysis of Shirley Jackson's The Lottery Essays
Shirley Jackson's famous short story, "The Lottery," was published in 1948 and remains to this day
one of the most enduring and affecting American works in the literary canon. "The Lottery" tells the
story of a farming community that holds a ritualistic lottery among its citizens each year. Although
the text initially presents audiences with a close–knit community participating in a social event
together on a special day, the shocking twist at the work's end–with the death of the lottery's
"winner" by public stoning–has led to its widespread popularity, public outcry and discussion, and
continued examination in modern times (Jackson). One potential critical theory that can be applied
to Jackson's "The Lottery" is the reader–response ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Louise Rosenblatt notes, there are three key terms associated with reader–response theory: the
ideal reader, the actual reader, and the implied reader. The ideal reader may be defined as one who is
an "informed reader ... an audience that the author may have purposefully intended to read the text"
(Parker 317–318). The actual reader, meanwhile, is little more than the actual audience encountering
the text, while the implied reader is based on the notion of implicit assumptions of what audiences
know and do not know. For "The Lottery," then, it is logical to suppose that Shirley Jackson may
have thought an ideal reader as one capable of analyzing works for close reading or deeper subtexts,
while an implied reader would be one who is unaware of the plot's surprise ending. Although
reader–response theory may tend to focus on the reader's interpretation of the text, it does not
discount the writer's sense of authorship, the social, historical, or even political context surrounding
a given work of literature, or the text itself. In brief, "The Lottery" tells the story of an annual
summer drawing that initially appears innocent to the reader, but becomes more tension–filled and
ultimately dangerous as the short story continues. By the end of the piece, it is revealed that the
lottery is not a fortunate winning at all, but an ancient ritual in which a group of relatively modern
townspeople end up stoning the chosen woman (Jackson). The author,

Examples Of Reader Response Theory
Reader Response Theory Reader–response theory identifies the reader as an affective agent who
imparts real exist–ence and life to the work, completing its meaning through interpretation. Reader–
response criti–cism argues that literature should be viewed as art in which each reader creates his or
her own–most likely unique, text–related performance. I am using Wolfgang Iser and Stanley Fish's
takes on Reader Response for my study. Iser's Theory of Reception and Transactional Reader
Response Theory According to Iser, any literary text which is a product of the Writer's intentional
acts part–ly controls the response of a reader; however, this includes an abundance of gaps. In order
to comprehend more clearly, the reader must take action in active participation in attempting to cre–
atively fill these gaps with the given information of the test put before him; Thereby allowing the
Reader and the text to undergo a transactional process. Iser speaks of the Actual reader in distinction
to the Implied reader who is formed within a text and expected to react and respond in specific ways
to the response inducing structure of the text. The actual reader, however, is an individual with its
own personal experiences accumu–lated as baggage wherein responses actually are continuously
and inevitably changed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What lies behind Fish's thinking is a strong view of the social construction of reality; as he firmly
believes that knowledge is not objective but always socially conditioned. All that one thinks and
knows is an interpretation that is only made possible by the social context in which one lives. For
Fish the very thought one thinks are made possible by presuppositions of the community in which
one lives and furthermore the socially conditioned individual, which all individuals are, cannot think
beyond the limits made possible by the culture. This culture is referred to by Fish as an interpre–tive

Participatory Response
According to Gerrig, participatory response is a process where readers encode the types of mental
contents as they would encode them if they were the participants in the narrative world. Gerrig
divides participatory response in the following seven categories, such as the emotional response,
outcome preference, problem solving instructions, problem–solving assertions, self–projection, re–
plotting and character evaluation. Immersion is a phase called by Victor Nell as "lost in a book"
where reader's mind merges with the storyline and simulates a fictional world as a temporary escape
from reality. As a part of the emotional response, the reader might feel sorry, sympathetic or even
start associating himself with one of the characters. Reading process provides an environment for a
reader that engages him in a passive participation. The following forms of participatory response
help readers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As his mental state worsens, he transforms himself into a knight and fights with the imaginary
enemies and abandons his niece and household to search for fictitious adventures. Don Quixote's
obsession with his books leads him to the point where he loses his mind and finds an escape in the
fictional chivalry. Don Quixote shows participatory responses in the following scenes where he re–
plots the ordinary events to fit his fictional adventures. For example, he fights with windmills while
seeing them as giants. When Sancho tells him that they are windmills, Don Quixote persuades him
that it is enchanter who turned them into the mills. Moreover, Don Quixote sees an ordinary peasant
woman as a noble lady and calls her Dulcinea del Toboso and vows to fight for her honor. His
immersion into Don Quixote is seen during his imaginary battle with muleteers, where he fights
according to the code of chivalry that he read in his

The Theories Of New Criticism
During the early part of the 20th century, the formalist theories of New Criticism arose as the
preeminent approach to teaching literature in college and high school curricula. Centered on the idea
that there is a single, fixed meaning inherent in a literary work, New Criticism is text centered with
no consideration given to the author or the reader. The text exists in and of itself, and New Critics
advocate methodical and systematic reading, focusing on the structure of the text to define its
meaning (Definition, n.d.). Louise Rosenblatt's groundbreaking work in Literature as Exploration
(1938/1995) and later refinement of her original thesis in The Reader, the Text, the Poem (1978),
rejects the idea of this single, fixed meaning inherent in the text. It is her theory that the individual
creates meaning through a transaction with the text based on personal associations, thus lifting the
reader to a prominent, essential position along with the author and the text (Mora & Welch, 2014).
Known as transactional or reader response theory, Rosenblatt viewed the reader as transacting with a
text to create what she called the poem; the meaning that emerges from the transaction at a given
time. In Literature as Exploration (1938/1995), she argues that the same personal, social, and
cultural factors that affect how a person perceived the world will "inevitably affect the equation
represented by book plus reader" (p. 79). The text, however, is simply a: stimulus activating

A World Of Calamity, By Ross Gay
Ross Gay's book Against Which, portrays his poetry to readers allowing them to gain understanding
of the cruel world that one lives in. Moreover, the unusual brutalities that people are inevitable
confronted with in life. The common denominators within Gay's poems such as violence, love, fear,
and loss allows the reader to visualize characters' transformation within his poems. In a world of
calamity, Gay has created poems that portray the corporal conforming to gender and sex but also
human development. Using a reader–response criticism lens, I will be demonstrating my
interpretation of Ross Gay's poems and the meaning that I believe to be a common interpretation of
his work. Within, Gay's poems, "It Starts at Birth" and Angels Out of Reach" one is able to see a
pattern of human transformation. By experiencing pain, love, loss, fear, and wisdom one is able to
see Gay's characters evolve through the narrators and readers gaze. In doing so, one is able to reflect
on Gay's poems and gain wisdom themselves. Gay's poem "It Starts at Birth" demonstrates a title
that starts at the establishment of ones life, while portraying new experiences, that one gains while
enduring life. However, the poem itself illuminates the title of his book Against Which. This close
analysis of the title guides the reader through a serious of evaluation and guides the reader to one
question, against which? Throughout the poem, the repetition of the tittle repeats ten times. For
example, "against which,

Essay about Intercultural Communication
Introduction
The rapid technological evolution and the growth in the population around the world are playing
considerable role in creating new levels of intercultural communicate both locally and globally.
People now can get the information from any spots on the planets easily through many televisions
channels. Also, gaining huge amount of knowledge from every part around the world is provided by
computer networks. Computer networks facilitate the communications as well. Beside create new
opportunities, technological and demographic evolutions provide significant challenges to the
people. Communicating successfully in another language depends on shifting the frames of
reference, norms, and assumptions (Kinzer, 2003). In other words, when ... Show more content on
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Also, impart not only reading and writing, but also professional and technical knowledge, this can
lead to a fuller participation in economic and civic life (Cummins, 1994). On the other hand, cultural
literacy underlines the necessity for shared experiences and points of reference among an
interpretive society in order to comprehend texts adequately. As opposed to functional literacy
which focuses on skills, cultural literacy requires familiarity with a particular knowledge that is
essential to meaningful text interpretation in particular cultural contexts (Irvin et. al, 1994).
Furthermore, critical literacy is a sociocultural method that encourages individuals to analyse texts.
It is crucial in the learning of reading, because it enables people to comprehend how a text works to
position and who get benefits from this positioning. According to Cummins (1994), learners should
not only read the word, but read the world. Reading the word creates limitations in the ways that
individuals can understand the world. Critical literacy helps individuals to engage critically with
how they interpret and apply the knowledge in the society.
Concepts of literacy
There is a wide range of theorists and researchers agreed on necessity exceed the usual functional
literacy conception by define literacy in relation to particular social and cultural context (Leu et. al.,
2004). According to Street (2001),

Trifles In Susan Glaspell's A Jury Of Her Peers
"A Jury of Her Peers," a short story written by Susan Glaspell in 1917, is an example of early
feminist literature. The female characters, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, are able to solve the mystery
of who murdered John Wright while their male counterparts could not. This short story had been
adapted from Glaspell's one–act play Trifles written the previous year. The play consists of the same
characters and plot line as the story. In both works, Glaspell depicts how the men, Sheriff Peters, Mr.
Hale, and County Attorney, disregard the most important area in the house, the kitchen, when it
comes to their investigation. In the end, the women are the ones who find the clues that lead to the
conclusion that Minnie Wright, John Wright's wife, murdered him. Both of Glaspell's female
characters illustrate the ability to step into a male dominated profession by taking on the role of
detective. According to Critical Theory Today: A User–Friendly Guide written by Lois Tyson, a
reader–response critique focuses on an individual's response to a literary text. Reader–response
criticism "maintains that what a text is cannot be separated from what it does" (Tyson 170). There
are several different approaches to reader–response theory that I would be applying, such as
transactional reader response theory and affective stylistics. Firstly, transactional reader–response
theory "analyzes the transaction between text and reader" in which the text stimulates the "feelings,
associations, and

The Shifting Narratee in The Turn of the Screw Essay
The Shifting Narratee in The Turn of the Screw
In the essay "Introduction to the Study of the Narratee," Gerald Prince discusses the interpretative
value of thinking about to whom a narrative is addressed. First, he establishes what a "zero–degree
narratee" (or possessor of a minimum number of specific narratee characteristics identified by
Prince) is and is not: A narratee is not the actual reader, the implied reader, or the ideal reader. The
narratee is beholden to the narrator, because, "Without the assistance of the narrator, without his
explanations and the information supplied by him, the narratee is able neither to interpret the value
of an action or to grasp its repercussions" (Prince 11). With this definition ... Show more content on
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Douglas plays a key role since he is the caretaker of her written record and of, apparently, their
long–dead mutual affection. Though at a party full of people who are somewhat interested in the
story, Douglas is addressing only one person, the narratee, who happens to be a character in the
story.
As Douglas's narratee, "I" fulfills some of Prince's delineated narratee functions: He has roughly the
same intellectual capabilities, is in tune with the nuances of Douglas's prepatory remarks, and seems
to be the intended recipient of the story at the Christmas party. Douglas appeals to "I" to fully
understand the emotional impact of the story. "I" recalls, "It was to me in particular that he appeared
to propound this – appeared almost to appeal for aid not to hesitate," an appeal to which "I"
willingly responds, "The others resented postponement, but it was just his scruples that charmed
me" (2).
But if Douglas narrates to "I," to whom is "I" speaking? This narratee is more elusive. The fictive
listener of "I's" story must be someone who is intrigued by unnatural events and must be able to look
beyond the surface of the story at the moral or psychological subtext that "I" is interested in. Both
Douglas and "I" are trying to say more with less, in varying

Nosferatu Outcome One Analysis
Outcome One is the ability to write in a way that reaches one's intended audience. That means the
author must understand the differences between audiences, genres, and formal versus informal
writing. For instance, while writing a movie review, the author assumes the reader has not seen the
movie. Therefore, to be able to reach the intended audience, the author must summarize the movie's
plot and specific scenes to familiarize the reader before they reveal why they liked or disliked the
film.
Outcome One is important because if one does not take their audience into account, it can produce
inconsistencies that lead the audience to be confused on the paper's intended purpose. A formal
paper should address the audience respectfully, and if a writer were to constantly use slang within
the piece, it could be regarded as being disrespectful. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because we were asked to do a formal analysis, I did not need to provide a summary that introduced
the film's plot or specific scene. Instead I went straight into my analysis, "The director uses parallel
editing to build suspense, making us believe Ellen's end is coming quicker than we expected." I
show that I know how to use Outcome One because I do not explain what parallel editing is and I do
not introduce Ellen to the audience. Because the paper asks to evaluate the techniques used in the
film, neither of those aspects are necessary to construct a successful paper. In this paper, I prove I
am aware of my audience by not admitting unnecessary

Literature Review: Reader Response Criticism
Chapter II Literature Review Reader Response Criticism Literary criticism is an activity of natural
human response to the literature. Endraswara (2003, p.116) said that literary work is a phenomenon
which is concrete by the reader. The statement is in accordance with the theory of reader response
which focuses on the activity of the readers rather than the author or the structure of the text itself.
Reader response focuses on the reader and their role in the making of a literary work. The text does
not exist without the reader and there will be no meaning in literary text if there is no interaction
between the text and the reader itself. The act of reader is important since they are the active
participant which produces the meaning from the literary text, while the kinds of responses itself
such as; summarizing the text, analyzing them or relating the text story to their on experiences.
Reader response takes literature exists not as a printed page but as a transaction between the
physical text and the act of reader in using their mind. It attempts to describe what occur in the
reader's mind while interpreting a text and reflects that reading into creative writing process. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is called aesthetic response because, although it is brought about by the text, it brings into play the
imagination and percpective faculties of the reader. Iser also stated "I call it aesthetic response
because it stimulates the reader's imagination, which in turn gives life to the intended effects."
Aesthetic response talks not only about the interaction between text and reader, but also the unique
imaginative capacity that the reader brings into the

Rupi Kaur Poetry Analysis
When first hearing about Rupi Kaur through Tumblr, I instantly fell in love with her stylistic writing
and ability to clearly convey images through her poems. In each of Kaur's poems, she is able to use
her own experiences in love, abuse, gender, and heartbreak to write a fluid and heart wrenching
poem. Though I cannot relate to all of her poems, she is still able to capture me as a reader into
feeling compassion and sympathy towards the poems and her experiences. Poems that she wrote in
her book Milk and Honey especially stood out to me. Throughout the book "you are snakeskin" and
"i know it's hard" spoke to me through her language and images created. Furthermore, "did you
think i was a city" and "when my mother was pregnant" were also intriguing poems. Throughout
these four poems, an overall theme of love and femininity were observed. The poems and themes
can be observed through multiple critical theories and lenses, but the reader response and feminist
lense were the main two that were reflected in the poems. The poem "you are snakeskin" was
examined through the reader response theory. In which, the meaning of the poem was influenced by
the readers personal meaning and interpretation of the poem. Rupi Kaur is speaking about the
feeling and emotion of the love and relationship. Her emotions are greatly conveyed by
personification used in her language. Kaur begins her poem with using the comparison of a snake to
describe this love and feeling. In the reference to snakes,

Rhetorical Devices Used In A Modest Proposal
In any piece of literature, consideration of the audience is key in assuring that not only the overall
theme, but also the desired reaction to the work is attained. In terms of analysis, identifying the
audience may lead to greater insight, as depending on individual traits and beliefs, responses can
vary wildly from one group of people to the next, and in identifying the audience and their
respective feedback, one can hone in on the author's intended purpose of the work and judge
whether or not the work in itself is effective in communicating its point. In Jonathan Swift's
controversial essay "A Modest Proposal," he achieves this successful conveyance by utilizing
careful appeals such as logos, ethos, and pathos in a prolific manner and in such a way so as to
shock his audience, in this case, the land–owning English elite, and as such, "A Modest Proposal" is
an effective essay as it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the Irish seem to be the main object of description throughout Swift's essay, his audience
seems to center on the rich, land–owning English elite. One may deduce this from his use of the
name "Pretender" to refer to the exiled James Stuart, a Catholic king ousted and exiled after the
Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689. With Ireland's population being mostly Catholic, and Swift
introducing the "solution" of "greatly [lessening] the number of Papists" (635) through his proposal,
he seems to possess an English mindset in the form of a sort of condescending attitude towards the
Irish populace. In addition to this, Swift also distances himself from the issue of Irish
overpopulation as a whole in his use of the distal (distant), demonstrative pronoun "that", as

Implicit Bias Analysis
Implicit Biases in Reader Response
Reading Jane Austen has never appealed to me. The combination of dated prose, a general aversion
to plots I deemed to be "too romantic", and my viewing of the film adaptations were enough to keep
me away from her novels. When I was asked to read Persuasion for a class, I was hesitant and
unwilling to fully engage with the material. This prevented me from enjoying the book fully. I didn't
quite know what was holding me back from enjoying the book, but I knew that it was something
more than my explicit biases against Austen. After a little reflection, I realized that my implicit
biases were shaping my reading of Austen. My implicit bias against a novel and author that I
perceived as overly feminine was coloring how I was interacting with and what messages I was
taking from Persuasion (Austen).
Implicit biases are the unconscious attitudes that shape our thoughts, actions, and beliefs (Banaji and
Greenwald 46; Staats et al. 10; Schneider 169).Their impact is important to study because implicit
biases shape our responses to situations. Reader response theory examines how a reader responds to
a given text. Theorists such as Jauss and Eco include concepts that implicit bias can and should be
built into. Jauss' horizons examine how our experiences, expectations, culture, and place in time
shape how we react and create meaning. Though implicit bias is not noted in Jauss' formulation of
the horizon, it should be considered as it shapes our

An Overview and Commentary on Course Objectives Essay
Note to the reader: This essay is somewhat of an experiment. I am well aware of the standard
guidelines within which a student must present and argue ideas, and the implications of
nonconformity. However, if I have learned anything in this course, it is that genres and forms are
continually under scrutiny, being molded and changed, discarded and exchanged, for sake of
efficacy, veracity, adherence to ideology, or in reaction to otherwise unforeseen forces. Consider this
as just such a reaction; more accurately, it is my only recourse. In setting out to write this essay, I
had a clear objective. My task was to critically engage materials that were covered this term, and
where possible reflect, compare, contrast, and analyze those theories ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a contemporary sense, there is an involvement between the reader and the text. This denies the
Formalist stance that the text is the sole source of meaning. Proponents of this theory fall onto a
spectrum, where at one pole the interpretive strategy of the reader entirely determines the text
(Stanley Fish), at the other pole is what falls into the realm of Formalism (text dominant), and in
between is a bi–active stance, where the reader is both active and passive during the reading process
(Wolfgang Iser). Iser talks of an "actual reader" and an "implied reader." The actual reader is one
who brings to the text all their knowledge and experience, what Barthes would term their déjà lu.
The implied reader is one which text itself attempts to shape or condition. For Iser, the reading
process is one which is gradually unfolding. The reader assimilates various facets of the text, and
through this process dictates (in part) the essence of the text. However, unlike some of Fish's earlier
works where the reader is effectively in creative control, Iser states the text imposes some
constraints upon the reader. The reader cannot make the text mean what they like, as the text
provides a skeleton of meanings, norms, and values that shape and control the reader's response.
Thus, "the convergence of text and reader brings the literary work into existence" (Iser 189). He
goes on further to state that "the text provokes certain expectations which in

Comparing Steinbeck's 'The Pearl And Heart Of Darkness'
The process of making meaning of a text (analysing). The particular interpretations of a text. Types:
1. Dominant readings: the natural or intended way to read/interpret a text (authors intentional
reading). 2. Resistant readings: a critical form of reading/interpreting the text which challenges or
questions the underlying assumptions of the text. 3. Alternate readings: a method of
reading/interpreting a text by focusing on the gaps and silences in texts to create meanings varying
from the normal (essentially reads it completely wrong). Different readings of The Secret River, The
Pearl and Heart Of Darkness vary according to different contexts and audiences. Patriarchal
/feminist reading – This sort of reading would focus on the representations of gender within the
texts. As all female characters are outspoken ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kino's physical and spiritual existence is intimately connected with the natural world. An important
element of the novella is nature imagery. Kino observes the world of his garden in the opening scene
of Chapter 1 and the world of the ocean in Chapter 2. Kino and Juana's final journey up the
mountain takes place on a dark night full of animal noises and cries. Steinbeck mirrors the human
word as he depicts the natural world as a realm. Collectively, the works of Steinbeck's nature
imagery parallels the natural worlds idyllic innocence to that of Kino's at the beginning of the
novella. The natural world described in the novella's darker qualities, at the end of story, reflect that
of the struggle and fight Kino experiences at the novellas end, once greed, power and wealth had
corrupted his soul. For example there was a parallel created between Kino's relationship to nature
and the god's relationship to Kino (he towers over the ants in the same way that the gods tower over

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