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1. Hard-Disk
A HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD), HARD DISK, HARD DRIVE OR FIXED DISK IS A DATA
STORAGE DEVICE USED FOR STORING AND RETRIEVING DIGITAL INFORMATION
USING ONE OR MORE RIGID RAPIDLY ROTATING DISKS (PLATTERS) COATED WITH
MAGNETIC MATERIAL.

2. HARD-DISK, Background:
 First hard disk was introduced by IBM in 1956, and It was the size of dishwasher
with fifty platters, each with two feet diameter. And those platters could hold only
160KB of data.
 HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general-purpose
computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this
position into the modern era of servers and personal computers.
 Seagate technology announced the first Winchester 5.25” hard disk drive with four
platters capacity of 5MB in 1980.
 The platters are paired with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm,
which read and write data to the platter surfaces.
 Data is accessed in a random - access manner, meaning that individual blocks of
data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially.

3.  The primary characteristics of an Hard Disk Drive are its capacity
and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to
powers of 1024: a 1-terabyte (TB) drive has a capacity of
1,024 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes)
 The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for
desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops.
 HDDs are a type of non-volatile memory, retaining
stored data even when powered off.

4. Advantages of Hard-Disk
 Hard disk store data long terms.
 Data are safely store in hard disk .
 Hard disk can store large amount of data in terms of Mb, Gb, Tb.
 Hard disk is easier to buy in most stores.
 Hard disk is the backup memory because these memories are used to
store data for future application.
 Now a days , operating system and other software, business data and
important information are stored in Hard disk.
 Data is not lost when you switch off the computer.
 Hard disks can be replaced and upgraded as necessary.

5. Disadvantages of Hard disk
 Hard disk consumes more powers.
 Hard disks eventually fail which stops the computer from working. Data
errors are frequent.
 It is large in size than other storage device.
 It can be broken if dropped.

6. Reference:
 Fundamental of computer science
 Fundamental of information technology.
 Wiki Hard disk: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive

7. Hard-disks  