Proposal

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ABDIRAHMAN MOHAMOUD MUSSE PUBLIC ADMIN MOGADISHO UNIVERSITY
Mogadisho university
Puntland compus
Student name : abdirahman mohamoud muse
Dep: public administration
Proposal
May 10
2016
_impact ofpovertyonstabilityin somalia
Scientific
research
and library

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Impact of poverty on stability in Somalia
Table of contents
1.0 chapter one ……………………………background of study…………………………2
1.1 background of study ………………………………………………………………………………...2
1.2 problem of statements ………………………………………………………………………………2
1.3 research objectives……………………………………………………………………………………3
1.4reserach question ……………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.5significance of study…………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.6purpose of study………………………………………………………………………………………….4
1.7 conceptualframework ……………………………………………………………………………….5
2.0 Chapter two……………………………literature review
2.1introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………8
2.2 who are the poor………………………………………………………………………………………..9
2.3 typesof poverty………………………………………………………………………………………….11
2.4 characteristicsof poverty…………………………………………………………………………….12
2.5 causes of poverty in Somalia ……………………………………………………………………….14
2.6 effects of poverty in Somalia ……………………………………………………………………….18
2.7 theoreticalapproach of poverty and conflicts………………………………………………20
2.8measurementof poverty ……………………………………………………………………………….21
2.9 how to reduce the poverty in Somalia…………………………………………………………..21

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3.0 chapter three …. Research methodology
3.1introduction………………………………………………………………………………23
3.2 research design…………………………………………………………………………23
3.3reseach population and sampling……………………………………………..24
3.3.1 targetpopulation ………………………………………………………………….24
3.3.2sample size …………………………………………………………………………….24
3.3.3 sampling techniques……………………………………………………………..24
3.4 data collection………………………………………………………………………….25
3.4.1. questionnaire ……………………………………………………………………….25
3.5 quality control………………………………………………………………………….26
3.6 data analysis……………………………………………………………………………..26
3.7 assumptionsand limitations……………………………………………………..27
3.8 ethical consideration …………………………………………………………………27

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Chapter one
1.1 Background of study.
collapse of the Central Government and eruption of the civil war in 1991,
Somalia was already one of the poorest countries in Africa, income and human
poverty was widespread mainly among the nomadic and ruralpopulation.
There was a limited socialservices delivery in the nomadic and ruralareas such as
health, education and clean drinking water. While the social
services that were availability in the urban centers werelimited in coverage
and quality and their access to the poor was restricted. There were few
employment opportunities for the unskilled laborers and under-employmentand
redundancy was high in the formalsector that was controlled by the Government.
According tomillenniumdevelopment goals progress(2010) Poverty is the
deprivation of food, shelter, money and clothing when people can’tsatisfy their
basic needs. Poverty can be understood simply as a lack of money or more
broadly in terms of barriers to everyday human life.
Poverty is general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount
of material possessions or money. Itis a multifaceted concept, which includes
social, economic, and political elements. Poverty may be defined as either
absolute or relative. Absolutepoverty or destitution refers to the lack of means
necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Relative
poverty takes into consideration individual social and economic status compared
to the restof society.
Families who live in poverty have a hard time getting enough food to eat .the loss
jobs an the area led to increased poverty the poverty risein the percent of people
who live in poverty in a geographic area
After the industrial revolution, mass production in factories made production
goods increasingly less expensive and more accessible. Of more importance is the
modernization of agriculture, such as fertilizers, to provideenough yield to feed
the population. Responding to basic needs can be restricted by constraints on
government's ability to deliver services, such as corruption, taxavoidance, debt
and loan conditionality’s and by the brain drain of health careand educational
professionals. Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more

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affordabletypically include welfare, economic freedoms and providing financial
services.
Poverty reduction is a major goal and issuefor many international organizations
such as the United Nations andthe World Bank. The World Bank forecasts that
702.1 million people were living in extreme poverty in 2015, down from1.75
billion in 1990. Of these, about 347.1 million people lived in Sub-Saharan Africa
(35.2% of the population) and 231.3 million lived in South Asia (13.5% of the
population). Between 1990 and 2015, thepercentage of the world's population
living in extreme poverty fell from37.1% to 9.6%, falling below 10% for the first
time. Nevertheless, given the current economic model, built on GDP, it would
take 100 years to bring the world's poorestup to the previous poverty line of
$1.25 a day. Extreme poverty is a global challenge; it is observed in all parts of
the world, including developed economies. UNICEF estimates half the world's
children (or 1.1 billion) live in poverty. Ithas been argued by some academics
that the neoliberal policies promoted by global financial institutions such as the
IMF and the World Bank are actually exacerbating both inequality and poverty.
1.2. Problem of statement.
When I see the situation of Somali people , particularly the poverty ones its great
concern , and vulnerable to participate the conflict for the lack of food and
medical aid, its possibletheirs relationship between poverty and stability .
When you see the poverty people that life the environment that surrounded us ,
sometimes you find cases that will you carry including teenagers that participate
the conflict and instability .
Fore example . a boy who has five years old when Somali government
collapsed now he is 25 years old, mostprobably he got a kids and he didn’t have
tools of life he don’tafford to buy foods in his kids for the lack of money( poverty)
that guy he most vulnerableto participate the conflicts and instability that
Somali’s have .
Society's values are all messed up we have to learn that the mostimportant thing
is each other greed and selfishness has putour world in shambles. There has to be
the willingness to help others to solvepoverty. I believe if you work hard and

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make your own living and you want to live extravagantly fine but to have million
dollar rooms or 500,000 cars when veterans and children are starving to death
and homeless people freezein the night is cynical the world is messed up. I’m no
saint but I try to contribute how and when I can a little bit goes a far way
That’s why to do this research, to at least know the effect of poverty on stability
in Somalia .
1.3. Research objectives.
_ to determine the effect of poverty in Somali stability .
_ to identify the causes of poverty in Somalia .
_to explain the relationship between poverty and instability.
_to analyze the ways to reduce the poverty in Somalia .
1.4. Research question .
_ whatare the causes of poverty in Somalia .
_ whatis the relationship between poverty and instability in Somalia .
_what are the ways to reduce the poverty in Somalia .
_ can Somalis reduce the poverty .
1.5. significance of study .
Its great time for me to sidelight the important because its effects everyone
whether its directly or indirectly .

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Those people who are effected directly are those people who are facing the
problems themselves or have family members or friends that are living in poverty
.
On the other hand thosewho are effected indirectly are those who have to pay
taxes to help those who are living in poverty .
This study provided the root causes of poverty and how poverty and stability
effected each other .
This study finding the ways and procedures that reduce poverty .
1.6 purpose of the study.
For the purposes of this study a multidimensional definition of poverty
was adopted extending beyond
income poverty to include human and social capital, food security and assets, in
order to capturethe variety of evidence available in the literature .
Similarly a broad definition of stability was adopted, with the term used
inclusively to incorporatea range of outcomes including stabilization, social
inclusion, social cohesion ,state legitimacy and peace , at any level for the local to
national while it
The main purposeof researcher is to provided empirical and reliable research that
benefit the readers and others to know the relationship between poverty and
stability in Somalia .

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1.7 conceptual framework .
I.V
POVERTY
_ BASIC
NEEDS
_SHALTER
_ SAFETY
_MEDICAL
CARE
D.V
STABILITY
_ ECONOMIC
STABILITY.
_POLITICAL
STABILITY .
_SOCIALSTABILITY .
EXTRANEOU.V
S
_ VIOLENCE.
_CONFLICT .
_GREIVENCES.
_PROTEST .
_CONFUSION .

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Chapter two
Literature review
2.1 .Introduction .
UnitedNations Definitionof Poverty
“Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of
human dignity. Itmeans lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society.
Itmeans not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having
a schoolor clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a
job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. Itmeans insecurity,
powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It
means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living on marginalor fragile
environments, withoutaccess to clean water or sanitation.”
—UnitedNations, 2010
Using this definition of poverty, comeup with a list of the kinds of information
you could look at to find out whether
a country’s people suffer frompoverty. For example, it would be helpful to know
the averageincome of people in a country because money is one way to measure
poverty and wealth
Poverty in Somalia has become a prominent and continuing affair. People in
Somalia, haveacclimatized to the consequences of poverty. according to world
bank 2012 report Approximately, 43% of Somalia’s population live below the
poverty line. Poverty in Somalia is more pronounced in the ruralareas than in the
urban regions.
Two specific regions of Somalia; Somaliland, located in the north westand
Puntland, located in the north east, experience morestability with regard to socio
economic conditions. Stability in the two areas may be attributed to the fact that,
Somaliland and Puntland have independent governing bodies.
On the contrary, the southern partof Somalia, is comparatively poorer and suffers
fromunstable economic conditions.

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The southern part of Somalia, whereconflict and confusions reign supreme, is
subjected to food shortage. Somalia economy suffers fromlack of proper
infrastructure.
Rural poverty in Somalia
Somalia is among the five least developed of 170 countries listed in the 2012
Human Development Index. Itfaces several obstacles, including long-termcivil
conflict, the lack of a fully functioning government, and natural disasters.
More than 70 per cent of the population is under the age of 30. Almost20 per
cent of children do not survivepasttheir fifth birthday.
According to2012worldfoodprogram report About 40 per cent of the
population lives in extreme poverty; in ruralareas exceeds 50 per cent. In 2012,
62 per cent of the population was rural.
Overall, wherethere is less instability – such as in the northern regions of
Somaliland and Puntland – the ruralpoverty and food security situation is less
critical.
In much of the country, insecurity and lack of functional infrastructurehave
exacerbated already low crop yields. Poor access to irrigation is another
contributing factor. In central and southern Somalia, irrigation is restricted to the
relatively fertile areas around the Shebelle River, where the main crops aremaize,
rice, sesame, cowpeas, bananas, papayas, lemons, grapefruitand mangoes.
Currently, only 20 to 30 per cent of land that was irrigableprior to the civil war
can be irrigated.
Livestock is essential to the economy and is the chief sourceof food and foreign
exchange income. Over 60 per cent of the population depends on livestock for
food and income.
The 2011 droughtled to the worstfamine in 60 years. Worstaffected werethe
Shebelle, Bay and Bakool regions. Despite the official end of the famine, 2.1
million people remain food-insecureand 236,000children malnourished, 70 per
cent of them in southern Somalia.
Source:IFAD report

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2.2 who are the poor .
The poor are identified by herdersaccording to differentcriteria:
According to WFP The poor are seen as people who have a limited herd size and
composition, inadequate for self-sufficiency. Thisdependson the number of body
owned, i.e., yaks, cowsand horses, due to their productivity in dairy products.
Sheep are given lesser productive value, although goatsproviding cashmere are
valuable. Such householdsare extremely vulnerable to risk, e.g., dozed, and hence
rapid decline into poverty. They need supportfrom othersto survive and lack cash
income to acquire basic needs, such as flour, clothes, etc. They may also lack
sufficient labor, e.g., in a female-headed household. Their security dependslargely
on the type of supportsystem they are partof. For example, a female-headed
household with 50 sheep and 5 milking cowswas considered poor by others(in
wealth ranking exercise) because of the lack of labor. Although the woman partof
a supportive kin khot ail who shared labor tasks, she also categorized herself as
poor because she felt that her animalswere insufficient for subsistence. Lack of
labor, however, wasnotfelt to be a major problem since it could be provided
through knotailrelations.
According to UNHCR The poorestamongstthe poor are identified as those who
are lazy and hopeless, and unable to help themselves. They have very few animals,
lack the interest and skills necessary for herding. Itwasmentioned thatthey may
be from poor familiesor kin groups, such thattheir poverty and sense of
dependency isinherited. A significantfeature is large householdswith many
dependentchildren. These poorestpeople may also include the elderly who lack
animals and kinship support.
However, criteria for the very poor also includespeople who are largely found in
the sum centre. These are people with skills and education butdue to difficult
circumstancesare unable to find employmentor sourcesof income. They may be
people who have migrated to the sum from another area withoutanimals, or
those who lost a job in transition.
The main criteria identified for householdsto be comfortable or rich were
sufficient number of animals, estimated at around 20 body and above, and herd

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diversification with high numbersof mostly cows/yaks. Good herding skills, hard
working, sufficientlabor and available cash for necessary purchaseswere also
seen as essential.
2.3 types of poverty .
1. extreme poverty .
Extreme poverty is defined as the proportion of population living on less than $1
US per day measured atpurchasing power parity (PPP) for international
comparisonsand aggregation. According to socio economic survey 2002 The
proportion of population living in extreme poverty is estimated as 43.2 percentfor
Somalia. The extreme poverty in urban areasis23.5 percentand in ruraland
nomadic areas53.4 percent. In absolute terms, the population living in extreme
poverty is estimated as 2.94 million, consisting of 0.54 million in urban and 2.4
million in ruraland nomadic areas
Generalpoverty estimates based on the number of people living on $2 per day are
73.4 percentfor Somalia, consisting of 60.7 percentfor urban and 79.9 percentfor
ruraland nomadic areas. Accordingto this measure, 5 million people in Somalia
live in poverty, 1.4 million in urban and 3.6 million in ruraland nomadic areas. The
average annualper capita income (adjusted for purchasing power parity) of the
population below extreme poverty line is estimated as $210. Nationalspecific
poverty estimates will be attempted while analyzing the expenditure module.
It is the extreme kind of poverty involving the chronic lack of basic food, clean
water, health and housing. People in absolute poverty tend to struggle to live and
experience a lot of child deaths from preventable diseaseslike malaria, cholera
and water-contamination related diseases. This type is usually long term in
nature, and often handed to them by generationsbefore them. Thiskind of
poverty is usually notcommon in the developed world.

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2. obsolete poverty .
Absolute poverty can mean living on the threshold of the poverty line is the
minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve a standard of living in a
given country.
There are differentdegreesof poverty depending on how developed or
underdeveloped the country. Or living on the bread line or be out of work.
already in 1776 AdamSmith thoughtthatthe minimum publicly perceived
acceptable level of “necessaries” even for“ the poorestcreditable person” must
have tended to vary and change
At the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen 1995, the
internationalcommunity adopted and endorsed a multidimensionaldefinition of
poverty
Absolute poverty could be determined by income, for example if some people can
have a place to live and afford a couch and could be considered living within the
poverty line.
They may not be as poor assomebody who is homelessand living around in the
street.
There are places that come under the list of what's called a poverty stricken area.
There are differentdegreesof poverty.
To me abjector absolute poverty meansjust enough to exist or live day by day or
from one day to the next. Like when you don'thave enough to get by on and don't
know where your next mealis coming from.
The World Bank“absolute” poverty level is based on minimum incomesneeded
for basic necessities in a number of low income developing countries. It is
equivalent to 1.25 USD7day

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3. relativepoverty .
This kind is usually in relation to other membersand families in the society. For
example, a family can be considered poor if it cannotafford vacations, or cannot
buy presentsfor children at EAID , or cannotsend its young to the university. Even
though they have access to governmentsupportfor food, water, medicine and
free housing, they are considered poor because the rest of the community have
access to superior services and amenities
4. Situational Poverty (Transitory).
People or families can be poor because of some adversities like earthquakes,
floodsor a serious illness. Sometimes, people can help themselves out of this
situation quickly if they are given a bit of assistance, as the cause of their
situations was justone unfortunate event.
2.4 characteristics of poverty .
Based on the findingsthe researcher identified the following differentiation and
characteristicsof community groupsin terms of poverty.
Group 1: Very poor
(a) Very poor with hardly any potentials
often living in sum centers and only able to survive when fed by relatives, live
below self-sufficiency, very few or none animals, withoutherding management
skills or other skills for alternative income strategies, frequently drinkers, strong
dependency thinking, categorized by localsas hopelessand lazy (5-10%).
(b) Very poor with limited potentials.
living in ruralareasor in sum centre’s, below self sufficiency, very few or no
animals, large family size, no or only very weak kinship relations within the region,
with insufficientherding managementskillsand without education or skills to
follow alternative income strategies, butwith motivation and energy to start new
life (5-10%).

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(c) Very poor with good potentials.
living mainly in sum centers, rarely in ruralarea, without or with only weak kinship
relations, immigrantswho lost their employmentelsewhere, live far below self
sufficiency, very few or none animals, withoutgood herding managementskills
but equipped with other skills for alternative income strategies, however without
starting capital, highly motivated upon arrival, increasing frustration (3-5%).
The difference between the three above Group 1 types lies rather in education and
motivation than in currentwealth.
Group 2: highly vulnerableor poor
living at the edge of self sufficiency, mainly in pastoralareas, minimum
requirementsin terms of animalsnecessary to survive physically (slightly below 20
bod) dependanton gathering and hunting activitiesfor subsistence, lack of cash to
buy flour and other basic things thus forcing them to exchange live animals, and
by doing so reducing their production basis. Sufficientherding skills, however no or
only weak kinship relations; big families or young/old butfairly independent
operating households. Smallesteconomic crisescan send them beyond self
sufficiency. Very importantgroup for restocking. (10-20%)
Group 3: vulnerable
living in pastoralareasor sum centers, minimum in terms of animals or income
necessary to have a secure living, dependanton gathering and hunting to have
additionalcash income. Sufficientskills, however weak kinship relations; large
families; limited skills for alternative income generation. Targetgroup for
restocking. (15-25%)
Source FOA report .

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2.5 .causes of poverty in Somalia
According to puntland disaster management framework ( JUNE 2011).
Somalia is prone to disastrous events of both naturaland anthropogenic origin
which have caused losses of livelihoods and property thatpushed many Somali’s
into poverty. The economic impactof disasters usually consists of directdamage
e.g. infrastructure, livestock, environmentand indirectdamage e.g. lossof
revenues, unemploymentand marketdestabilization. Itis therefore increasingly
becoming a major developmentalissue of urgentconcern for the government,
developmentpartnersand localcommunities.
Somalia is vulnerable to disaster risks from a range of naturalhazardsincluding
cyclones/storms, droughts, epidemics, floods, pest attacks, desertification, and
tsunami. Human induced hazardsthatthreaten the country include transport
accidents, urban fires, civil conflictsand internal displacementsof communities
due to multiple factors. High priority hazardsin terms of their frequency and scale
of impactare: droughts, floods, civil conflict and transportaccidentsthathave
caused widespread damagesand lossesin the past.
A number of factorslay behind vulnerabilities of Somali society to hazards. These
include risky construction practices, poor livestock managementpractices,
underdeveloped road infrastructure, fragile naturalenvironmentand poverty. The
increasing human and animalpopulation, environmentaldegradation resulting
from poorly managed waterdevelopment schemesand excessive tree cutting,
climate change and variability are major dynamic pressuresthataggravate
vulnerabilities of Somali society.
A reactive emergency response approach hasremained the predominantway of
dealing with disasters in Somalia till now. The awareness an
d coordination of policy makers, media, civilsociety, NGOs, UN agenciesand other
stakeholdersremainslow aboutdisaster risk management. The country still lacks
operationaldisaster managementpolicy, legaland appropriate institutional
arrangements, strategiesand program to minimize risks and vulnerabilities.
The Somalia poverty Preparednessand ManagementFrameworkhave been
formulated to guide the work of entire system in the area of disaster risk
management. Ithasbeen developed through consultationswith
stakeholdersand beneficiaries.

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Poverty in Somalia, can be attributed to a number of factors. The prominentones
being absence of an active central government, civil disputes, naturalcalamities
like floodsand droughts. Poverty in Somalia has increased manifold since 1990.
Somalia, witnessed many inhibiting factorslike downfallof the government,
outbreak of the civil war, which further aggravated the problem of poverty in
Somalia
I just combined few main importantpointsthat causes poverty in Somalia
A. Lack of knowledge and good skills
B. The lack of employmentelsewhere and immigration of people without
assets into the sum wasalso seen as a cause of poverty in the area.
C. The risk of naturaldisasters, such as dzud, wasseen to be a threatto all
herdersand could cause people to become poor.
D. The lack of a livestock insurance system was also regarded asa cause of
poverty by some people.
2.6 effects of poverty in Somalia.
According to UN Malnutrition prevails throughoutSomalia. Majority of women in
Somalia are uneducated. Somalia lacksenough family planning and health
awarenessprograms. Maternalmortality ratesare among the highestin Somalia.
Studies revealthat pregnancy and childbirth are two factors, due to which as
many as 45 women die every day in Somalia.
Poverty in Somalia is far flung. People are dying due to hunger and illness is
steeply on the rise. The comparatively stronger section of the population have
dominated the less privileged and confiscated their agriculturallands. Illness and
famine are reigning supreme in Somalia. For this reason, many people of Somali
have shifted their base and moved away to adjoining nations.
Quick Facts of Somalia
GDP (purchasing powerparity) $5.896 billion(2010 est.)
$5.75 billion (2009est.)
$5.607 billion(2008 est.)
note: data arein 2010 US dollars

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GDP (official exchangerate) $2.372 billion(2010 est.)
GDP – real growth rate 2.6%(2010 est.)
2.6%(2012 est.)
2.6%(2008 est.)
GDP – per capita (PPP) $600 (2010est.)
$600 (2009est.)
$600 (2008est.)
GDP – composition,by end use household consumption:72.6%
governmentconsumption:8.7%
investmentin fixed capital:20%
investmentin inventories:0.1%
exports of goods and services:0.3%
imports of goods and services:-1.7%
(2009 est.)
GDP – composition by sector agriculture:59.3%
industry:7.2%
services: 33.5%(2012 est.)
Laborforce 3.447 million (2007)
Laborforce – by occupation agriculture:71%
industry and services:29%(1975)
Exports $515.8 million (2012est.)
$594.3 million (2011est.)
Debt– external $3.05 billion (31December2011 est.)
$2.942 billion(31 December2010est.)
Source: World Bank
. Let’s looksat the five biggest effects of poverty in order to understand the
severity of the problem:

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1. Malnutrition.
The most common effectof poverty is malnutrition.
This is especially seen in children of poor families. People living in poverty rarely
have accessto highly nutritiousfoods. Even if they have access to these foods, it is
unlikely that they are able to purchase them. The healthiest foodsare usually the
most expensive; therefore, a family on a very small budgetis much more likely to
purchase food thatis less nutritious, simply because that is all they can afford.
Sometimespeople in poverty are malnourished simply because they do noteat
enough of anything. For somepeople around the world, quality food is a luxury. A
total of 14.3 percent of people in developing countriesface hunger and about 25
percent of Sub-Saharan Africa isconsidered malnourished. Poor nutrition causes
45 percent of deathsin children under the age of 5. Malnutrition can also lead to
many other health issues as well.
2. Health.
One of the most severeeffects of poverty is the health effects that are almost
always present.
This includes things fromdiseases to life expectancy to medicine. Diseases are
very common in people living in poverty becausethey lack the resources to
maintain a healthy living environment. They are almost always lacking
in nutritious foods, which decreases their bodies’ ability to fight off diseases.
Sanitation conditions are usually very low, increasing the chance of contracting a
disease. Sometimes these diseases can be minor, but other times they can be life-
threatening. In general, people living in poverty cannotafford appropriate
medicines to treat these illnesses.
Life expectancy and child mortality are greatly affected by poverty. Statistics show
that life expectancy in poor nations is up to 30 years below that of wealthy
nations, like the United States. Child mortality is shockingly high in poor countries;
13.5 percent of children die before the age of 5 in poor countries. This number is
the averagefor poor countries, however someAfrican nations have a child
mortality rate of 20 percent.

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3. Education
Education is largely affected by poverty.
Many people living in poverty are unable to attend school froma very early age.
Families may not be able to afford the necessary clothing or schoolsupplies.
Others may not have a way for their children to get to school. Whatever the
reason, there is a clear correlation between families living in poverty and their
lack of education. Without the ability to attend school, many people go through
life illiterate.
The literacy rates in countries with high poverty levels indicate that these two are
linked. Low literacy rates can affect society in various ways including the labor
forceand politics. Obtaining a basic education could bring 171 million people out
of poverty. A bad cycle is created; poverty prevents people fromgaining a good
education, and not obtaining an education prevents people fromescaping
poverty.
4. Economy
Among the effects of poverty includes its impact on the economy of the country.
Mainly, the number of people living in poverty influences employment rates
heavily. Without an education, people are unlikely to find a paying job.
Unemployment hinders a country fromdeveloping into a strong economic
system. A high unemployment rate can impede a country fromprogressing in all
aspects.
The labor force suffers when a large part of the citizens cannot contribute to
economic development. For example, the Somalia economy has not been able to
grow at a high rate for many years because of the high number of people living in
poverty. About higher percent of the population in India lives in poverty and
their economy can only improvewhen this percentage decreases.

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5. Society
Poverty also hassocial effects.
Many people living in poverty are homeless, which puts them on the streets. There
also seems to be a connection between poverty and crime. When people are
unemployed and homeless, socialunrestmay take over and lead to increasesin
crime. When people have nothing and no money to buy necessities, they may be
forced to turn to theft in order to survive. Homelessness and high crime rates
impact of a country’speople and can create many problemswithin a society.
It is clear that poverty hasfar-reaching effectson allpeople. By improving global
poverty, economiescould prosper, health could improve and countriescan develop
into strong globalpresences. All countrieswill benefitwhen decreasing global
poverty becomesa priority in the world.
– Hannah Cleveland
Sources: Economy Watc
2.7 .Theoretical Approachesto Poverty and Conflict in
Somalia.
Poverty is a multidimensional problem thatgoesbeyond economicsto include
among other things, social, political, and culturalissues. Scholarshave been trying
to develop a theoreticalapproach to poverty and conflictfor a long time. Some
like
John Burton (1997),Violence Experienced: The Source of ConflictViolence and
Crime and Their Prevention; Manchester UniversityPress: New York.
Laune Nathan (2003), Crisis ResolutionandConflict Management inAfrica; Centre
for Conflict Resolution, UniversityofCape Town: South Africa.
Richard Sand brook (1982) The Politics ofBasic Needs, Heinemann: London.
AND

22
Ted Gurr (1970) WhyMen Rebel: Princeton.
agree that poverty as a result of lack of human needslead to reactionsthat result
in conflict.
The human needstheory championed by Burton (ibid) arguesthatthere are
conflictand instability in developing countriesbecause people are denied not only
their biologicalneeds, but also psychologicalneedsthatrelate to growth and
development.
The overriding importance of thistheory is that it understandsthatneeds,
particularly basic needs(such as food, water, shelter and health) unlike interest
cannotbe traded, suppressed, or bargained for; thusany attemptto do this, leads
to conflict.
According to Aristotle(in Okanya , 1996:3), Political Thoughts, an Unpublished
Mimeo.
social strife and revolutionsare notbroughtoutby the conspiratorialor malignant
nature of man, rather revolutionsare derived from poverty and distributive
injustice.
Therefore, when the poor are in the majority and have no prospect
of ameliorating their condition, they are bound to be restless and seek restitution
through violence.
No governmentcan hold stability and peace when it is created on a sea of poverty
(Ibid)Therefore, people in mostcases react negatively to such situation, in order to
show their grievancesand discontent, particularly when the governmentis
corrupt.
Conflicts are therefore often caused by an attempt to clam our for these basic
needs by violent means.
Somalia , as a volatile mix of poverty and conflicthas continued to be poorly
developed. Thus, as long as absolute poverty (which is rooted on political
corruption) remainsin Somalia , conflictis inevitable.

23
The argumentof this study is that poverty, conflictand underdevelopmentin
Somalia are traceable to political corruption. Hence the question,
how can Somalia develop politically (particularly by eliminating political
corruption) in order to effectively alleviate absolute poverty; in effectmanage
conflictin Africa to avoid further human losses?
Is developmentpossible in Africa, as the continentis embroiled in conflicts?
2.8 measurement of poverty .
In termsof poverty measurementeach country hasitsown social , economical,
and developmentalcharactersthateffectindicatorsof poverty thateffect the
indicatorsof poverty they adopt.
How ever there are certain indicatorsthat have been more universally accepted
( barker 1997) definesthe poverty line the amountof money people spend to
maintain their standard of living
 There four reasons to measure poverty :
1. To keep poor people on the agenda .
2. To be able to identify poor people and so to be able to targetappropriate
intervention .
3. To monitor and evaluate projectsand policy intervention geared .
4. To evaluate the effectiveness of institutions whose goalto help poor people.
2.9. how to reduce the poverty in Somalia .
Poverty is passed from one generation to the next. So there’ssome tools that
reduce poverty in Somalia . These tools include:
1. Quality education
provideschildren with the knowledge and life skills they need to realize their
full potential, and is essential to creating change in a child’slife. Plan helps
by training teachers, building new schoolsand breaking down barriersthat
preventmany children – and girls in particular – from attending school.

24
2. Access to health care
is essential. This instrument helps communitiesbuild health clinics, train
health care workersand invest in equipmentand medicine, so children can
grow up healthy and strong.
3. Water and sanitation
are also essential for every child’ssurvival. Each year, helpscommunities
build schoollatrines, community water pointsand helps to establish
organizationsto ensure the continued managementand maintenance of
water points.
4. Economic security;
This tool is to overcome poverty by helping communitiesaround the world
gain the economic security they need to thrive. This factor is training people
living in poverty to acquire the skills and knowledge they need to secure a
livelihood, and support their families.
5. Employment generation .
Creation of jobsand new opportunitieshelps to reduce a poverty and also increase
the nationalincome and income per capitalin Somalia
6. Providebasic needs
This factor is so importantfactor because if poor societies gets basic need I believe
theirs hope to reduce poverty in Somalia .

25
Conclusions
There are importantinsights to be drawn from the data aboutpoor people’s
definitions and understanding of poverty and their strategiesfor managing the
portfolio of the scarce and often contested assets available to them. Poverty
consists of multiple, interlocking dimensions.
Poverty definitionsgive prominence to problemswith securing food and difficulties
finding safe and predictable sourcesof livelihood.
What is striking however is the extent to which dependency, lack of power and
voice emerge as core elements of poor people’sdefinitionsof poverty.
Powerlessnessand voicelessness also underlie discussions of a heightened sense of
vulnerability and the inability of poor people to protectthemselves from shocks.
Poor people speak extensively aboutassets and much less aboutincome.
These findingshave implications for how we measure poverty.
One of the challengesis to track and measure changesin power and voice
together with other measuresof poverty, such as estimates of expenditure and
consumption, and accessto education and health.

26
Chapter three
Methodology
3.1 introduction.
Research methodology is the systematic way to solve the research
problems it may be understood as a science of studying how research is
done scientifically .
This chapter presents the methodology and procedures used In the
study which include research design, research population ,sampling
data collection , validity , reliability , data analysis and presentations .
3.2 research design .
The research design refers to overall plan or strategy for conducting the
research .
This study will be conducted through correlation research design it is
appropriate for gathering data from various sources including
documentary reading , questionnaires and interviews .

27
3.3 research populationand sampling :
3.3.1. target population.
The target population of this study is the poverty people in Somalia .
The study population includes rural area , IDP’S and urban population in
Somalia who have suffering the hunger .
3.3.2. sample size .
It’s often impossible to study whole the target population because the
study population is unlimited while the time and cost are limited
therefore ,
The researcher will purposively select a sample of 30 out of the target
population the sample size that has been selected , provide enough and
adequate information so it represented the population of the study .
3.3.3. sampling technique .
This study will use purposive sampling technique to identify the
sampling technique is where the researcher decides who to include in
information .

28
It is preferred because it select therefore typical cases and therefore
saves time and money .
3.4 data collection .
Both primary and secondary data will used in the course of conducting
this study
The method will use questionnaire this selection of this tool has been
guided by the by nature of data to be collected the time available as
well as the objectives of the study .
The overall aim of the study is to describe how stability can reduce the
poverty In Somalia .
3.4.1 questionnaires.
A questionnaires is a group of written or printing questions used to
gather information form the respondents who provide answers to the
question .
The questionnaires were sent to all specifically selected respondents .
In this study questionnaires is designed to gather both quantitative and
qualitative data .
In this study most of necessary data were obtained by the researcher
thorught answers of the questionnaires distributed to the specified
above mentioned study respondents .

29
3.5 quality control
To controlquality the research wasattemptto attain hight validity and reliability
co-efficient.
This study will conducted to reach the realinformation through the population .
the results that returned in the questionnaires are related to the research
objectives an people that forward thisinformation in avoid the bias .
3.6 data analysis
The data will edited and presented in frequency counts, tables and graphs.
Both qualitative and quantities data were edited and coded before analysiswas
done .
The data was summarized in a form of tables and graphssuitable for presentation
of finding .
Microsoftword computer softwarewasused in the analysisof the data the
researcher devoted much time for interpreting and analyzing frequency tablesand
percentagesof the finding in simplified manner and understandable to all .
3.7 assumption and limitation
The researcher facesa lot of limitation during the conducting of the research .the
major limitation that the researcher faceswas limited time , lack of internet
access , lack of reference books, limited information aboutthe topic and poor
language .

30
3.8 ethical consideration .
In this study the rerearcher firstsoughtpermission from lecturer of th course
before collecting the data .
The respondentswere given adequate information on the aims of the study , the
procedure thatwould be followed ,the possible advantagesfor the participants
the credibility of the research , and the way in which the result was used .
This enables participentsto make an informed decision on whether thatwantd to
participate to make in the research or not.
In this research participentsconfidentialitieswas notcompromised , as their
nameswould not used in the collection of data . notprivate or secret information
would be divulged the rightof confidentiality of the participentswould be
respected . the research findingswould therefore be presented anonymously .

31
APPENDIX 1
REFERANCE
1. millenniumdevelopment goals progress (2010) report
2. UnitedNations and the WorldBank ( 2015) report
3. UNICEF report
4. UnitedNations Definitionof Poverty
5. Worldbank 2012 report
6. 2012worldfoodprogram report
7. : IFAD report 2011
8. socio economic survey 2002
9. 1776 AdamSmith poverty definition
10.World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen 1995
11.Latest FOA report
12.puntland disaster management framework ( JUNE 2011).
13.According to UN

32
14.Hannah Cleveland Sources: Economy Watc
15.John Burton (1997),Violence Experienced: The Source of ConflictViolence and
Crime and Their Prevention; Manchester UniversityPress: New York.
16.Laune Nathan (2003), Crisis ResolutionandConflict Management inAfrica;
Centre for ConflictResolution, UniversityofCape Town: South Africa
17. Richard Sand brook (1982) The Politics ofBasic Needs, Heinemann: London.
18.Ted Gurr (1970) WhyMen Rebel: Princeton
19.According to Aristotle(in Okanya , 1996:3), Political Thoughts, an Unpublished
Mimeo
20.( barker 1997)

33
Questionnaire on
Impact of poverty on stability in Somalia
Section A :
1.Age
20-25( ) 26-30 ( ) 31-35 ( ) 36-40 ( )
2.Gender
Male ( ) female ( )
3.Maritalstatus
Single ( ) married ( )
4.Level of education
Diploma ( ) bachelor degree ( ) master degree( ) secondary ( )
5.Occupation
Students( ) employee ( ) private business ( )
SECTION B .
1. Collapsed of Somaligovernmentthe Somali’sconfrontunprecedented
poverty rate
A) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree
2. Nomadic population is higher vulnerable than ruralpopulation in termsof
poverty .
a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagre
3. Employmentopportunitiesis reduced poverty rate in Somalia
A) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagre
4. Poverty may be cause death and generalscarcity
a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree

34
5. Families who live in poverty have a hard time of getting enough food and
eat .
a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e ) strong disagree
Section c .
1.Poverty reduction ismajor goaland issue for many internationalorganization .
2.Poverty is lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in societies
3.In 2011 droughtfaced in Somalia led death of Somalia people and children
malnourished
a) Agree b) disagree c) neutral d)strong agree e) strong disagree
4.Poor people are those who have a limited herd size and inadequate for self-
sufficiency .
5.According to UNHCRthe poorestamongstthe poor are identified are those who
are lazy and hopeless
Section D.
1.extreme poverty is proportion of population living on less than one dollar per
day
a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e ) strong disagree
2. coursesof Somalia poverty include lack of knowledge and good skills
a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree

35
3. major effectof poverty in Somalia is health and economy
a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree
4. poverty in Somalia can reduce economic security and employmentgeneration
a) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disgaree
5. poverty can cause instability and conflicts in society .
A) agree b) disagree c) neutral d) strong agree e) strong disagree

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