1. Visual and audio visual
communication
• Power of the visual
• ‘Medium is the Message -’the visual has
direct access to the subconscious of the
human mind .
• The subconscious work 30,000 times
more than the conscious brain.
• Human beings are essentially visual
creatures, not verbal creatures.

2. • Visual aids provide a wide range of
channels by which one can send verbal
and visual symbols.
• A picture is worth a thousand words-
Confucius
• Visual aids include – pictures, charts,
diagrams, cartoons , flipcharts, graphs,
models, posters, projection slides.

3. Visual aids-
• Demonstrate the communicator’s creativity and imagination
• Increase interest and entertains
• Supports and illustrates ideas
• Makes concepts clear and concrete
• Provide essential facts and information
• Takes care of emotions and attitudes
• Encourages retention of information and knowledge
• Features of visual aids:
• 1. brevity
• 2. simplicity
• 3. idea
• 4. layout
• 5. colour

4. Pictures and projection media
Software expenses are low
Offer tremendous flexibility
Use of laptop
• Illustrations with the printed word has immense value.
• They not only supplement the text but also enhance and extend it by
highlighting and pressing upon the reader important parts of the
reading material
• Slides:
• Oldest form of projection aids.
• Computer generated
• Graphics-line drawings, clipart, multi-dimensional graphs, maps,
illustrations, symbols and slide presentation
• Computer driven presentations- through the use of multiple media
one can exhibit a combination of slide display, live video inserts,
digitized still photography and animation.
• Accompaniment of voice and music.

5. Power of the audio visuals
• 1. Reinforce verbal messages to enhance audience retention.
• 2. Create interest and stimulate thoughts.
• 3. Clarify ideas, concepts or data that an audience may find difficult
to understand from a verbal explanation alone.
• 4. The combination of light and sound leads to understanding and
acceptance of the message much more easily.
• 5. Provides a much higher degree of confidence in the mind of the
communicator at any face to face presentations or for public
communication through electronic mass media.

6. Negotiation
• Bargaining-negotiating , taking action in
order to achieve a situation which should
be acceptable to both parties.
• Interests of each are pursued by
discussion and co-operative means.
• Negotiations in formal situations need to
be planned carefully.

7. • A process in which two or more individuals or groups
have both common and conflicting goals ,state and
discuss proposals for specific terms of a possible
agreement.
• A face-to- face decision making process between parties
concerning a specific issue.
• It is all about reaching a common agreement or
understanding to achieve certain objectives by both
sides.

8. Characteristics:
• Issues under negotiation have to be negotiable
• Negotiators are interested in not only taking but also in giving and
are willing to compromise.
• They have full commitment to final agreement.
• Whenever necessary, parties will be ready to modify their positions.
• The purpose of negotiation is fully understood on each side.
• Agreement has to be concluded within a reasonable time and the
outcome has to be largely satisfactory to all the involved parties.
• They try to keep the conversation moving from the very beginning
and show interest in what the other side has to say.

9. Types of negotiation-integrative
and distributive
• Integrative- also known as
collaborative conflict
management.
• Fosters collaboration
• Approaches conflict from a
problem solving perspective
• Bonds both the parties to a
long term relationship and
each side enjoys a feeling of
victory.
• Distributive- leaves one party a
loser.
• Dividing a scarce resource
between conflicting parties
• Neither of the party gets all the
benefits entirely
• The bargaining is aggressive
• One party’s gain is other
party’s lose
• Example: Union –
Management negotiation

10. Collaborative behaviours
• 1. Separate the people from the problem -rather than personifying
the people or pointing accusing fingers to each others, better to
direct attention to the real issues at hand.
• Participants have to conceal any feeling of animosity and be
cautious about any kind of loaded language.
• Parties have to be free and frank, open-minded and in good faith
• Problems and their solutions have to be the uppermost priority in
their minds.
• 2.Specify interests, not positions
• Parties must not get bogged down in blame cycles rather than focus
on interests and real issues.

11. • 3. Find out options for mutual gains.
• Generate alternative ideas and even unusual solutions.
• Avoid closing off possibilities too quickly, take the time to explore all
other options.
• 4. Use the best win-win options.
• Use objective criteria
• Even if you share many goals together, some incompatible interests
continue to exist. Let the other person also maintain a high self
image and god self esteem
• Make the other person’s concessions with one of your own.

12. Possible outcomes:
1. We both win- most desirable result
2. I win, you lose
3. I lose, you win
4. We both lose – a state of unresolved
conflict and leads to disagreeable
consequences

13. Bargaining Power
• An important part of negotiation
• Strategy and bargaining are interlinked crucially
• Power is the ability to get things done and the extent to which you
can induce others to do something to your own requirement
• Your bargaining power is as the other negotiator’s, a function of the
relative costs of disagreements to each of you
YOUR BARGAINING POWER = COST TO THEM OF REJECTING YOUR TERMS
COST TO THEM OF ACCEPTING YOUR TERMS
THEIR BARGAINING POWER = COST TO YOU OF REJECTING THEIR TERMS
COST TO YOU OF ACCEPTING THEIR TERMS
If the costs of rejection are larger than the costs of acceptance, then
you have greaterpower of bargaining over the other side

14. Negotiation Guidelines
1. An appropriate and cordial communicating environment can
contribute enormously towards the success of negotiations.
2. Both parties have to provide their stamp of sincerity in their attitudes,
perceptions as well as their expressions.
3. Both the parties may have their true desires but it is better to hold
on, control emotions and come out judiciously at the right moment in
a polite and decent manner.
4. If there are too much of noticeable tensions, go for frequent breaks
to release stress.
5. A high degree of interpersonal and social skills are required to
manage your relationship with the other party.
6. Maintain positive attitude and make statements which are positive.

15. 7. Good verbal and non verbal cues such as eye contact, friendly
gestures and postures can influence and motivate persons to be far
more cooperative and collaborative.
8. Never try to insult the other people by words or by non verbal
indications.
9. Better not to retaliate even when offensive behaviour is used. As a
tactical step remain silent.
10. Behave professionally at all times.

16. Technology in communication
• Plays a pivotal role in the various functions of the organization.
• Serves as a link among people both inside and outside the
organization.
• Technology based communication tools
• Telephones , facsimile machines ,Personal digital Assistants (PDA)
• a system of transmitting and reproducing graphic matter (as printing
or still pictures) by means of signals sent over telephone lines.