Vaccine delivery BY MOHAMMED ZUBAIR MOMIN M.PHARM

1. Submitted by
Mohammed Zubair Momin
1st sem M.Pharm
Department of Pharmaceutics
Submitted to,
DR.B.WILSON
HOD PHARMACEUTICS
Transdermal Delivery of
Vaccines (DERMAL
VACCINATION)
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2. Introduction
Definition
A vaccine is a biological preparation which enhances the
immunity to a particular disease
A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a disease causing
microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins
This agent stimulates the body immune system to recognize
the agent as a foreign body, destroy it, and keep a record of it,
so that the immune system can more easily recognize and
destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters
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4. 4
Sr . No TYPES OF VACCINES EXAMPLES
1 Live attenuated Measles , Mumps, Rubella
Etc
2 Inactivated Hepatitis-A, Influnza
,Pneumococcal.
3 Recombinant Hepatitis-B
4 Toxoid Tetanus, Diptheria.
5 Conjugate polysacchride protein Pnenococal ,
Meningococal , Influanze
–B ,
TYPES OF VACCINES
⚫ Vaccines arecomposed of eitherthe entire disease-causing microorganism or some of its
components They may be constructed in several ways.

5. ⚫ The skin is the largest and most accessible organ of the body . Vaccine
administration to skin offer many advantages include ease of access disease
a potential for generation of both systemic and mucosal immune response .
⚫ The skin is a site of vaccine delivery it approaches to overcome these barriersare
cover included are formulation approaches such as liposome such as
electroporation , and technologies that creates micron size pores in the skin.
⚫ The world health organization estimate that 32% of Hepatitis B Virus infections
,40% of Hepatitis C and 5% of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in
developing country are attributable to unsafe injection practice .
⚫ The development of needle free immunization method has thus becomes an
important goal in global health care .
Transdermal delivery
of Vaccine

6. • Dermal vaccination or transcutaneous immunization is a needle free
method of vaccine delivery which has the potential to reduced the risk
of needle burn disease ,access to vaccination by simplifying procedure
(trained personal and use of sterile equipments not required ) and assist
in the implementation of multiple boosting and multivalent vaccine
regimes .
• Skin as a site for vaccine delivery the skin has multiple barrier
properties to minimize water loss from the body and prevents
the permeation of environmental contaminants into the body .
• These barriercan be considered as physical , enzymatic & Biological

7. Transdermal delivery of vaccines- Approaches
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8. Type Of Transdermal Vaccine Delivery -
Approaches
Liquid –Jet Injection
Epidermal Powder Immunization
Topical applications
a. Adjuvent patches
b. Colloidal carriers
c. Tape stripping
d. Electroporation
e. Ultrasound /sonophoresis
f. Microporation/ thermal ablation
g. Microneedles

9. Liquid-jet injection (liquid jet injector)
They contain a power source (compressed gas or spring),
piston, drug or vaccine-loaded compartment and an
application nozzle, with typical orifice size in the range of 150
to 300 μm
Upon actuation the power source pushes the piston rapidly
increases the pressure within the drug-loaded compartment,
thereby forcing the drug solution through the orifice as a high
velocity liquid jet (100 to 200 m/s)
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10. When the jet impacts on the skin it creates a hole through
allowing the liquid to enter the skin
The process of hole formation and liquid jet deposition occurs
within microseconds
The deposited liquid can then disperse within the tissues to
produce an immune response
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11. Liquid jet injector

12. Epidermal powder immunization
The device design principles are similar to liquid injectors,
with a powder compartment and compressed carrier gas,
such as helium
Upon actuation, the particles are carried by the gas, to impact
the skin surface at high velocity, puncturing micron-sized
holes in the epidermis to facilitate skin deposition
Example
Epidermal Delivery (PMED) technology,
Particle Mediated
delivers DNA vaccines into the skin in a dry powder
formulation
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13. Epidermal powder
immunization

14. Topical applications

15. Topical application
Topical adjuvants
Topical administration the vaccine with adjuvants, such as
cholera toxin, has been shown to induce strong systemic and
mucosal immune responses
The adjuvant activates the Langerhans cells in the skin thus
priming the immune response to the co-administered vaccine
Vaccines studied: HIV vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccines
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16. Colloidal carriers
Nanoparticles and nanocarriers
Vaccines are incorporated into these particles and the
particles act as carriers or adjuvants for the vaccine
Some studies suggest these particles do not cross the intact
stratum corneum, but may accumulate into hair follicles
Hence, the use is limited
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17. Liposomes
Liposomes consist of multiple bilayers of phospholipids and
both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds can be loaded
Despite early promise that they could act as skin permeation
carriers, evidence of their permeation across the stratum
corneum has not emerged
A study used transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes for the
delivery of tetanus toxoid and trnasfersomes exhibited an
immune response
Vaccine development is limited due to significant formulation
and stability considerations
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18. Energy based approaches
Electroporation
Electroporation involves the administration of electrical pulses
to create transient pores in the skin and thus increase the skin
permeability to drugs and macromolecules
Inovio has developed a series of hand-held, cordless
electroporation devices that have been used in vaccine
delivery studies
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19. Ultrasound or sonophoresis
Low frequency sonophoresis involves application of
ultrasound waves at frequencies between 20 to 100 kHz to
the skin surface to reduce the stratum corneum barrier and
thereby increase skin permeability
Treatments protocols have involved concurrent ultrasound
administration and pretreatment prior to the application of a
drug solution or patch
Example
Tetanus toxoid
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20. Thermal ablation or microporation
Thermal ablation generates micron-size holes in the stratum
corneum by selectively heating small areas of the skin surface
to hundreds of degrees
The heat is applied for micro- to milliseconds so that heat
transfer to the viable tissues is avoided, thus minimising pain
and damage
PassPort system – Altea Therapeutics Corp
ViaDerm – TransPharma Ltd
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21. Thermal ablation/microporation

22. Microneedles
Microneedles consist of pointed micro-sized projections,
fabricated into arrays with up to a hundred needles, that
penetrate through the stratum corneum to create microscopic
holes, thus providing delivery pathways for vaccines and drugs
Solid microneedles: composed of titanium or silicone and
make micron-sized holes in stratum corneum
The microneedle array is then removed and a drug/vaccine
containing patch is applied
Coated microneedles: have an insoluble core coated with drug
that dissolves off within the skin
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23. Polymer microneedles: contain the drug or vaccine in a solid
solution of needle that dissolves, swells or degrades on skin
insertion, then releasing the drug or vaccine
Insoluble hollow microneedles: create holes through which
the drug solution can pass into the skin
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24. Microneedles