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2. Assignment (1)
Define the following
 Infection control and prevention:-its the science
concerned with preventing all types of microorganisms
from infecting health workers and patients .also
preventing nosocomial or associated infection healthcare
infection.
 Theories of infection control:-childbirth fever a bacterial
infection of the female genital tract after childbirth was
taking the lives of up to 30% of women who gave birth in
hospital women at home remained relatively unaffected.
 Mention scientist who inventing it:-Ignaz Philipp
Semmelweis.

3.  How soap kill the microorganisms:-twenty seconds of
scrubbing with soap is one of the best ways to protect
yourself. The people and things you touch from disease
causing germs.
 Discuss all you know about CDC:-Detecting and
responding to new and emerging health threats .
Tacking the biggest health problems causing death and
disability for American .
Putting science and advanced technology into action to
prevent disease .
Promoting healthy and safe behaviors communities and
environment .
Developing leaders and training the public health workforce,
including disease detectives taking the health pulse of our

4. nation
 Discuss concept of infection and factors affecting infective
dose?
Infection: caused by pathogens
• Deposition of organisms in the tissues and their growth
resulting in host reaction such as fever.
• The number of organisms required to cause an infection is
termed as the infective dose , depend on
1. virulence of the organism
2. Susceptibility of host
3. Age
4. Drugs intake and its types.

5.  Define sterilization and disinfection, cleaning:-
Sterilization, Elimination of all microorganisms including
spores
Disinfection; Elimination of microorganisms except spores
Cleaning; Removal of soil or organic material

6. Assignment2
 Define:
1)Infection: is the invasion of tissues by pathogens their
multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the
infectious agent and the toxins they produce.
2)Infective dose: is the number of organisms required to
cause an infection.
3)Asepsis: absence of significant contamination.
4)Sepsis: bacterial contamination.
5)Sterilization: elimination of all microorganisms including
spores.
6)Cleaning: physical removal of foreign material.

7. 7) Disinfection: elimination of microorganisms except
spores.
8) Nosocomial infection: any infection occurs and
incubating at the time the patient is admitted to the
hospital usually from hospital community.
9) Enumerate factors affecting infection:
1. Source.
2. Susceptible.
3. Transmission.

8. Assignment3
 Enumerate mode of infection transmission?
1. Droplet.
2. Vector borne.
3. Air borne.
4. Contact.
5. Common vehicle.
 Discuss droplet infection air borne?
Tiny droplet nuclei that remain suspended in air. It usually
occurs in closed areas which is not well ventilated.

9.  Source of infection: is an infectious agent or germ in
healthcare settings , germs are found in many places.
People are one source of germs including:
1. Patients.
2. Healthcare workers.
3. Visitors .
 Susceptible person: is someone who is not vaccinated or
otherwise immune or a person with a weakened immune
system who has the germs to enter the body.

10. Assignmet4
 Enummerate modes of transmisson?
1) Droplet trasmission
2) Vector transmission
3) Air borne transmission
4) Comonvehicle transmission
5) Contact transmission
 Discuss every point with examples?
1) Droplet transmission:-transmission occars when droplet
contning armicrobes from the in fected person are
spread short distale through the air anddepasited on the
no sts body.

11. 1) Vector transmission:-micro organismstransmitted
through inselts and other invertebrates animals such
asimosquitoes and rats
2) Air borne transmission:-ting droplet nuclei that remain
suspended in air usaelly occurs in glosdareas which is not
well ventilated
4)Common vehicle trasmission:-avehicle may passively cany
a pathogon as food or water may larry hepatitis a virus
transmitted indirectly materials, instruments
contamingted with the in fections EG
Contaminated surt les in icu equipment
5) Contact transmission:- most imporbnt andfrequent mode
of iransmission of infections, is dirided into two
subgroups direct-contact transmission:-indirect-contact

12.  Discuss gates of enty of microgainsims to lause in fection?
1) Any body opening of an uninfeced persion entr which
allows rathogens to
2) Nose, moutn, eyes, rectum, genigls and other mucous
membranes
3) Cuts, abrasions or dreaks intheskin
 Discuss who isat risk in hospitals?
1) Any one whose resistale to diseae decreses .
a) Medically compromised patients
b)Newly dorn in fants
c) Following steroids therapy
d)Pregnant females

13. 2) Reasons for lowered relstgnle:-existing ((nesses
ecaner,organ transplantation,ad diabetes, fatigue and
stress
3) The elderly have weaker immune systems anda lower
resistance to pathogens.
4) Every body deal within medica facility cnealth care staff
5) Prolonged hospitaliced patients, increasing the chance
for hospital-alquired infections

14. Assignment5
Compare between metods of hand hygiene?
1) Remember, water less sanitizers are not effective if dirt is
visible on your hads.
2) Rab until water less hand sanitizer is absorbed.and hand
is dry
 Compare between transient flora and resident flora?
1) Resident flore:-
a) Staphyl ococcs epidermidis
b) Micro ccocus
c) Coryne bacterium
d) Dermobacterium

15. 2) While in the- transitional flora:-
a) Saureus
b) Klebsiella pneumonia
c) Acinetobacter
d) Enterobacter
e) candida
 Enumerate universal prelaution to prevent infection in
hospitals?
1) Handny-giene
2) Use of personal protective equipment(eg,Gloves masks
Eyenear)
3) Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
4) Sharps safety (engineering)

16. 5) And work practice controls
6) Safe injection practices (i-e. aseptic) technique for
parenteral medication
7) Sterile instruments and devices.
8) Clean and disinfected environmental surfaces
 Define PPE?
 Definition:-personal protective equipment|(PPE)is
specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for
protection against infection.
 Discuss protocols of hand hygiene mention types of it?
• Types of hand hygiene

17. • Types of hand hygiene
1) Routine
2) Hygienic
3) surgical

18. Assignment6
 Define PPE?
 Personal protective equipment(PPE) IS Specialized clothing or
equipment worn a worker for protection against infection
 Protocols of using PPE in hospitals?
 For routine practices
1) PPE are selected according to the expected risk of exposure
from the patients or the procedures to be done
2) PPE should not be reused between patients
3) PPE must be exist in every medical facility even for un risky
procedures include (Gloves, Gowns, Bonnets, Shoe covers,
Face shields, Face masks , Surgical mask, and Goggles)
• Is often determined by work load type of procedures… etc.

19.  How to select gloves? Types?
1. Surgical gloves: are sterile gloves that come separately,
each one in a bag and are used once for surgical purposes
and direct handling of patients and blood.
2. Non-sterile examination gloves ( Vinyl, Latex, Nitrile) in all
appropriate sizes, should be readily available for routine
use in patient care areas and utility rooms.

20. Assignment7
 Discuss protocols of selections ?
1. Gowns.
2. Masks.
3. Respirators.
4. Goggles.
5. Face shields.
We focuses on selecting protective clothing primarily on the
basis of their barrier properties, also its design, integrity,
durability, comfort, and functionality.

21. Assignment8
 Discuss all faults done by wch in the video played in the
lecture?
 Discuss the protocols of gloves, gown, masks, respirator,
goggles and faceshieleds?
 Discuss right way of donning and removal of ppe?

22. video

23. Assignment9
Discuss protocols of?
1) Spill management:-
Wipe up: immediately by cleaning from the outside (cleanest) to
inside (dirtiset)
-Absorb: wipe up the spill with an absorbent towel.
Agent.- use the appropriate cleaning e.g sodium hypochlorite
(Clorox 1: 10=1 volume+9 water volumes) contact time 5-10min.
Absorb Clorox and wash with water.
Never pick up any equipment, even with gloved hands before
spill area is cleared dispose of ppe(gloves &masks) and throw
out cleaning towels safely at the waste bin.
2) Environmental cleaning:-

24. 3) Linen and sheets, laundry management:-
Fold or roll sheets so that the dirtiest area is inside hold and
carry dirty sheets away from your body do not use “Re-usable”
equipment again until it has been properly cleaned never use
disposable equipment more times than recommended by the
manufacturer
Definition of sterilization?
A process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the
highest level of microbial forms (endospores)
Classify methods of sterilization?
1. Steam.
2. Heat only.
3. Liquid chemical.

25. Enumerate indicators used in sterilization?
1. Mechanical indicators.
2. Chemical (sensitive indicators).
3. Biological indicators.

26. Assignment10
Discuss difference between?
1) Steam sterilization:- sterilization using steam can
also be done at a double pressure.
2) Dryheat sterilization:- should be used only for the
materials that can be sterilized by steam. The
principle advantage of dry heat sterilization is its
penetrating power.
3) Chemical sterilization:- is generally more
expensive than steam sterilization and therefore
it is used for instruments that can not be
sterilized other wise.

27.  Discuss radiation sterilization and gas sterilization?
1. Sterilization by radiation:-Exposure to ionizing radiation
sterilization of certain active ingredints, drug products,
and medical devices in their final container or package
may be achieved by exposure to ionizing radiation in the
form of gamma radiation.
2. Gas sterilization:- the active agent of the gas sterilization
process can be ethylene oxide or another highly volatile
substance.
 Materials used and properties and occupational hazards
of each methods?

28.  Mention advantage and disav of every technique of
sterilization?

29. Adv Dis adv
Gas sterilization 1. Effective against all type of
microorganisms
2. Kill microorganisms
3. Moisture and heat equipment
The highly flammable and
potentially explosive nature of
such agents
The whole process is difficult to
control
Radiation sterilization Sterilization of certain ingredients,
drug products and medical devices
Gamma radiation and electron
beams are used to effect
ionization of the molecules in
organisms. Mutations are thus
formed in
Cold chemical sterilization The used for instruments that
cannot be sterilized other wise
It is generally more expensive
Steam sterilization Accessibility and availability It cannot be sterilized instruments
Dry sterilization To ensure death of all types of
microorganisms
1. Slow, long exposure times and
high temperatures are
required, which could damage
materies.
2. Time consuming from 1-
2hours (according to
temperature)
3. Can canes corrosion to wet
instruments
4. Not suitable for instruments
which can tolerate high

30. Assignment11
 Discuss ideal characters of disinfectant?
1. Should have wide spectrum of activity.
2. Should be able to destroy microbes within practical
period of time.
3. Should be active in the presence of organic matter.
4. Should make effective conact and be wattable.
5. Should be active in any PH.
6. Should be stable.
7. Should have long shelf life.
8. Should be speady.

31. 9. Should have high penetrating power.
10.Should be nontoxic, non-allergenic, non-irritative or non-
corrosive.
11.Should not have bad odour.
12.Should not leave non-volatile residue or stain.
13.Efficacy should not be lost on reasonable dilution.
14.Should not be expensive and must be available easily.
 Parameters used to measure efficacy of disinfectants?
Contact, temperature, type concentration of the active
ingredient the presence of organic matter, the type and
quantum of microbial load. The chemical disinfectants at
working concentrations rapidly lose their strength on
standing.

32.  Compare between alcohols and aldehydes?
1. Point of comparison:-
2. Mode of action examples:-
3. Adv and dis adv:-
4. Concentration:-
5. Occupational hazards:-
6. Away of use:-
Aldehydes Alcohols Point of comparison
Formaldehyde gluteraldehyde Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl
alcohol and methyl alcohol
Mode of action examples

33. Aldehydes Alcohols Point of comparison
Fumigation is achieved by
boiling formalin, heating
paraformaldehyde or treating
formalin with potassium
permanganate. It sterilizes
bedding and books
It is not as effe4ctive at
dehydrating living tissue. It
used to disinfect surface and it
used to disinfect clinical
thermometers. Methyl alcohol
kills fungal spores
Adv
• Vapors are irritating.
• Poor penetra.
• Leaves non-volatile
residue.
• Activity is reduced in the
presence of protein.
Skin irritant, volatile
“evaporates rapidly”
inflammaalde.
Dis adv
Gluteraldehyde reophuires
alkaline carcinogenic nose and
eyes
Dis adv
10% formalin with 5%
tetraborate sterilizes clean
metal instruments.2%
gluteraldehyde is used
steriliuzes thermometers etc…
A 70%aqueons solution is
more effective
concentration
Occuptional hazards

34.  Discuss classification of disinfectant?
 Based on mechanism of
 Action on membrane
 Dena

35. Assignment12
 Enumerate different types disinfectants?
• Mode of action.
• Adv.
• Dis adv.

36.  Also compare between disinfectants?

37.  How to write our hospital disinfection policy? Mention
factors affecting it.
• Every hospital should create its own disinfection policies
which suit circumstances and economic resources.
• The procedures, products and chemicals(detergents
availability in markets and FDA & EPA approved) to be
used according to the circumstances of the hospital
policy.
• The policies should take into consideration the size of the
hospital and work flow also the available working staff.

38. Assignment13
 Give an account on Spaulding's classification?

39.  Mention examples for each item of them?
1. Critical devices :-(e.g., surgical instruments, cardiac
catheters, and prosthetic heart valves).
2. Semi-Critical devices:-(e.g., laryngoscopes)
3. Non-Critical devices:-(such as blood pressure cuffs and
stethoscopes)

40. Assignment14
 Discuss protocols and recommendation of vaccinations in
medical field mention most common communicable
diseases you learned in the lecture?
• Microbiological screening of staff in not undertaken
routinely but it may be needed for specific purpose to
detect, carriers or MRSA and hepatitis viruses in those
performing some types of surgery or where transmission
to patients has occurred all health care workers should
screened for possible communicable diseases before
employment, and offered immunization against hepatitis
B viral infection an education on universal health
precautions is highly essential.
1. Hepatitis “B”

41. 2)Measles mumps and rubella.
3)Tetanus.
4)“N” Meningitides.
5)Influenza.
6)COVID “19”.
7)Diphtheria.
8)Varicella.

42. Assignment15
 Discuss vaccination protocols?
1. Vaccination is highly effective method of preventing
certain infectious diseases.
2. Vaccines are generally very safe and serious adverse
reactions are uncommon.
3. Routine immunization programmers protect most of the
worlds children from a number of infectious diseases
that previously caused millions of deaths each year.
4. For travellers, vaccination offers the possibility of
avoiding some infectious diseases that may by
encountered abroad.

43.  Discuss protocols of infected how with dealing with
patients?
1. If you have a fever that is usually a good indication you
should be at home.
2. If this is not feasible use the best information available
to prevent patients from becoming infected.
3. After blowing your nose or sneezing.
4. Avoid seeing immunocom promised patients during this
time.
5. If you must work, wear and wash hands frequently.
 Discuss cough etiquette and respiratory infections
etiquettes?

44. • Post visual alerts at the entrance to outpatient facilities.
• Accompany them to inform healthcare personnel of
symptoms of a respiratory infection when they first
register for care and to practice respiratory hygiene cough
etiquette.