English Grammar and Compostion

1. Course conductor : Mam Ramish Nazir
Group 10th
Presenters:
HASSAN MURTAZA(14replica)
EMAN AKBAR
EMAN FAISAL
OBAIDULLAH

2. Transitive verb:
A transitive verb is a verb that requires a direct object to complete its meaning.
The direct object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
For example:
in the sentence "She ate an apple," the verb "ate" is transitive, and the direct
object is "an apple”.
direct object: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of
the verb in a sentence. It is the receiver of the action and follows a transitive
verb.

3. Intransitive verb:
On the other hand, intransitive verb does not require a direct object to
complete its meaning. Instead, it often describes a state, an action that does not
transfer to an object, or an action that is reflexive.
For example:
in the sentence "He sleeps," the verb "sleeps" is intransitive because it does not
require a direct object.

4. Uses of transitive and intransitive verb
in daily routine
Transitive and intransitive verbs are used in our daily routine to express actions and
states of being. Here are some examples of how we use these verbs:
Transitive verb:
I eat breakfast every morning. (The verb "eat" requires a direct object "breakfast" to
complete its meaning.)
Intransitive verb:
I wake up at 6 am every day. (The verb "wake up" does not require a direct object to
complete its meaning.)

5. List of Transitive Verbs
WORDS SENTENSES
Paint Abdullah painted a colorful texture on the wall of his bedroom.
Write Chandni wrote a heartfelt letter to express her feelings to her friend.
Design Dora designed a stunning logo for her new business venture.
Play Basit called his friend Awais to play a game of basketball at the park in the evening.
Cook Momin decided to surprise his friend by cooking a delicious homemade pizza for dinner.
Read Ali read a fascinating book about space exploration.
Talk Laraib from kurangi talking in a fake accent.

6. List of Intransitive Verbs
WORDS SENTENSES
laugh The baby laughed loudly.
Wake up I usually wake up at 6am to start my day.
Walk I love to take walk around my neighborhood in the evening.
Rises The sun rises in the east.
Swim My friend all I like to swim in the lake during the summer.
Play The children played happily.

7. Exceptions to transitive verbs:
• Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on their usage
in a sentence.
For example, "eat" is transitive in the sentence "I eat an apple," but intransitive
in "I eat every day.“
• Some verbs can take a direct and an indirect object. These are called
ditransitive verbs.
For example, "give" can take both a direct object and an indirect object, as in
"I gave her the book.“

8. • Some verbs are transitive but do not take a direct object in certain contexts.
For example, "think" is transitive in the sentence "I think that you are
right," but does not take a direct object in the sentence "I think a lot."

9. Exceptions to intransitive verbs:
• Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on their usage
in a sentence.
For example, "run" is intransitive in the sentence "I run every morning," but
can be transitive in the sentence "I run a marathon.
• "Some intransitive verbs can take a prepositional phrase or an adverbial
modifier that adds more information to the sentence.
For example, "sleep" is intransitive in the sentence "I sleep," but can take a
prepositional phrase like "on the couch" in "I sleep on the couch."

10. • Some verbs can be intransitive but take a subject complement, which is a
word or phrase that renames or describes the subject of the sentence.
For example, "seem" is intransitive in the sentence "It seems difficult," but
takes a subject complement "difficult" that describes the subject "it."

11. Examples of Transitive and Intransitive verb
Transitive verb examples:
• She baked a cake for the party.
• He wrote a novel last year.
• They played tennis in the park.
• I saw a movie yesterday.
• We cleaned the house before our guests arrived.
In these sentences, the verbs (baked, wrote, played, saw, cleaned) require a direct object
to complete their meaning (cake, novel, tennis, movie, house).

12. Intransitive verb examples:
• She sleeps peacefully at night.
• He runs every morning before work.
• They laughed at the funny joke.
• I danced all night at the party.
• We sat quietly in the park.
In these sentences, the verbs (sleeps, runs, laughed, danced, sat) do not require a direct
object to complete their meaning.

13. Sample Exercise of
Transitive and Intransitive Verb
• The cat sat on the windowsill.
(intransitive)
• The girl did her homework.
(transitive)
• He passed the ball to his teammate.
(transitive)
• The baby slept in her crib.
(intransitive)
• We dined at the new restaurant last night.
(intransitive)

14. • She borrowed the book from the library.
(transitive)
• They won the race.
(transitive)
• He played the guitar for hours.
(intransitive)
• I received a text message from my friend.
(transitive)
• The flowers bloomed in the garden.
(intransitive)

15. MODAL VERBS
DEFINITION: Model verbs are a kind of auxiliary verbs that is used to
express modalities (the states or modes in which a thing exists) such as
possibility, ability, prohibition and necessity.

16. TYPES OF MODAL VERBS :
There are 10 main modal verbs.
Can May
Could Might
Will Must
Would Ought to
Shall Should

17. RULES OF MODAL VERBS:
Here are some general rules of modal verbs.
RULE #1: They are always followed by the base form of verb (the infinitive
without “to”.
And structure typically follow the pattern :
Subject + modal verbs + base form of main verb
Example:
• She could speak French when she was younger.

18. RULE #2 :
They do not take an “s” or “es” ending for third person singular.
Example:
She should go ( not she should goes )
RULE #3 :
They don’t have an infinitive, participle or gerund form.
Example :
I must study (not “I must studying “ )

19. RULE # 4 :
They are always placed before the main verb in a sentence.
Example :
Can you fetch me a glass of water ?
RULE #5 :
They are followed by the word “Not” to make a negative form.
Example:
You ought not to speak to your elders in that tone.

20. RULE #6 :
They cannot be used on their own as the main verb of a sentence.
Example :
You must study for an exam . In this example modal verb “must” modifies the
main verb “study” to express obligation.

21. EXPLANATION OF TYPES OF
MODAL VERBS
1.ABILITY MODAL VERBS :
These modal verbs are used to express the ability that someone has to
perform an action . These modal verbs are can, could , be able to , was /were able to .
Can: Can is used for an action in the present or in future. It also refers to a general
truth or something that has a strong sense of possibility.
• Laiba can paint beautiful landscapes.

22. Could: Could is used for an action in the past . It also refers to something
that has a weak possibility or something that might happen but is not
necessarily a general truth.
• When I was younger I could run a mile in under six minutes.
Be able to : Be able to is an ability modal that is often used to indicate
someone’s capability or potential to do something.
• I will be able to finish my work by 5 pm.

23. •Was able to : Was able to suggests that someone has the ability to do
something in the past and successfully accomplished.
• I was able to finish my work on time yesterday.
Were able to: Were able is used to describe a specific instance when someone
was able to do something in the past.
• Despite the difficult conditions, the rescue team were able to save all the
hikers

24. 2. PERMISSION MODAL VERBS:
Permission modal verbs are used to ask for or give permission to do something.
These permission modal verbs are can, may , could , be allowed to .
Can :Can I borrow your camera ?
May :May I speak to Rida , please?
Could :Could I have permission to leave the classroom early today?
Be allowed to :I’m allowed to use the computer after finishing my
homework.

25. 3.Posibility Modal Verbs :
These modal verbs are used to express the likelihood or
possibility of an action or event occurring. These are may , might, ,could, must
.May :It may rain tomorrow.
Might :I might go to the party tonight , but I haven’t decided yet.
Could :If you work hard, you could pass the exam with flying colors.
Must :The roads are wet, it must have rained earlier

26. Use of may, might ,could & must
in negative form
• When using may, might &could in negative form the structure typically follow the
pattern
Subject+ may/might/could/must + not +base verb
Here are some examples:
May not : The proposal may not be accepted by the committee.
Might not : The weather forecast says it might not rain today .
Couldn’t : I couldn’t believe on my eyes when I saw the accident on highway.
Mustn’t : You mustn’t have forgotten to lock the door last night .

27. Must vs Can't.
Difference between must and can't
• "Must" and "can't" are both modal verbs that express certainty or obligation,
but they are used to convey opposite meanings.
• "Must" is used to express a strong obligation or necessity. It suggests that
something is necessary or required, and there is no other option.
For example: "You must finish your homework before you can watch TV."
this sentence, "must" indicates that completing homework is an absolute
requirement, and watching TV is only possible after the homework is done.

28. • this sentence, "must" indicates that completing homework is an absolute
requirement, and watching TV is only possible after the homework is done.
• On the other hand, "can't" is used to express a strong impossibility or
prohibition. It suggests that something is not possible or allowed under any
circumstances. For example, "I can't go to the party tonight because I have
an exam tomorrow." In this sentence, "can't" indicates that attending the
party is not possible, due to the conflict with the exam.

29. 4. Necessity MODAL VERBS
4. Necessity Modal Verbs :
Necessity modal verbs are used to express a sense of obligation or necessity.
They indicate that something is required, mandatory and essential. The most
common necessity modal verbs are must ,have to & need to .
Must : Must is used to indicate a strong obligation or necessity .
• I must finish this project tomorrow.

30. Have to : Have to is used to indicate a less strong obligation or necessity.
• I have to finish my homework before I can watch TV .
Need to : Need to is used to indicate that something is required or necessary.
• We are running late, so we need to hurry up.

31. Use of must and have to in
present, past & future tenses
Present tense:
• MUST is used to express the present obligation or necessity , often
based on speaker’s personal opinion or judgement
Example: I must finish this report by the end of the day .
• Have to is used to express the present obligation or necessity but it is
often based on external circumstances or rules.
Example : I have to wear mask in the office due to COVID-19 protocols

32. PAST TENSES
• • Must is not commonly used in the past tense as it is mainly used for
present obligations. Must" is not commonly used in the past tense, as it is
mainly used for present obligation. However, it can be used in reported
speech to convey past obligation or necessity. For example: "He said he must
finish the project by Friday."
• "Had to" is used in the past tense to express past obligation or necessity. For
example: "I had to work late last night to finish the presentation."

33. FUTURE TENSE
• "Must" is not commonly used in the future tense, as it is mainly used for
present obligation. However, it can be used in hypothetical situations to
express future obligation or necessity. For example: "If we want to succeed,
we must work hard."
• "Will have to" is used in the future tense to express future obligation or
necessity. For example: "I have to study hard for the exam week."

34. Use of must, have to & need to
in negative form
• When using Must in negative form you would use mustn’t or must not
Example : You mustn’t forget to turn off the light when you leave.
• When using Have to in negative form you would use “ don’t have to “ or “ doesn’t
have to “ depending on the subject.
Example : I don’t have to work on weekends.
• When using Need to in negative form you would use “ don’t need to” or “doesn’t
need to “ depending on the subject.
Example: He doesn’t need to buy a new car right now.

35. Unnecessary Actions:
Differences.
Both "didn't need to" and "need not have" express the idea that something was not
necessary or required, but there is a subtle difference between the two phrases.
The phrase "didn't need to" is used to talk about something that was not necessary in
the past. It suggests that something was not done, but it could have been done if it
had been necessary. For example: I didn't need to buy milk because we already had
some in the fridge.
The phrase "need not have" is used to talk about something that was unnecessary, but
was done anyway. It suggests that something was done, but it was not required.
For example: She need not have gone to all that trouble. I would have been happy
with a simple gift.

36. 5.Use of modal verbs Shall, Should, Will,
Would, ought to , had better & be supposed to
SHALL : Shall is used to express “obligation or duty “ “ suggestions or offers
“ or “future event”.
• Employees shall wear safety gears all the times . (Obligation)
• I shall do my best to help you . (Duty )
• Shall we go for a walk ? ( Suggestion )
• Shall I help you with your bags ? ( Offer )
• I shall visit my parents next week . (Future event )

37. SHOULD
Should is used to express obligation , expectation, advice or probability
•. You should study for the exam. (obligation)
• He should arrive soon ( expectation)
• You should see a doctor if you aren’t feeling well. (advice )
• It should rain later today ( probability )

38. Will
Will is used to express future actions, future predictions, promises, offers or request
• I will go to the store tomorrow (future )
• I think it will rain tomorrow. ( future prediction )
• I will help you with your project ( promise )
• Will you please pass the salt ? (Polite request)
Conditional : Will is often used in conditional sentences to express a hypothetical
situation or outcome.
Example: If it rains, I will stay indoor.

39. WOULD
Would is used to express conditional statements, past habits, future in the past
or polite requests.
• If I had money , I would buy a car. (Conditional statement)
• When I was a child, I would also play with cars ( past habit )
• He said he would call me later. (future in the past )
• Would you mind passing the salt ? (Polite request )

40. Ought to
Ought to is a modal verbs used to express a moral obligation or duty .
• You ought to apologize for what you did.
• I ought to study for my exam.
Note: It is also important to note that ought to is followed by the base form of
a verb (e g ought to go , ought to leave ) and it cannot be used in past or future
tense .

41. HAD BETTER
Had better is a modal phrase used to give advice or make a suggestion about
what someone should do in a particular situation.
• You had better study hard for your exams if you want to pass them.
• She had better leave now if she wants to catch the last train.

42. Be Supposed to
This modal verb is used to express expectations or obligations . It is commonly
used to indicate that something is expected to happen , or that someone has an
obligation to do something .
• I’m supposed to go to the doctor tomorrow.
• You are supposed to be quiet in the library.

43. 6.Use of may have, might have, could have
,ought to have , may not have , might not have
, could not have
May Have : May have is a modal verb used to express possibility or
uncertainty about past events or situations. It indicates that something could
have happened or may have happened but we are not sure.
• She may have left already.

44. Might have
Might have :Might have Is used to speculate about what could have happened
in the past or to express regret about a missed opportunity or a mistake. It is
also used to suggest a possibility or hypothetical situation in the past.
• She might have left the party early.
Could have Could have is a modal verb that is used to talk about possibilities
or events that didn’t actually happen in the past .
• I could have gone to the party last night , but I decided to stay home.

45. Ought to have :Ought to have is used to talk about past obligations or
expectations. It indicates that something should have been done or should have
happened in the past but it didn’t .
• You ought to have studied more for exams.
May not have :May not have is used to express uncertainty or possibility about
a past event .
• I may have not locked the door when I left the house this morning.

46. Might not have :Might not have is used to express a past possibility that
didn’t happen . It is formed by combining the modal verb “might “ with the
negative particle “not “ and past participle of main verb “ have “
• I might not have passed the exam if I hadn’t studied hard.
Could not have :Could not have is used to express something that is
impossible to happen in the past .
• I couldn’t have finished the project without your help

47. Fill in the blanks with the correct modals
• I __ arrange the flowers for the bouquet. (may/can)
• __ I borrow this pen from you? (may/might)
• The teacher __ ask you to bring the homework. (might/can)
• According to the weather forecast, it ___ snow heavily tomorrow. (may/shall)
• Raj hasn’t studied well. He __ fail his exam. (might/shall)
• You __ follow the traffic rules. (may/must)
• It __ be difficult to live amidst war. (should/must)
• My mother __ scold me if I don’t go back on time. (will/may)

48. • My mother __ scold me if I don’t go back on time. (will/may)
• We ___ take care of our parents. (ought to/ could)
• I __ visit the local grocery store soon. (shall/can)
• You ___ be punctual. (should/ought)
• One __ repay all their debts. (must/ought to)
• __ you show me the road to the market? (could/might)
• The child __ be taken to hospital immediately. (must/might)
• ___ you have hot chocolate? (shall/will)

49. Answers
1. Can 9. Ought to
2. May 10. Shall
3. Might 11. Should
4. May 12. Ought to
5. Might 13. Could
6. Must 14. Must
7. Must 15. Will
8. Will

50. REGULAR VERBS
Regular verbs are the verbs that follow a predictable pattern of conjugation .
They are called regular verbs because they follow the regular pattern of adding
‘ed’ to the base.
form of the verb to form the past tense and the past participle .

51. Example
Love Loved Loved
Talk Talked Talked
Watch Watched Watched
Want Wanted Wanted
Need Needed Needed

52. • I walked to the store yesterday.
• He has burnt his finger.
As you can see the base form of the regular verbs “walk” in the past tense ,
you simply add “ ed ” to the end of the base form , creating “walked” . The
same is true for the past participle which also formed by adding “ed” to the
base form of the verb .

53. Regular verbs which may have slight spelling
changes :
Remember that some regular verbs may have slight spelling changes when adding the
“ed” at the end . Such as doubling the final consonant in certain cases .
Examples :
• Stop becomes stopped
• Hug becomes hugged
• Cancel becomes cancelled
• Plan becomes planned

54. Rules :
Rule no 1.
If a verb ends in e , just add (d)
Like Liked
Decide Decided
Arrive Arrived

55. Rule no 2 .
If a verb ends in consonant y , then “y” change into “i” and add “ed” .
Carry Carried
Try Tried
Study studied

56. Rule no 3 .
If a verb ends in vowel y ,then we add “ed”
Play Played
Stay Stayed
Enjoy Enjoyed
Pay Payed
Lay Layed

57. Rule no 4 .
If a verbs end in a consonant vowel consonant (CVC) pattern , double the
final consonant and then add “ed”
Hug Hugged
Stop Stopped
Plan Planned
Visit Visited
Prefer Preffered

58. Rule no 5 .
For all other verbs , then add “ed”
Ask Asked
Watch Watched
Clean Cleaned

59. Question:
Put the regular verbs in the correct category
Cry. Marry.
Like Explain
Stop Care
Wait Bury
Stay Use
Fail Enjoy
Enjoy Clap
Lable Dry

60. • Add d only : Add ied only :
• Add ed only : Double consonant+ed :

61. Irregular verbs
• Irregular verbs are the verbs that do not follow the regular pattern of “d” or
“ed” to the base form to create the past tense or past participle. Instead,
irregular verbs have their own unique forms for the past tense and past
participle.
• Examples:

62. Buy Bought Bought
Drink Drank Drunk
Eat Ate Eaten
fall Fell Fallen
Catch Caught Caught
Be was?/were Been
Have Had Had
Do Did Done

63. Be:
The past tense of “be” is “was /were” and the past participle is “been”
1: I Was at home yesterday .
He has been sick for a week .
2: I went to university by bus yesterday.
I have gone to the shop three times today .

64. Question :
Tick the word of irregular verbs.
• 1: think / jump / play
• 2: cook /look /take
• 3: clean / dance / run
• 4: paint / know / enter
• 5: love / need / see

65. Groups of irregular verbs
• 1: Verbs which have three different forms .
Do Did Done
Write Wrote Written
Sing sang sung
• 2: Verbs which have a different base form , but the past tense and past participle are the same .
Build built built
Dig dug dug
Tell Told Told

66. • 3: Verbs which have only one form .
Bet Bet Bet
Cost Cost. Cost
Set Set. Set
• 4: Verbs which have both regular and irregular forms .
Burn burned / burnt. Burned / burnt
Dream dreamed / dreamt. Dreamed / dreamt
Learn learned / learnt. Learned/ learnt

67. Exercise of regular or irregular verbs
• I ___ my teeth three times yesterday (brush) .
• They ___ a new car last month .(buy)
• Eman ___ me a very funny story yesterday (tell )
• Adil ____ her bedroom yesterday.(clean )
• It was hot in the room so I ___ the window (open)
• He ___ a very nice film last night (watch)
• We ____ beach volleyball when we were at the seasight .(play)
• He was very thirsty . He _____ two glasses of water (drink)
• Her father ____ in Dubai in 2020 (work)

68. Answers
• Brushed
• Bought
• Told
• Cleaned
• Opened
• Watched
• Played
• Drank
• Worked

69. PHRASAL VERBS
DEFINITION:
Phrasal verbs are a type of multi – word verb that consists of a
main verb combined with one or more particles or prepositions.
• The meaning of phrasal verb is often idiomatic and cannot be inferred from
the individual meaning of it’s components.

70. Verbs with prepositions
Look up to search for information I need to look up the definition of this word.
Get up rise from bed I usually get up at 6am on weekdays.
Turn on Activate or start Can you turn on the TV ?
Take off Remove or leave Please take off your shoes before entering the house
Give up Quit or surrender I won’t give up until I complete my project.
Stand up Rise from a sitting or lying position I need to stand up and stretch my legs.
Break down Stop functioning The car broke down on the way to the airport
Look after Take care off Can you look after my dog while I’m away ?
Go out Leaves one’s home and go for an event

71. Verbs with adverb
Walk slowly Moving at a relaxed pace She walked slowly through the
park, enjoying the sunshine and
fresh air.
Speak softly Speaking in a quiet and gentle voice. He spoke softly to his baby niece,
trying not to wake her from her nap.
Drive carefully Operating a vehicle in a cautious and
attentive manner
The new driver was nervous on the
highway and drove carefully to
avoid accidents.
Eat quickly Consuming food in a fast manner. She had to eat quickly before her
next meeting, so she grabbed a
sandwich and ran out the door.

72. Work diligently Putting in a lot of effort and
attention to complete a task
The team worked diligently to
finish the project before the
deadline.
Sing beautifully Singing in a melodious and
pleasant way
The singer's voice was
beautiful, and the audience
was captivated by her
performance.
Write neatly Producing writing that is
legible and easy to read
The teacher reminded the
students to write neatly so she
could grade their papers
accurately.

73. Run quickly Moving at a fast pace He ran quickly to catch the train
before it left the station.
Play happily Engaging in an activity with joy and
contentment
The children played happily in
the park, laughing and having
fun together
Cook skillfully Preparing food with expertise and
proficiency
The chef cooked skillfully,
creating a delicious meal that
everyone enjoyed

74. Use of common phrasal verbs in everyday
situations
• Get up: This means to rise from bed and start your day. Example: I usually get up at 6 am
every day.
• Turn on/off: This means to start or stop the flow of electricity, water, or gas. Example:
Could you please turn off the lights before you leave the room?
• Pick up: This means to collect something from a place or someone. Example: I need to pick
up my dry cleaning on the way home.
• Take off: This means to remove something such as clothes, jewelry, or glasses. Example: I
need to take off my coat before I sit down.
• Put on: This means to wear or apply something such as clothes, makeup, or lotion. Example:
I need to put on some sunscreen before I go outside.

75. • Look after: This means to take care of someone or something. Example: Can you look after
my dog while I'm on vacation?
• Get along: This means to have a friendly relationship with someone. Example: My sister and
I get along well.
• Run out: This means to use up all of something so there is none left. Example: I need to
buy more milk because we have run out.
• Go out: This means to leave your home to do something for leisure such as socializing or
dating. Example: We're going out for dinner tonight.
• Bring up: This means to raise a topic or subject for discussion. Example: I wanted to bring
up the issue of budgeting for our next meeting.

76. Common phrasal verbs in business.
Use of common phrasal verb in business situations
There are many phrasal verbs that are commonly used in business situations. Here are some
examples:
• Follow up - to contact someone again in order to continue a discussion or get an update on
a matter.
Example: "I will follow up with the client tomorrow to see if they have any questions about
our proposal."
• Take over - to assume control or responsibility for something.
Example: "Our company recently acquired a smaller firm, and we will be taking over their
operations next month."

77. • Come up with - to generate or develop an idea or solution.
Example: "We need to come up with a marketing strategy that will help us reach a
wider audience."
• Cut back - to reduce the amount of something.
Example: "We need to cut back on our expenses in order to stay within our budget."
• Bring up - to introduce a topic for discussion.
Example: "I would like to bring up a new project idea that I think could be very
profitable for us."

78. • Get rid of - to eliminate or remove something.
Example: "We need to get rid of these outdated products and replace them with newer
models."
• Put off - to delay or postpone something.
Example: "We will have to put off the meeting until next week, as several key
members of the team are unavailable."
• Look into - to investigate or examine something.
Example: "We will look into the issue and see if we can come up with a solution that
meets everyone's needs."

79. • Take up - to begin doing something new or start a new hobby.
Example: "I have decided to take up golf as a way to network with clients."
• Run out of - to exhaust or deplete a supply of something.
Example: "We have run out of printer paper and need to order more."

80. Phrasal verbs as one word verbs :
Phrasal verbs are made up of a main verb and a particle or preposition . Some phrasal verbs
can be separated into their individual components while others function as one word verbs,
where the verb and particle cannot be separated.
Here are some examples of phrasal verbs that function as one word verbs :
• Breakthrough - to make a significant progress or development.
Example: After years of hard work, the scientist finally made a breakthrough in cancer
research.
• Comeback - a return to success after a period of failure or difficulty.
Example: The football team made a great comeback in the second half of the game, winning
3-2

81. • Checkout - to leave a place, especially a hotel or store, after paying for goods or
services.
Example: We need to checkout of the hotel by 11am tomorrow morning.
• Cutback - to reduce the amount or quantity of something.
Example: The company is planning to cutback on its production due to decreased
demand
• Takeoff - to leave the ground and begin flying.
• Example: The plane took off from the runway on time and reached its destination
safely.

82. • Takeover - to gain control of a company or organization by buying a majority of its shares.
Example: The multinational corporation announced its takeover of the small startup company.
• Breakup - to end a romantic relationship or a partnership.
Example: She was devastated after the breakup with her longtime boyfriend.
• Runoff - a second election held between two candidates who received the most votes in the
first election but did not receive a majority.
Example: The mayoral race will have a runoff between the top two candidates because no one
received more than 50% of the vote in the first round.

83. • Throwaway - something that is intended to be used once and then
discarded.
Example: The plastic bag was a throwaway item that was used to carry
groceries home from the store.
• Wipeout - to completely eliminate or destroy something.
Example: The tsunami wiped out entire villages along the coast, leaving
nothing but devastation.

84. Exercises for practice
Complete the following sentences by choosing the most appropriate phrasal verb from
the list given. Make sure you conjugate them as well.
(Call off, turn off, bring up, give away, dawn on, break down, take off, call in, hold on,
turn down, sell out, fill in, take up, go through, take off)
• The truth of the matter finally ____ Tina.
• Please ____ your socks before you enter the room.
• The employees ____ the strike.
• The neighbour asked us to _____ the music.
• Please ____ the lights when you leave.

85. • The flight will ____ any moment now.
• ____ the study materials the teacher gave you.
• ____ the surgeon immediately, the patient needs her.
• Please ___ this application and submit it there.
• Tim and his family ____ the kid as their own.
• All the tickets for the Avengers were _____.
• My car ________ in the middle of the road.
• The kid decided to ____ a new hobby.
• The judges will ____ to their decision for a while.
• Please don’t ____ all your money.

86. ANSWERS
• The truth of the matter finally dawned on Tina.
• Please take off your socks before you enter the room.
• The employees called off the strike.
• The neighbour asked us to turn down the music.
• Please turn off the lights when you leave.
• The flight will take off any moment now.

87. • Go through the study materials the teacher gave you.
• Call in the surgeon immediately; the patient needs her.
• Please fill in this application and submit it there.
• Tim and his family brought up the kid as their own.
• All the tickets for the Avengers were sold out.
• My car broke down in the middle of the road.
• The kid decided to take up a new hobby.
• The judges will hold on to their decision for a while.
• Please don’t give away all your money.

88. Reference
https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt