Nanotechnology

1. NanoTechnology in the
Field of Medicine
By
Suchitha Koneru

2. Outline
 Introduction
 Cell repair Machines
 Features
 Applications of Cell Repair Machines
 Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair Machines
 Nano Medicine
 Respirocytes
 Ongoing Research
 Nano Horrors

3. Cell Repair Machines
 Medical Nano Robots (Molecular technology and AI)
 Will change medicine at its foundations
 A system including nanocomputers and molecular scale sensors
and tools, programmed to repair damage to cells and tissues
 A fundamental break through : these machines will free medicine
from the reliance of self repair as the only path to healing
 Selective Destruction : example cancerous cells , recognize and
destroy a specific kind of cell
 Nature's own cell repair machines are limited in their ability

4. Features
 Size
 micron scale robot with nano scale parts , parts would be from
1 to 100 nm , the actual machine would be 0.5 to 3 microns
 Bio Compatibility
 Passive Diamond coating , because of its inert nature , not attacked by
the immune system
 Powering
 Metabolize local glucose and oxygen for energy
 Clinical environment acoustic energy
 Communication
 Broadcast acoustic type messages
 Device similar to an Ultra Sound Probe
 Acoustic sensors
 Internal communication network

5.  Navigation :
 a navigational network with station
keeping navigational elements
providing high positional accuracy
 Accurate positions could be
reported to the physician using the
internal communication network

6. Applications of cell Repair
Machines
 Drug Delivery
 Sophisticated ways
• Target specific ,enable the use of
lower doses of medicine
• Side effects may be minimized
and stronger medicine could be
used
• Trigger based , will release
medicine when needed example
Insulin delivery
 Correcting Genetic Disorders
 Comparing the strand of nucleotides
segment by segment
 Changing the nucleotides within a DNA
so that it matches a correct pattern

7.  Anesthesia plus
 interrupting metabolism of the body for hours, days or years resulting in a
condition of bio statis( a stoppage or stable state)
 Bio statis provides deep anesthesia , thereby physicians can work for more time
 Used in the case of emergencies
 Can be achieved using molecular machines
• Molecular machines injected into the blood stream enter each cell , block the molecular
machinery for metabolism , the water is displaced using other molecular devices
 Reversing bio statis
• When it is time to wake up the patient , the process of resuscitation is started by the
doctor , repair machines remove packing around molecules replace it with water and
unblock the metabolic machinery
• Astronauts as a one way travel

8. Establishing Health
 State of health is established
 Recognize the differences between the
healthy tissue and the diseased tissue
and rectify those differences
 Immune system
 the body’s immune system is limited in
its capabilities
 Immune machines :- Medical nano
machines, which could be programmed
to respond to anything encountered by
the world of medicine .
 Disease of Aging
 Damaged molecular machinery
 Misarranged structures , low enzymes

9. Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair
machines
 Developing cell repair machines
requires great effort ,knowledge
and skill, tremendous
development in Artificial
Intelligence
 An exact answer cannot be given
to the question “ when will cell
repair machines be available “
 Loss of information through
obliteration of structure imposes
the most important fundamental
limit to the repair of tissue

10.  Cell repair
machine
destroying a
cancer cell

11. NanoMedicine
 Nano medicine is an interdisciplinary field of science , even a simple
project needs contributions from physicists, engineers , material
chemists , biologist and end users such as an orthopedic surgeon
 Molecular nano technology and molecular manufacturing are key
enabling technologies
 Analyzing and repairing human body just as we repair any other
machine
 Applications
 Miniaturizing surgery
 Tissue reconstruction
 Eliminating all common diseases , all the medical pain and suffering

12. Respirocyte
 A proposed nano robot , artificial red blood cell
 Of the order of 1 micron
 Spherical nano robot made of 18 billion atoms
 A pressure tank which can be pumped upto 9 billion Oxygen O2 and CO2
molecules
 By the virtue of its pressure sensors it releases Oxygen or Carbon Dioxide
 The bottom line is that mimics the action of hemoglobin filled red blood cells
and can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red
blood cell
 Applications
 Treatment of Anemia
 Transfusions and perfusions
 Fetal and Child Related disorders

14. On Going Research
Making Tiny Plastic Particles to
deliver Lifesaving Medicine
 Many medications such as therapeutic DNA,
insulin and human growth hormone must
enter the body through painful injections, but
a Johns Hopkins researcher is seeking to
deliver the same treatment without the sting
 Justin Hanes an assistant professor at the
Department of Chemical and BioMolecular
Engineering wants to pack the drug into
microscopic plastic spheres which can be
inhaled
 new type of porous polymer particles
capable of releasing drugs in an
environment resembling the deep lungs
 http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/
sep03/hanes.html

15. DNA Nanotechnology
 Self-Assembly of Metallic Nanoparticles
Arrays by DNA Scaffolding.
 This NSF-funded project is a done under the
supervision of :
• Profs. Richard Kiehl (Electrical Engineering)
• Karin Musier-Forsyth (Chemistry),
• Prof Nadrian Seeman (New York University).
 The objective of this exciting multi-
disciplinary research project is to use two-
dimensional DNA crystals as a scaffolding
for the self-assembly of arrays of metallic
nanoparticles for the development of new
electronic devices.

16.  Chemical Imaging
 University of Michigan
• Raoul Kopelman , Ph.D student
(Department Of Chemistry)
• Optical nano sensors for real time
chemical imaging of cellular membranes
and intracellular processes , these
sensors will monitor pH, calcium ,
magnesium , sodium , potassium ,
chloride , oxygen concentrations within
the cells

17. Nano Horrors
 Self replicating Nano
Robots
 A threat to the
existence of human
beings

18. References
 http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/index.html
 http://www.ornl.gov/doe/doe_nsrc_workshop/talks/4_Schloss.pdf
 ( for research at National institute of health and other universities)
 http://www.brightsurf.com/news/sept_03/EDU_news_092903_b.php
 http://www.pettribune.com/2000/090100/petpost2.html
 (nano technology applied to veterinary medicine )
 http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news3/page4.html
 (medical nano robots)
 http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nanotechAndMedicine.html
 http://www.irannano.org/English/publication/Articles/nanomedicine2.htm
 (nano medicine faq)
 http://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/musier-forsyth/dnagold.html
 http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html
 http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#NMResComOrg
 http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#PubDate
 (for nano medicine )

19. Thank You