The document describes hydroxides, focusing on the hydroxide ion's properties, its occurrence in ionic compounds, and applications in various industries. It highlights the strong alkalinity of alkali metal hydroxides, usage in cleaning agents, and safety concerns, particularly for workers and children. Additionally, hydroxides are employed in manufacturing plastics, soaps, and in petroleum refining processes.

1. Hydroxides –
Derivatives & Usage

2. Introduction – Hydroxide Ion
● The hydroxide ion is a negatively charged molecule made up of one oxygen bonded to
one hydrogen. When dissolved in water, the hydroxide ion is an incredibly strong base.
● Because hydroxide has a negative charge, it is often found bonded to positively charged
ions in what are known as ionic compounds.
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3. Hydroxide Ion & Ionic Bonding
● Some ionic compounds containing hydroxide dissolve well in water, like the corrosive
bases sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
● Other hydroxide containing ionic compounds are fairly insoluble in water, like bright
blue copper (II) hydroxide or the brown iron (II) hydroxide.
● While they may be toxic, these compounds don't pose as much immediate danger as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
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4. Hydroxide & Akali Metals
● The hydroxides of the alkali metals, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium,
are the strongest bases and the most stable and most soluble of the hydroxides.
● Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda , is of great industrial importance.
● Calcium, barium, and strontium—all alkaline earth metals—form soluble hydroxides that
are strong bases but are less stable than the alkali hydroxides.
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5. Hydroxide & Akali Metals
● Of these, calcium hydroxide, commonly known as slaked lime, is the most common.
● The hydroxides of other metals, such as magnesium, iron, bismuth, nickel, cobalt,
and copper, are only sparingly soluble in water but neutralize acids.
● Hydroxides and other substances, such as oxides and sulfides, with these dual
properties are called amphoteric.
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6. Concerns Related to Hydroxides
● Some of these hydroxides are often used as a cleaning agent, the residue of the
chemical in ovens, sinks or other areas may cause skin irritation or skin burns.
● Workers using hydroxide risk facial irritation, nasal irriation, throat irritation, respiratory
problems and other problems.
● Employees working in such industries can wear gloves, masks and suitable dress in
order to prevent harmful contact with the chemical.
● Children are most susceptible to ill effects of hydroxide. If around children, one must
avoid using it or at least keep it in such a place which is not reachable to children.
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8. Applications of Hydroxides
● Used in processes to make products including plastics, soaps rayon and textiles.
● Revitalizing acids in petroleum refining.
● During two steps of the paper making process.
● Used in relaxers to help straighten hair however this is becoming less popular
because of the possibility of chemical burns.
● It is used in condensation reactions and base-catalyzed dehydration reactions.

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