The way of gathering sources

1. Finding Web –Based Resources
By :
Zahra Aamir Kamil

2. Digital sources are now a major source of research
information . The Internet makes available millions of
computer files relating to any subject—articles,
illustrations, sound and video clips, and raw data.
Although the Internet cannot replace the references found in the
library or field research, it offers the best and worst information,
and requires careful evaluation. When reading an Internet article,
always take time to judge its authority and validity.

3. Beginning an Online Search
The first thing is visit your favorite search engine, such as
Ask, Bing, Google or Yahoo!.
And entering your topic for :
Avoiding “Cut-and-Paste” Plagiarism
Instead of pasting the content directly from the website,
take only the relevant information to your paper with
evaluating Online Sources

4. Evaluating online sources :
1. Prefer the edu. and org. sites. Usually because they are
developed by
an educational institution
2. The gov. (government) and mil . (military) sites are reliable
3. The com. (commercial) sites, for-profit and selling advertising
space.
4. Look for the professional affiliation of the writer.
( type the writer’s name into search engine to see how many results

5. 5. Look for a bibliography of the article, which will
indicate the scholarly nature of this writer’s work.
6. Usenet discussion groups offer valuable information at
times.
7. Check the information on the site is updated or not .
8. Treat e-mail messages as mail, not scholarly articles.
9. Learn to distinguish from different types of websites.

6. Reading an Online Address
There are some terms that used to read online
address
 The protocol ( http://) transmit data.
 The domain ( catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk) names of
the organization that is feeding information into
the server with a suffix to label the type of
organization:
.co ( commercial). . gov ( government)

7.  The directory /file (
educator/displine/psycology )
Server directory and the specific file.
 Hypertext markup language ( html) names
the computer language used to write the file.

8. Using Keyword and Boolean Expressions
To locate sources ,you can enter words and phrases in the search
field or database or internet search engine to help you reduce the
number of results.
Boolean expressions are keywords to stipulate what words can
appear in the results.
 AND or + : It narrows the searching .
 NOT or - : It excludes information in searching .
 OR to expand your searching.
 Quotations marks . “ ”

9.  Wildcard searchers : using symbols to search for the various
forms
of a basic word. ( child ,children ,childhood …)
 ( ? )
 ()
 ( : )
 ( ! )

10.  We can use dates for publications, such as “after
2011” or “between 2010 and 2014.” Also we can
narrow our search results by format, such as only
looking for certain file types.

11. Using RSS and Social Bookmarking (Rich Site Summary).
You can use RSS to set up a document called a Web feed using
software known as a reader. There are many free online readers
available, such as Google Reader, CNET, and Bloglines. These
readers allow you to “subscribe” to the news feeds on your
favorite sites and receive updated material from all of those sites
on one Web page.

12. Web 2.0 and Social Bookmarking
Web 2.0 refers to online tools or applications that
facilitate the sharing of information through social
networking sites, blogs, and “folksonomies” (simple
shared vocabularies). These tools can help your research
by linking you to a network of other individuals who have
located sites relevant to your topic

13. Searching for Articles in Journals and Magazines
Online Journals: You can find online journals in one of three ways:
 First, use a keyword search for “journals” plus the name of your
subject..
 Second making link.
 Third if you already know the name of a journal, go to your
favorite search engine to make a keyword query,

14. Online Magazines
Several directories exist for discovering articles in magazines.
 Magazine-Directory lists magazine home pages .
 Highbeam Research has a good search engine, but it requires
membership.
 Pathfinder gives you free access to several popular online
magazines.
 ZD Net provides excellent access to industry-oriented articles.
articles.

15. Searching for Articles in Newspapers and Media Sources
Most major news organizations maintain Internet sites.
The Chronicle of Higher Education presents news, information, and
current issues in education.
CNN Interactive: It’s a good source for research in current events.
C-SPAN Online focuses on public affairs and political science.
The New York Times is the largest newspaper in the United States,
with local and national content.

16. Searching for Photographs and Other Visual Sources
For some topics, you may want to find photographs or other visual
sources as part of your research. The Library of Congress has a
comprehensive archive of visual and multimedia sources in it.
American Memory collection. The best place to begin searching is
through a website devoted specifically to online images, such as
Picsearch, or through the “images” link on a search engine.

17. Using Listserv, Usenet, Blogs, and Chat Groups
E-mail discussion groups have legitimacy for the exchange of
academic ideas when everybody in the group has the same
purpose, project, or course of study .They are :
E-mail News Groups: the word listserv is used to describe discussion groups
that correspond via e-mail about a specific educational or technical subject
Real-Time Chatting: Blogs, Usenet, and chat groups use Internet sites with
immediate messaging rather than e-mail. To access
Usenet go to a website such as Yahoo! Messenger or Google Chat to launch
launch the search.

18. Examining Library Holdings via Online Access
Most major libraries now offer online access to their
library catalogs. This allows you to search their collections
for books, videos, audio tapes, special collections, and
other items

19. Finding an Internet Bibliography
You can quickly build a bibliography on the Internet
in two ways:
 By using a search engine.
 visiting an online bookstore.
 Search Engine :at a search engine on the
Internet, such as AltaVista, enter a descriptive
phrase, such as “Child Abuse Bibliographies.” You
will get a list of bibliographies, you can click on
one of them.

20. Conducting Archival Research on the Internet
The Internet has made possible all kinds of research in library and museum
museum archives. Consider several ways to approach the study.
Go to the Library: go into a library and ask about the archival material
housed there, or use the library’s electronic catalog. Most libraries have
special collections.
Go to an Edited Search Engine: an edited search engine, such as Yahoo!,
may give you results quickly. For example, requesting “Native American
literature + archives.

21.  Go to a Metasearch Engine: a metasearch engine such as Dogpile offers
a way to reach archival material. Make a keyword request, such as “Native
American literature +archives.” Dogpile will list such sites as Reference
Works and Research
 Go to a Listserv or Usenet Group: join your topic with the word listserv
listserv “Native American literature + listserv.” The search engine will
produce such links as Native-L: Native Literature listserv and archives. By