Style Vs Grammar Slidedoc

1. 1
vs. GRAMMAR

2. 2
Table of Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................3
Real Rules............................................................................................................................4
Social Rules.........................................................................................................................5
Invented Rules ...................................................................................................................6-11
Invented Rules Competent Writers Ignore.......................................................12-13
Rules that Matter: Errors Workplace Readers Notice..............................................14-15
Run-On Sentence: What it is and how to fix it. ................................................16
Comma Splice: What it is and how to fix it.......................................................17
Missing Comma for Intro Element: What it is and how to fix it....................18
Faulty Parallel Structure: What it is and how to fix it.......................................29
Incorrect Usage and Typos: how to fix..............................................................20
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................21

3. Prose style is about the words you
choose and how you arrange these
words.
Grammar is about language rules.
And there are three kinds: real rules,
social rules, and invented rules.
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INTRODUCTION
What follows is adapted from Style by Joseph Williams.
I highly recommend it.

4. These are rules that define English as English. Speakers
born into English do not think about them much and
violate them only when they are not paying attention.
Example of real rules:
– Mary and John sat by the lake.
Not – in the lake or on the lake.
– She enjoyed the book.
Not: She enjoyed book the.
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REAL RULES

5. These are rules that distinguish standard (written) from
non-standard English (spoken).
No one speaks standard English. Not even English teachers J).
Educated people, however, write standard English. The
differences between written and spoken English may be
considered errors, but in most instances, the differences are a
matter of dialect, so they are not errors, because speakers of the
dialect uses other rules consistently.
• Standard Written English:
"I don't own a car." (standard English)
• Non-standard English:
"I don't have car, no." (Cajun dialect, non-standard English)
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SOCIAL RULES

6. These are rules we are taught in school. They date from the last
half of the 18th century and were developed to standardize
written English. For example, Robert Lowth (1710 – 787) wrote one
of the most influential books of English grammar.
He and others helped standardize spelling, punctuation, etc.
And that's a good thing. Language, however, is dynamic and to
view rules as static is a problem, something Lowth did not
understand, but don’t be too hard on him. He meant well.
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Yes, and I
worked very
hard!!!
Robert Lowth
INVENTED RULES

7. Example of an Invented Rule
Never split an infinitive is an example of an invented
rule. An infinitive is the "to form" of a verb such as "to
run," "to play," etc.
The writers of the television and film series Star Trek,
however, purposefully broke this rule.
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8. 8
To boldly go where no man has gone before!
Wrong!
The correct wording is “to go boldly” sonny.

9. 9
Honestly, grammar lady
who on earth would
prefer that syntax? And,
hey isn’t that Karen’s 8th
grade English teacher?
Star Trek’s writers broke this rule because it just
sounded better.
Let’s vaporize
grammar lady.
She’s not being logical, but
we can spare her for now.

10. 10
As Williams observes in the book Style:
If writers we judge to be competent regularly
violate some alleged rule, then the rule has no
force.
In those cases, it is not writers who should change
their usage, but grammarians who should change
the rules.

11. Also, invented rules can and do change.
In the 20th century, the official gate keepers of English those who
produce the Oxford English dictionary, and who should never be
sneered at, made it official that splitting infinitives was okay.
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12. Invented Rules competent writers ignore because
these are really style choices.
Never
– Start a sentence with and or but
– Start a sentence with because
– Start a sentence with a preposition
– Use a contraction
It's a perfectly fine choice to start a sentence with and, but, or
because and to use a contraction. But, if you start most of your
sentences this way, your writing will lack variation.
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13. More Invented Rules competent writers ignore.
Never use the word I in an academic paper or report.
Never use like for as or as if.
Never use irregardless for regardless.
Don’t use hopefully to mean I hope.
Don’t use finalize to mean finish or complete.
Don’t use impact as a verb.
Don’t modify absolute words such as perfect, unique, or
complete with very, more, quite, etc.
Use fewer with nouns you count, less with nouns you cannot.
Use since and while to refer only to time, not to mean because
or to mean although.
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14. Rules that you should follow are ones that matter because not
following them will make your writing unclear and/or cause
confusion. If you make errors that workplace readers are likely to
notice, your writing will also imply you are careless.
Errors Workplace Readers Notice
• Run-On sentences,
• Comma splices
• Missing comma for an introductory element
• Faulty parallel structure
• Incorrect use of its/it’s and there/they’re/their
• Typos
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RULES that MATTER

15. Run-On Sentence: what it is and how to fix it.
When you connect two complete sentences (a.k.a.
independent clauses) with a coordinating conjunction (for, and,
nor, yet, but or so) without using a comma before the
conjunction, it’s a run-on sentence.
• We ran the tests but the findings were inconclusive. (incorrect)
• We ran the tests, but the findings were inconclusive. (correct)
To remember this, memorize the acronym fanboys, and when
you write a fanboy word, check if you need the comma.
–For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
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These are ALL the coordinating
conjunctions in English.

16. Comma Splice: what it is and how to fix it.
When you connect two complete sentences with a comma, the
error is called a comma splice. To fix, separate into two
sentences.
• The inspection revealed damage to the roadway, we will need to
contact the transportation department to report it. (incorrect)
• The inspection revealed damage to the roadway. We will need to
contact the transportation department to report it. (correct)
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17. Introductory Element: what it is and how to fix it.
Introductory elements consist of phrases and words that appear
before the main part of a sentence.
Essentially, they prepare your readers for what the sentence is
really about by setting the conditions related to
comparison/contrast, time, etc. Use a comma after an
introductory element. Common introductory phrases are:
Although - Although initial tests failed, we were able to . . .
If /then - If we don’t submit the proposal by deadline, it won’t . . .
Prepositional phrases - In the first phase, we will . . .
Time phrases - When we set up the equipment again, let’s use . . .
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18. Faulty Parallel Structure: what it is and how to fix it.
Faulty parallel structure simply means a writer is not using the
same grammatical form of words in a pair of or series that are
related.
• The career center will give you more information about
careers in programming, engineering, and biochemist.
• The career center will give you more information about
careers in programming, engineering, and biochemistry.
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19. Incorrect Usage of Contractions and Typos
Use spell-check but also read your writing aloud because spell-
check won’t catch a problem where you use the incorrect form
of a contraction or synonym (a word that sounds the same as
another but has a different meaning).
It’s, (it is – It's raining outside.)
Its, (possessive of pronoun it– The jury has made its decision.)
There (adverb – We went there after work.)
They’re (they are – They're leaving tomorrow.)
Their, (possessive of pronoun they - Their project is on hold.)
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20. But there’s this: the Grammar Police
Some die-hard members of the grammar police still hold onto
rules that are really style choices and insist, instead, that the style
choice is an error.
When you meet one of these people, and they have power over
you, make a decision about whether you will fight grammatical
injustice or cave to power J).
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Definition of Grammar Police: people who impose
their views about the invented rules in English on
others, rules that are really style choices.
CONCLUSION