Neuroanatomy
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This document provides an overview of neuroanatomy topics relevant to psychiatry. It discusses the autonomic nervous system, classification of neurons, neuroglia and their functions, the structure and tracts of the spinal cord, development of the brain, brainstem functions, the cerebellum, diencephalon structures and connections, limbic system anatomy and functions, and blood supply to the brain. Key areas covered include the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, neuron types, glial cell roles, ascending and descending spinal tracts, embryonic brain development, brainstem arousal centers, cerebellar organization, thalamic nuclei and their connections, limbic system components, and the arteries supplying the brain.
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Neuroanatomy
- 1. NEUROANATOMY Relevant to Psychiatry Dr Zahiruddin Othman June 10, 2012
- 4. SYMPATHETIC vs PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS FUNCTION STRUCTURE PHARMACOLOGY SYMPATHETIC Energy expenditure Long postganglionic axons Releases NE onto target organ PARASYMPATHETIC Energy conservation Short postganglionic axons Releases ACh onto target organ
- 5. THE NEURONE
- 8. Classification Neuron Morphology Size (axon) Function Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar Golgi Type I Golgi Type II Amacrine Motor Sensory Interneuron
- 12. Structure
- 13. NEUROGLIA
- 16. NEUROGLIA FUNCTIONS Astrocytes Structural support, neuroglial scar tissue, help form BBB, phagocytosis Oligodendrocytes Myelin sheath of CNS and phagocytosis Microglia Phagocytosis Ependyma Line the cavities in CNS and contribute to CSF flow Schwann cells Myelin sheath of PNS Sattelite / Capsular cells Supportive function for neuron in sensory and autonomic ganglia
- 17. THE SPINAL CORD
- 22. Ascending White Column Tracts TRACT FUNCTIONS Anterior spinothalamic Light touch, pressure Lateral spinothalamic Pain, temperature Ant & Pos spinocerebellar Propriceptive, pressure and touch Spino-olivary Propriceptive and cutaneous Spinotectal Spinovisual reflexes Fasciculus cuneatus Discriminative touch and proprioception Fasciculus gracilis Vibration
- 23. Descending White Column Tracts TRACT FUNCTIONS Anterior corticospinal Voluntary movement Reticulospinal Motor function Vestibulospinal Control of muscle tone Tectospinal Head-turning reflex Lateral corticospinal Voluntary movement Rubrospinal & lateral reticulospinal Muscular activity Descending autonomic fibres Control of visceral function Oliviospinal Muscular activity
- 27. DEVELOPMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN
- 28. Forebrain (Prosencephalon) Lateral Telencephalon (endbrain) Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Limbic system Third Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Mesencephalon Tectum Tegmentum Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) Fourth Metencephalon Cerebellum Pons Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata
- 29. BRAINSTEM Role of RAS in arousal and sleep
- 30. CEREBELLUM
- 31. Functional Organization Vermal zone Fastigial n medial descending system Motor execution Paravermal zone (intermediate hemisphere) Interposed n lateral descending system Lateral zone (cerebrocerebellum) Dentate n motor and premotor cortices Motor planning vestibulocerebellum Vestibular nuclei Balance & eye movement
- 32. DIENCEPHALON Functions of the thalamus Neuroanatomy of hypothalamus
- 33. Connection of The Thalamus Nucleus Afferents Efferents Anterior Mamillothalamic Limbic association tract (cingulate cortex) Dorsomedial PFC, other nuclei, amygdala PFC Medial geniculate body Auditory input via medial lemniscus Primary auditory cortex Lateral geniculate body Visual input via the optic tract Primary visual cortex Ventral lateral Superior cerebellar peduncle Primary motor cortex Ventral posterior Medial lemniscus Primary somaesthetic cortex
- 35. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE Structure and functions of temporal lobe Describe the psychiatric manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy Describe the clinical features of frontal lobe dysfunction Describe the features of parietal lobe dysfunction Write short notes on the function of frontal lobe
- 37. Cerebral Hemisphere Fibres • Association fibres – Represent ipsilateral cortico-cortical axons • Commisural fibres – Represant axons connecting cortical areas with their contralateral homologous areas • E.g., corpus callosum, anterior commisure, commisure of the fornix • Projection fibres – Connect the cerebral cortex with subcortical nuclei • E.g., internal capsule, corona radiata
- 38. ANATOMY OF LIMBIC SYSTEM The outer arc of the limbic system (also called the limbic gyrus) includes the subcallosal area, the cingulate gyrus, the isthmus of the cingulate gyrus, and the parahippocampal gyrus, including the uncus and subiculum. The middle arc (also referred to as Broca’s intralimbic gyrus) consists of the paraterminal gyrus, the indusium griseum, and the hippocampus. The mamillary bodies, fornix, alveus and fimbria form the inner arc. Describe the limbic system Limbic system and its role in emotion Limbic system and its functions
- 39. The following structures are, or have been considered to be, part of the limbic system: • Amygdala: Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward and fear in addition to social functions such as mating. • Hippocampus: Required for the formation of long-term memories – Parahippocampal gyrus: Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory and is part of the hippocampus • Cingulate gyrus: Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure and cognitive and attentional processing • Fornix: carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. • Hypothalamus: Regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cycle • Thalamus: The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex These structures are sometimes also considered to be part of the limbic system: • Mammillary body: Important for the formation of memory • Pituitary gland: secretes hormones regulating homeostasis • Dentate gyrus, thought to contribute to new memories and to regulate happiness. • Entorhinal cortex and piriform cortex: Receive smell input in the olfactory system. • Fornicate gyrus: Region encompassing the cingulate, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus • Olfactory Bulb: Olfactory sensory input • Nucleus accumbens: Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction • Orbitofrontal cortex: Required for decision making
- 41. Brain regions Behavioral and psychological response Lateral hypothalamus Sympathetic activation Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus Parasympathetic activation Parabrachial nucleus Increased respiration Ventral tegmental area Bahavioral arousal (dopamine) Locus coereleus Increased vigilance (NE) Dorsal lateral tegmental nucleus Cortical activation (ACh) Nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis Augmented startle response Periaqueductal grey matter Behavioral arrest (freezing) Trigeminal, facial motor nuclei Facial expression of fear Periventricular nucleus ACTH, glucocorticoid secretion Nucleus basalis Cortical activation Some important brain regions that received input from the central nucleus of amygdala and the emotional responses controlled by these region (adapted from David M., Trends in pharmacological sciences, 1992, 13, 35-41) Anatomical basis of emotion
- 43. CRANIAL NERVES
- 50. BLOOD SUPPLY The arteries of circle of Willis Describe the blood supply to the brain
- 51. Middle cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery Anterior cerebral artery
- 53. Answering a short note • Structure and marking – Introduction/background/opening (1-2 marks) – Main/body/content (6-8 marks) – Closing/conclusion/organization (1-2 marks) • Keywords • Relevance • Redundancy
- 54. Further Reading • Puri & Tyrer. Sciences Basic To Psychiatry. Chapter 1. • Carpenter’s Human Neuroanatomy • Kaplan & Saddock Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry