Scientific Funding Impact On Research

Scientific Funding Impact On Science
The inflation–adjusted academic funding as a share of GDP has been decreasing since the last decade, while the current scientific pipeline is producing
an ever increasing number of PhDs looking for research grants. This imbalance between the demand and supply has created a hyper–competitive
atmosphere which has been detrimental to the organic growth of scientific research. For example, NIH funding as a share of GDP has been falling
since the last decade. The buying power of the funding is further diluted with the ever rising cost of biomedical research. On the other hand, the current
scientific pipeline is producing far more biomedical scientists, making it very difficult to win grants; the success rate for competing RPG applications in
...show more content...
In addition, due to the pressure to publish (e.g., "publish or perish") created by scarce funding, the assigned reviewers often lack the time to thoroughly
review the manuscripts and may even hand over the tasks to their students who may lack the expertise. Furthermore, the funding company might be
secretly influencing the review committee to promote the acceptance of the publication serving its interest. For example, Richard Smith, former editor
of the British Medical Journal, said – "All journals are bought – or at least cleverly used – by the pharmaceutical industry" as reported in The American
Scholar (https://theamericanscholar.org/flacking–for–big–pharma/#.WV_uWhPyvBI). The only fool–proof way to minimize these subjective biases is
to make the entire review process open so that the scientific community can act as a wise crowd to judge the quality of a publication. 2.2.2Slow review
process The median review time – the time between submission and acceptance of a publication – is approximately 100 days and the median online
publication time–the time between acceptance and online debut of a publication – is approximately 25 days (http://blog.dhimmel.com
/history–of–delays/). These delays are very long and they slow down the pace of scientific research. 2.2.3Unable to address the low replicability of
scientific findings In addition, under the current review model, there is no way to promote the replicability of the studies. Replicability of many
scientific
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Questions 1. Describe the hallmarks of scientific research. There are eight characteristics of the hallmarks of scientific research which are
purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision and confidence, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony. Purposiveness is the manager has
started the research with a definite aim or purpose. Rigor is connotes carefulness, scrupulousness, and the degree of exactitude in research investigation.
Testability is a property that applies to the hypotheses of a study. Replicability is having more faith in the findings of a study if the findings are
replicated in another study. Replication demonstrates that our hypotheses have not been supported merely by chance, but are reflective of...show more
content...
7) Interpretation of data: Process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the data analysis result. Example: Based on research results,
top management concluded that reduced the preparation of raw materials caused by the presence of the parties who conduct fraud by way of reduction
in the number of inventories of raw materials that have been defined. 3. One hears the word research being mentioned by several groups such as
research organizations, college and university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and undergraduate
students doing their term papers, research departments in industries, newspaper reporters, journalists, lawyers, doctors, and many others professionals
and nonprofessionals. In the light of what you have learned in the chapter, which among the aforementioned groups of people do you think may be
doing "scientific" investigations in the areas of basic or applied research? Why? I think that The Research Organization and The Industrial Research
Department are among the groups of people who may conduct scientific investigations in the field of basic or applied research as they are more
competent than others. 4. Explain the processes of deduction and induction,

Scientific Research: What Is Scientific Research?
What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research has been define in many ways based on different point of view of some researchers/ philosophers. However, the term research
can be understand as a study to learn or gain new thing or information. According to Cambridge Dictionaries Online, scientific research is defined as
a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding. Furthermore, Macmillan Publishers
define scientific research as the detailed study of something to discover new facts, especially in a university or scientific institution. Research is a
process of acknowledge and also as a learning process in presenting new information based on the study that has been done recently. Research also is
the action of making a rigorous and relevant contribution to knowledge. It can be explained by understanding of a cause and effect relationship of a
given phenomenon or uncovering a new phenomenon. Based on other researcher ( Emery&Cooper) scientific research organized inquiry to provide
information for the solution to a problem. Thus, a careful and systematic investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or
principles in order to provide a solution...show more content...
The most important role played by Bacon was in two points which he emphasized on experimental method and its role in scientific discovery, and he
also emphasized on role of science in development of society. In addition, he introduced science as enterprise of State, where the idea becomes central
in the modern communities. The idea that organized inquiry of knowledge is needed for human progressive have been the main source of inspiration
for scientific research in western world. Francis Bacon, who considered as the master mind of scientific science proposed that in order to dominate
Nature, we must learn how it

Ethics in Science Essay
What do you think of when you hear or see the word "science"; test tubes, Einstein, Space? Science is "generally taken as meaning either (a) the exact
sciences, such as chemistry, physics, etc., or (b) a method of thought which obtains verifiable results by reasoning logically from observed fact"
(Orwell). Scientists are those who study science by scientific method. These "men of science", which Orwell describes as "a biologist, and astronomer,
perhaps a psychologist or a mathematician", "work by means of induction and deduction, and that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of
sense, wring from Nature certain other things, which are called natural laws, and causes, and that out of these, by some cunning skill of their own,
This undoubtedly demonstrations the pros and cons of inventions made through science. There are people who abuse medicine, and other creations
from science, for numerous different reasons. Things like guns and nuclear weapons were formed to protect, but with the downside of killing
others. With all of this this being said, should there be a limit to things we make? More importantly, does science have an ethical responsibility to
humanity? I think to answer that question, we need to start with deciding if scientists have an ethical responsibility to humanity. As the saying goes,
with knowledge comes power and with power comes responsibility. However, there can be no limitation on the knowledge obtained from science.
Instead, we must limit what arises from knowledge and power. What are some responsibilities of scientists and the rest of the population? Well, to
start on the broadest sense, science should only be used for the absolute necessary improvement of humanity. It is our ethical responsibility to not
take advantage of science to further the advancement of military power, as we have done with the creation of atomic and nuclear bombs. Is it
responsible to use science for fame, fortune and glory? No, and it is not acceptable, but it is common for people to do so. If, for some reason, we had
the option to save 80% of endangered wildlife through scientific means, but with the consequence of harming the atmosphere, would it be ethical to
continue on? We would have

Ethics in Research Essay
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
Introduction
Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. The research process creates tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the
good of others, and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethics pertains to doing well and avoiding harm. Harm can be prevented or reduced
through the application of appropriate ethical principles. Thus, the protection of human subjects or participants in any research study is imperative.
Violations of human rights in the name of scientific research have been among the darkest events in history. From 1932–1972 more than 400 African
American people who had syphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the illness. Although...show more content...
A balanced research relationship will encourage disclosure, trust, and awareness of potential ethical issues. Kvale (1996) considered an interview to be
a moral endeavor, claiming that the participant's response is affected by the interview, and that the knowledge gained through the interview affects our
understanding of the human experience. The personal interaction between researchers and participants is crucial in data gathering by keeping in mind
the research focus and being clear about the role of researchers. The researchers' perceptions of field situations are determined by personality and the
nature of the interactions (Punch, 1994). Although qualitative research methods make it difficult to predict how data will be collected through
interviews or observation (Streubert & Carpenter, 1999), researchers have the obligation to anticipate the possible outcomes of an interview and to
weigh both benefits and potential harm. For example, in the case of interviewing victims of violence, the interview may trigger painful experiences and
the participant may become distressed during the interview. In this case, the researcher is confronted with an ethical dilemma–to continue with the
interview and gain more insight about the topic under study or to stop the interview and give advice or refer the participant to an appropriate treatment
or counseling service. Deciding to continue would indicate that the researcher considers that the value of the data obtained from the

Positivism Essay
Positivism
Positivism is a scientific approach to sociology (the science of society As Keat and Urry ('social theory as science', 1975) note:
'Positivism is concerned only with observable phenomena. It involves establishing law–like relations between them through the careful accumulation of
factual knowledge. This occurs by means of observation, experimentation, comparison and prediction.'
The terms' sociology' and 'positive philosophy' (positivism) were both coined by Auguste Comte (the founder of Sociology), an educated philosopher,
born on January 19th 1798 in Montpellier, France. He grew up and studied after a great period of change. There had been the French revolution, the
Industrial...show more content...
The three stages societies progress through are outlined below.
Comte thought that society (and indeed the sciences) went through three distinct stages; Theological, Metaphysical and Positive. He thought when
society had reached the end of the positivistic stage it would be Utopia where the world was ruled by experts in each field. The common person
wouldn't need to make
their own decisions as everything would be thought out for them.
В· THEOLOGICAL: Military. (Middle Ages)
– Natural phenomena explained as being the will of God/supernatural forces
– The family is basic social unit
В· METAPHYSICAL:Judicial (1300–1700)

– Mysterious abstract forces employed to explain natural p
Phenomena (e.g. a force in the object itself)
– The state is social unit.
В· POSITIVISTIC:Industrial (1800+)
– The last and highest stage
– Scientific method/invariant laws describe and explain all phenomena
After the basic law of the three stages is Comte's theory of the hierarchy of sciences. As humans progress through the above stages each dependant on
the preceding, so do the sciences (hence all sciences contribute to sociology) Starting with the purest and simplest and ascending in complexity.
В· Mathematics
В· Astronomy
В· Physics

Ethics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?
Ethics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?
Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the
computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific
researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research. This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific
research because society has a system of shared values and norms which constitutes people's ethical personality and differentiates what is ethical and
can be tolerated.
Firstly, ethics hinder scientific research as the abuse of animals causes deformation...show more content...
This is mainly because many people consider that human life in the form of an ovum and spermatozoon becomes a human individual with a soul at
the time of fertilization. Hence, they consider the killing of any embryo in order to extract its stem cell to be a sort of homicide. Since homicide in
our society is considered an immoral act, it is only natural that many people would oppose stem cell research. However, stem cell research has proven
its benefits to mankind as through it, scientist would be able to gain a fuller apprehension of the human anatomy and discover cures for diseases like
cancer and Huntington's disease. In short, ethics hinder scientific research as people oppose to homicide, which is immoral, hence prevents scientist to
discover new things.
Lastly, ethics hinder scientific research owing to the ethical concerns of using science to decide the fate of humans. In 2008, an Indian court convicted
a woman accused of murdering her former fiancГ© by feeding him arsenic–laced food, based on a scan of her brain. The court was satisfied that a
brain scan allowed researchers to tell that Aditi Sharma had "experiential knowledge" of the act. The judge deemed that sufficient evidence to convict
her. People from many other countries, especially Singapore, do not find it ethical because of the unfairness to the Indian woman. How do we

Essay on Types Of Research
Research is done everyday. Research is used in the many different situations managers encounter everyday. Research is part of the problem–solving
manager do to make decisions. Research is defined as "the process of finding solutions to problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational
factor" (Sekaran, p3, 2003). Managers use research for daily operational problem as well as bigger problems that can require hired research consultants.
Managers who use research are able to communicate with the hired consultants because they understand the process of inquiry, investigation,
examination, and explanation. Managers are also, capable of understanding the difference in good and bad studies, and can apply the research done to
Applied research is "aimed at solving a currently experienced problem" (Sekaran, p10, 2003). This research can be as simple as finding solutions to
daily operational problems.
One problem managers consistently want research on is the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty. The research found on the
relationship of customer satisfaction and loyalty spans over the past decade. Many researchers argue that there is no relationship between customer
satisfaction and loyalty while others find direct correlations between the two and a business's profitability. In Roger Hadowell's study, he defines
loyalty as both behavioral and attitude while conducting his research on a banking organization. He states that behaviors including continuance,
increased relationship, and recommendations are all behaviors of loyalty to an organization (Hadowell, 1996). His research illustrates the "relationship
of profitability to customer related outcomes that managers can influence directly" (Hadowell, 1996). His findings support the hypothesis that customer
satisfaction influences customer loyalty increasing profitability. Hadowell addresses two difficulties that he encountered during his research. First,
work with the organization in order to develop the ideal measurement system used for the research. Secondly, focus on data collected over a period of
time with strong organizations (Hadowell, 1996).
In the White Page Series, researcher Burke

What Are Scientific Merit?
Concept of Scientific Merit Introduction As future scholars who are working on our PhD, we tend to hear a lot about Scientific Merit. But, that
same old question might pop in our mines, which is who really cares? We should, especially if we expect the IRB to approve our research
proposal. Therefore, within this paper, we will discuss scientific merits, explain the dimensions of scientific merit, discuss the aspects of the study,
we chose for the Scientific Merit, and choose an area of scientific merit that we would improve. Scientific merit Scientific merit is considered as a
way to examine if our research study represents good science. Therefore, we will need to make sure that any research we are working on, clearly
states the research questions and its overall objectives. The research should also include the contextual data that will also have peer–reviewed literature
to support why the research is needed. We also should make sure that if human beings are being used as participants, that their privacy and safety
will be respected, and if there is any possibility of harm, no matter how small it is, and the benefit and risks whether indirect or direct for the
partakers in the study needs to be very clear in the research proposal. According to Gonzales (2013, para. 2, p. 1), the data collection, recruitment, and
analysis should align with the research questions, as well as the monitoring, safe storage, and how the data will be destroyed should also be specified.
Three

The Importance Of The Scientific Method
The scientific method in the twenty–first century represents a major role of testing our hypothesis' whether it is in the industry, school, market, or in
our lives. We are constantly coming up with theories or ideas and conducting experiments on these ideas without even realizing it. The scientific
method allows us to expand our knowledge in certain fields that we are mastered in or helps us learn new possibilities that we are not aware of. The
use of chemistry and the scientific method is important to incorporate into our lives and society.
The Scientific Method
The scientific method is defined as " a way of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation– to understand the world" (Tro, 2015, p. 6).
The scientific method involves major characteristics such as an observation. When making an observation, it can simply be by looking at a sample
with your eyes or by using instruments that can make observing a sample easier, such as a microscope. Next, the scientist would formulate a hypothesis.
Formulating a hypothesis is simply stating what the scientist observed and what they want to explore and measure. Following the creating of a
hypothesis comes conducting an experiment using the hypothesis. Conducting an experiment is a "highly controlled observations designed to validate
or invalidate hypotheses" (Tro, 2015, p. 6). Lastly, the scientific method concludes with laws and theories. In some cases, experiments and observations
can lead to the development of a

Should Animals be used for Scientific Research? Kari Lundquist Composition II Susan Cochran February 11th, 2012 Abstract Animal research is
needed for many uses for our scientists. Should animals be used for scientific research? We do need to make sure that their rights are accepted, that
they are not in pain for the experiment, and that they are cared for prior and after the research. There are many advantages to why animals should be
used for scientific research. The evidence and their rights show that when animals are used for research they are cared for scientifically. While in the
same time animals have their own way of showing when they are in pain during a research project. Animal research provides educational...show more
content...
Medieval times have made it easy to focus on what they did not know. Four elements are what consisted of their universe: earth, air, fire and water.
Bacteria or cells were nothing they knew. Biology was unknown to them. Medieval life was undeniably harsh and ignorant. Views in the medieval
times were shaped by religion and philosophical theories. Since then, we have had three hundred years of modern science and machine technologies
getting more evolved. Machines did provide the Renaissance ways to try and understand the anatomy and physiology of humans and nonhuman
animals for the first time. Medieval times had three power sources: water power, wind power and animal power. Power sources with animals had
been sources since ancient times. For example, horses were used to make horseshoes and also pulled many loads. And they had the knowledge that
horses had more power than the ox. Horses played a huge role in agriculture, industry and transportation until the twentieth centuries. With the need of
horses for living, it helps create the knowledge of animals and the importance of animals. Moving forward they also realized that research is needed
for humans. Many humans had diseases in that period of time that needed research to evolve to help humans. It took the "what" and "how" out of
many questions. Moving forward into today's times we have the knowledge of biology and we have created The Animal Welfare Act

The Scientific Method Essay
The Scientific Method is the standardized procedure that scientists are supposed to follow when conducting experiments, in order to try to construct a
reliable, consistent, and non–arbitrary representation of our surroundings. To follow the Scientific Method is to stick very tightly to a order of
experimentation. First, the scientist must observe the phenomenon of interest. Next, the scientist must propose a hypothesis, or idea in which the
experiments will be based around. Then, through repeated experimentation, the hypothesis can either be proven false or become a theory. If the
hypothesis is proven to be false, the scientist must reformulate his or her ideas and come up with another hypothesis, and the experimentation begins
again. This...show more content...
Furthermore, flies were observed laying eggs where the maggots formed. Thus, he concluded that maggots are the result of flies, not spontaneous
generation. He then called the principles behind his experiment "Metodo Scientifico" or The Scientific Method.
The first cases of what would be considered properly using the Scientific Method can be found earlier, though, back in the studies of Galileo, early
in the 17th century. He first observed that heavy objects gain speed as they fall. He then proposed, or hypothesized, that the rate of falling of massive
objects was proportional to the distance that the object has fallen. Following the Scientific Method, he tested his hypothesis and found it to be false,
since objects falling unequal distances do not fall in the same amount of time, as his hypothesis led to. Since his hypothesis failed, he made a new one,
which proposed that the rate at which an object falls is directly proportional to the time the object has spent falling. This was tested by rolling balls
down an inclined plane and calculating the speed and time values from those observations. Later, these experiments led to the discovery of the
gravitational constant g, and a better understanding of the Scientific Method.
The Method has been used many times since Galileo conducted his experiments, and it has been considered a valid way of conducting experiments since

Essay on Medical Research
Should medical research be continued when many couldn 't afford it?
Science has advanced by leaps and bounds over the years, with much of the results are achieved through plenty of research and knowledge. One of the
areas of research where we spend the most funds on is medical research. With the rise of poverty and healthcare costs, complaints on expensive
medical research being a waste of funds have arose. The thoughts behind these complaints are that the result of these researches benefit more to some
parties–such as medical institutions for the profit they might get, a country for its 'name ', and the researchers for their satisfaction– instead of the
public, and how massive amount of funding have been allocated for medical research...show more content...
Preventative medicine is one of the most important discoveries in the history of medicine. Diseases that were once common are now very rare
because of this type of medicine, or normally called 'vaccine '. For instance, the research into polio vaccines spent a significant amount of funds, but it
was a wonderful success. Additionally, the price for the vaccine is very reasonable, showing that medical research doesn 't always result in expensive
treatments. The medications for dengue fever has found thanks to medical research. However, intensive experiments have found an evidently cheaper
and easily obtainable natural medication, which is papaya leaf juice. It is also notable that along with the progression of the medical sector, healthcare
costs and medicines for many common illnesses are now cheaper than they were in the past. With new discoveries regarding the substances used to
make the medicines, less expensive substances are used and therefore making them cheaper and more accessible.
It is also to be considered that if we disallow a research for continuing just because of expenditure reason, we risk destroying its value entirely. For
example, the research into cancer has gone for a long period. It is a pity to stop it because that would mean destroying the value of ongoing multi–year
studies. Even though it is true that current research hasn 't resolved the issues of cancer and other 'currently incurable ' diseases, there is no

Experimental Research Designs Essay
Experimental Research Designs
"A correlational study determines whether or not two variables are correlated. This means to study whether there is an increase or decrease in one
variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in the other variable" (Cherry, 2012). In most correlation studies there is a relationship between both
variables that had a change, while in others there wasn't necessarily causation between the two (Cherry, 2012).
An experimental design is one in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to observe its effect the dependent variable. When
conducting an experiment the researcher will use random assignment of the participants into a control group and the other the group that is being
experimented on....show more content...
The review is an examination of the literature that was gathered, pointing toward the answer of the research question. Literature reviewed typically
includes journals, books, government databases and other sources. Sometimes it includes newspapers, magazines, films, and audio or video research
(Literature Review, 2011). This is going over the literature that has been gathered and picking what is relevant to thehypothesis in the first place.
Design the research methodology. o Research methodology is where you describe how you are gonna gather information and this can be survey
interview or literature review. And then you explain each method what are they, what you will do to them. A survey is really good for research using
statistics and literature review is great for all kinds of research.
Determine the results. o The data from an experiment has been gathered, the researchers then compare the results to the control group and determine if
the experiment was effective (Cherry, 2012). A good example of this is when a pharmaceutical company does research on certain types of new
medicine. They used a control group that uses a placebo and the other group takes the medicine that is being researched. They then compare the results
and this experiment can be taken several ways.
Reach conclusions. o Once all the data is collected and the study is designed, the information is examined and conclusions

Importance And Purpose Of Research Essay
Importance and purpose of research
Research is important to understand, increase knowledge, and get information for social life. Social research is conducted to extend knowledge about
some aspects of society like humanities, business or any social science [asi]. Research is used to form or develop new theories in order to understand
the process behind particular event or behavior, or review the correctness of existing theories. In addition, research is also conducted to inform decisions
or action to solve everyday issues such as evaluating the effectiveness of policy. [abr] and [brm] of the business research emphasis on the importance
of research as getting problem–solving information. Research is the process of studying and analyzing the aspects of the issue as to explore the
solution to the business.
The summaries of the core objectives of research are testing existing knowledge, developing new system or generating new knowledge, seeking
solution for issues, and analyzing new problems or investigating existing problems [br].
Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigm
[br] a research paradigm is a philosophical perspective that guides how scientific research should be conducted. Philosophy is 'a set or system of
beliefs [stemming from] the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence' (Waite and Hawker, 2009, p.685).
[w1] The most influential or the dominant ones of philosophical framework are positivism and interpretivism. During the twentieth

Scientific Method Research Paper
Scientific method is used to solve empirical problems and discover empirical truth in an empirical pattern. The scientific method involves several
steps, the first step is observing or asking question, second step is forming a hypothesis, third step is testing the hypothesis or experimenting, fourth
step is confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis. In the simplest terms, scientific method is a process of trial and error. To give a concise example consider
vehicle repair. Every weekend handyman, or every high school student with a passing interest in autos knows about the method of trial and error. If
your car is starting to run poorly, and you take matters into your own hands in an attempt to fix it. The first step is to guess the nature of the problem
for example faulty emission or low brake fluid. Acting on your instinct, you proceed to exchange a part, adjust a setting, or replace a fluid, and then
see if the car runs better. If your initial guess is incorrect and the car is not improved, you revise your guess, make another adjustment, and once again
test the car. With patience and enough guesses, this process will often result in an operable car. However, depending on one's
You may be hesitant to think that the clumsy process of trial and error is identical to the scientific method, if only because science is so often masked
in complexity and jargon. Yet there is no fundamental difference. It might seem that scientists start with a more detailed understanding of their problem
than the weekend car mechanic, but in fact most scientific inquiries have humble and ignorant beginnings. Progress can occur just as assuredly via trial
and error as in traditional science, and the scientist isn't guaranteed of success any more than is the handyman: witness the failure to develop a vaccine
for

Hallmarks of Scientific Research
HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Successful managerial decisions are seldom made on hunches or on trail and error method. The
sound and effective decisions are always made on the basis of scientific research. Scientific research focuses on solving problems in a step _by _step
logical, organized and rigorous manner in each step of research viz., identifying problem, gathering data, analyzing it and in arriving at a valid
conclusion. Organizations may not always be involved in the scientific research due to various reasons like – simple problems which can solved with
previous experience, time contingency, lack of knowledge, resource constraints etc., However the scientific research performed in a rigorous and
systematic way leads to...show more content...
Precision and confidence can be attained through appropriate scientific sampling design. Objectivity Research finding should be factual, databased
and free from bias. The conclusion drawn should be based on the facts of the findings derived form the actual data and not on the basis of subjective
or emotional values. Business organizations will suffer a greater extent of damage if a non–data–based or misleading conclusion drawn from the
research is implemented. Scientific approach ensures objectivity of research. Generalizability It refers to the scope of applying the research findings
of one organizational setting to other settings of almost similar nature. The research will be more useful if the solutions are applicable to a wider
range. The more generlizable the research, the greater will be its usefulness and value. However it is not always possible to generalize the research
findings to all other settings, situations or organizations. For achieving genaralizability the sampling design has to be logically developed and data
collection method needs to be very sound. This may increase the cost of conducting the research. In most of the cases though the research findings
would be based on scientific methods it is applicable only to a particular organization, settings or situations. Parsimony Research needs to be conducted
in a parsimonious i.e. simple and economical manner. Simplicity in explaining the problems and generalizing solutions for the

Traditional research methods consist of implementing quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research utilizes statistical analysis by
breaking down components of observation that are compared to other elements (Bergman, M. M., 2008). Qualitative research focuses on investigating
the participant's range of behavior, usually with small groups, which results in descriptive analysis (Bergman M. M., 2008).
Mixed method research involves using Qualitative research and Quantitative research designs. The advantage of using both is to utilize the strength of
each type in order to produce an outcome that is most beneficial to the area of study (Bergman, M. M., 2008). The challenge with mixed method
research in integrating the results of both Qualitative and Quantitative results in order to present unbiased scientific results that are worthy of
discussion (Bergman, M. M., 2008).
Action research is a practical or real–world approach to a profession inquiry in a social setting. Educational professionals may use this approach to
evaluate an existing teaching method or review a new method that may be considered for use in the classroom. Action research can be implemented
using mixed methods and conducted my an individual or in collaboration with other professionals.
Inclusive Physical Education embraces the needs of students with physical impairments and includes them in the physical education curriculum
(Goodwin, 2000). The research on students with physical

The Scientific Methods Of Research Inquiry
The five scientific methods which include the question, hypotheses, experimentation, data analysis and conclusion are critical to a scientist because
they enable them to have a credible data and conclusion on their research. It is realized that the usage of this methods are advantageous to anybody
including business people, for as long as one follows the steps they will be sure of getting a credible outcome at the end of the day. I would emphasize
that people should employ this method a lot because they ensure that one analyzes their hypotheses by experimenting it then finally analyzing and
concluding it thus preventing falsified data. However, it should be stated that an invalid theory is not a bad thing since it enables the researcher...show
more content...
Therefore, it requires some testing to ensure that it is not false but is real. Here, the hypotheses might be the answer to your question or why your guess
may be precise. Therefore, the scientists will clearly state their expectations during an experiment, make an educated guess that might be the accurate
answer to the questions or the observations. It is true to say that it guides the experiment and must be testable.
Experimentation
The test simply verifies the validity of the hypotheses. Therefore, it is important to calibrate and design an experiment that measures only one thing a
time; this s to enable the scientists to know the exact result of a particular thing. The scientists usually use two types of variables: the independent
variable which can be changed and the dependent variable which is observed when the independent variable is changed to make the correct analysis
(Tutor, 2017). The variables are used to determine and show how dependent variables were affected by the independent variables. Moreover, the use
of control enables the researcher to be aware of the happenings that occur when no changes are made. The most important aspect of this method is
ensuring that the experiment was done should be repeated severally and should give the same results because if it does not, the research is considered
invalid. Through experimentations, data is collected before, during and after an investigation by scientists.
Analysis
During the completion

Scientific Funding Impact On Research

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