Lecture 10 : Animal Diseases

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FOR UPSC CSE
With Dr. Nireeksha Jain

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Dr. Nireeksha Jain

3. 10
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LECTURE
TOPICS
1. DISEASE INVESTIGATION
TECHNIQUES
2. MATERIALS FOR LAB
INVESTIGATION
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF
ANIMAL HEALTH
CENTRES

4. UPSC PYQ’s
1) Write in detail about the collection of biological samples for lab
investigation and their procedure? (2017)
2) Disease prevention & disease-free zones ?(2015)

5. DISEASE INVESTIGATION
TECHNIQUES
Investigating an outbreak/epidemic is a set of procedures used to identify
the cause responsible for the disease, the people affected, the circumstances
and mode of spread of the disease, and other relevant factors involved in
propagating the epidemic, and to take effective actions to contain and prevent
the spread of the same.
In disease control and eradication programmes, surveillance is the key
to success. Effective surveillance is essential to insure the appropriateness
and timeliness of interventions, whether they are movement control,
treatment, vaccination or stamping out. Thus, the effectiveness of surveillance
is a major determinant of the benefit-cost equation. A multifaceted
surveillance programme is essential to ensuring the sensitivity, specificity and
timeliness of the overall surveillance activity.

6. OBJECTIVES
1) Describing & quantifying disease problems.
2) Examining associations between determinants and disease.
3) Investigative phase- implementation of series of field studies
designed to test these hypothesis.
4) Experimental phase- to test hypothesis in more detail.
5) Analytical phase- results of 3,4 are analysed & attempts to
model the information generated.
6) Intervention phase- appropriate method for control of disease
are examined under experimental conditions in the field.
7) Decision- making phase- explore various options available for
disease control strategy.
8) Monitoring phase- continuous observation of a specific disease
in a particular livestock population.

7. SURVEILLANCE
It refers to continuous observation of disease in general in number of different
livestock population
OBJECTIVE- To provide up-to-date information to disease control authorities
to assist them for planning & implementation of disease control programme.
It includes-
• Systematic data collection from a no. of different sources.
• Analysis to determine.
• Existing disease situations change in both prevalance & incidence.
• Introduction of new diseases.
• Detection of causes.
• Trace course of disease outbreaks.

8. TECHNIQUES
1) Receiving a report and collecting initial information.
2)Preparing for a field outbreak investigation- preparation of
equipment & disease information, gathering information
from stakeholders.
3)Implementing emergency control measures & biosecurity
after studying the transmission dynamics.
4)Communication & control measures.
5)Tracing cases.
6)Preparing an outbreak investigation report.
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9. MATERIALS FOR LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
1) Investigative phase- implementation of a series of field studies
designed to test these hypothesis.
2) Intervention phase- Appropriate method for the control of the
disease are examined under experimental conditions in the field.
SAMPLES NATURALLY ELIMINATED FROM THE BODY
• Semen
• Sputum
• Stool
• Urine
• Saliva
• Secretions & tissues from the female reproductive system
• Secretions & fluids from the nose or throat.
• Samples from open wounds and sores.

10. SAMPLES FROM WITHIN -
Some samples can only be obtained by breaking through the
body’s protective coverings (eg. Skin). Blood specimens are
obtained in minimally invasive procedures conducted by
specially trained physicians, nurses, medical personnel.
Collection of Tissue specimens is a more complex process &
may require a local anaesthetic in order to obtain a specimen.
EXAMPLES-
• Blood
• Tissue biopsy
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Other body fluids
• Bone marrow
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11. COLLECTION OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES AND LAB
INVESTIGATION
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The protocols for sample-collection and submission are subject to
change.
Regardless of the type of submission, a detailed case history should be
included with the samples to assist lab personnel in determining a
diagnosis.
The information should include-
- owner, spp, breed, sex, age, animal identification.
- clinical signs.
- gross appearance of the lesion ( size, appearance)
- previous treatment, time of recurrence, from any previous treatment.
- morbidity/ mortality in the group.

12. 1) HEMATOLOGY –
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• Routine studies require anticoagulated whole blood &
several blood smears.
• Anticoagulated blood should be kept refrigerated;
blood smears should not.
• EDTA- anticoagulant of choice.
• Blood for coagulation testing should be collected in a
blue top tube, containing sodium citrate.
• After mixing, the sample should be centriguged for 5
mints, plasma removed & transferred to a tube without
anticoagulant.
• Plasma to be kept frozen until time of analysis.

13. 2) CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
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• Most clinical chemistry tests require serum, but an occasional test
requires plasma.
• For serum samples, blood should be drawn into a red top tube
/separator tube.
• The sample should be held at room temp.(20-30 mint) to allow
complete clot formation & retraction.
• The clot should be separated from glass by running an applicator
stick.
• Then centrifugation at high speed shlould be done.
• Serum should be refrigerated or frozen until analysed.

14. 3) CYTOLOGY
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• Air- drying of smears.
• Aspirated material should always be smeared before air-
drying.
• Thick material is smeared using a SQUASH technique in
which a second glass slide is placed over the aspirated
material, then slid rapidly or smoothly down the length of lower
slide.
• Blood/ cytological smears should never be mailed to the lab in
the same package with formalin- fixed tissues because
formalin vapours will produce artifacts in the specimen.

15. 4) FLUID ANALYSIS-
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• It includes determination of protein content & total cell count &
cytological examination.
• A sample of effusion should be collected into an EDTA tube for
routine analysis.
• A second sample should be collected in a serum tube if any
biochemical analyses are to be performed.
• Smears for cytological exam should be prepared immediately after
sample has been collected to minimize cell deterioration.
• Venous blood can be collected from dif. Sites of animal.
• In general, plasma or serum should be prepared as soon as possible
after blood collection.

16. ESTABLISHMENT OF
ANIMAL HEALTH CENTRES
The Animal Health Centres are leading, accredited full-service
veterinary labs, offering more than 400 laboratory diagnostic tests for
agents that may be found in wild and domestic birds, mammals, fish,
reptiles and amphibians.
Vision
A thriving, sustainable agricultural industry free from serious impacts
caused by pests and diseases, for the benefit of all citizens
establishing healthy human-animal relations.
Mission
To diagnose, monitor, and assist in the prevention, control and
management of animal pests and diseases in the country.

17. AIMS/ OBJECTIVES
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 For ensuring the maintenance of disease free status and to be compatible
with the standards laid by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) World
Animal Health Organization, major health schemes have been initiated to
support the animal health programmes in the states.
 A full range of fee-for-service diagnostic testing, including Bacteriology,
Histopathology, Molecular Diagnostics, Necropsy, Serology and Virology are
accepted from veterinarians, livestock producers, the general public and other
government agencies.
 While primarily concerned with food-producing animals, the Animal Health
Centre also provides diagnostic services for companion animals, captive
and free-ranging wildlife, zoo animals, fish, and fur-bearers and bees.

18. AIMS/
OBJECTIVE
 Further, in order to control the economically important
livestock diseases and to undertake the obligatory
functions related to animal health in the country,
Central Government is implementing the following
Schemes.
 Livestock Health & Disease Control (LH & DC) during
10th plan, a centrally sponsored macro-management
scheme called “Livestock Health and Disease Control”
is being implemented with an outlay of Rs 525.00
crores.

19. SERVICES OFFERED
1. Necropsy
2. Bacteriology -including receipt of fresh tissue samples
for testing.
3. Histology –submitted samples must be preserved (e.g.,
in 10% neutral buffered formalin).
4. Parasitology
5. PCR -All tests for avian pathogens, Bovine- Rotavirus,
Coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium
6. Serology – Blood, serum, and milk samples etc.

20. ASSISTANCE TO STATES
FOR CONTROL OF ANIMAL
DISEASES
▪ Under this component, assistance is provided to State/Union
Territory Governments for control of economically important
diseases of livestock and poultry by way of immunization,
strengthening of existing State Veterinary Biological Production
Units, strengthening of existing State.
▪ Disease Diagnostic Laboratories, holding workshops/seminars and
in-service training to Veterinarians and Para-veterinarians. The
programme is being implemented on 75:25 sharing basis between
the centre and the states however, 100 % assistance is provided for
training and seminar/workshops. The states are at liberty to choose
the diseases for immunization as per the prevalence and importance
the disease in their state/region.
▪ Besides this, the programmes envisage collection of information on
the incidence of various livestock and poultry diseases from States
and Union Territories and compile the same for the whole country.
The 10th plan allocation for this scheme is Rs 255.00 crores

21. DIRECTORATE OF ANIMAL
HEALTH
This is a Central Sector Scheme having following components:
1) Animal Quarantine and Certification Services (AQCS):While
efforts have been made to ensure better livestock health in the
country, simultaneous efforts are equally necessary to prevent entry
of any disease from outside into the country through import of
livestock and livestock products
2) With this objective in view, four Animal Quarantine and Certification
Service Stations one each at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai
have been established.

22. DIRECTORATE OF
ANIMAL HEALTH
These Stations are equipped to deal with all imports coming into the
country.
Objectives:
1. To strengthen Animal Quarantine and Certification Services.
2. To develop and implement Animal Quarantine and Certification
procedures so as to prevent entry of exotic animal diseases in the
country.
3. To test or arrange to test samples taken from consignment of
livestock and livestock products meant for import and export with
facilities for pre-export and post-import quarantining of all types of
livestock.

23. DISEASE DIAGNOSTICS LAB
 In order to provide referral diagnostic services one Central and
five Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratories have been
setup/strengthened by the Central Government.
 The Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis
(CADRAD) of IVRI, Izatnagar is working as the Central
Laboratory. The Regional Laboratories are located at Kolkata
(Eastern), Pune (Western), Jallandhar (Northern), Bangalore
(Southern) and Guwahati (North-eastern). The networking of
these laboratories with other laboratories of the State
Governments, ICAR and Universities have been initiated for
better coordination and efficient disease diagnosis, monitoring
&reporting.

24. OBJECTIVES
1. Provide referral services for diagnosing various animal diseases.
2. Networking of these referral laboratories with the ICAR, University
and State laboratories to support their programmes on disease
diagnosis.
3. Study the problems of emerging diseases of animals.
4. Undertake surveillance against emerging and exotic infections
threatening the country.

25. THANKS!
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