5. UPSC PYQ’s
5
1) Prevention & control steps for Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle? ( 2018)
2) Describe the etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of FMD in ruminants?(2017
3) Describe the etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Swine fever?(2016)
4) Control of bovine TB in cattle?
5) Etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Haemorrhagic septicaemia ?(2012)
6) Etiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Avian influenza ?(2010)
7) etiology,pathogenesis clinical findings, diagnosis, control of Swine influenza?(2009)
6. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
Bovine TB is a contagious chronic disease of cattle caused
by Mycobacterium bovis and associated with progressive
emaciation and tubercle (granuloma) formation involving
usually the respiratory system but also other organs. Being a
zoonotic disease, it is also an important public health issue.
TRANSMISSION / ETIOLOGY
Common sources of infection are contaminated environment,
contact with infected animals. The organism enters body by
INHALATION. It is expelled by infected animals & remains in air
in droplets in cattle-sheds. The organism also enters by ingestion
of infected discharges, from open lesions in lymph-nodes, faeces,
milk, urine.
7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Widely prevalant in cattle.
• Cattle are the most susceptible & Bovine strain is
most pathogenic.
• Incidence more in Pure-bred & Cross-bred cattle.
• Desi catttle/ indegenous/ zebu cattle are
comparitively resistant.( zebu cattle harbour low
virulent Tubercle bacilli)
8. PATHOGENESIS
• The capacity of tuberculous organism to elicit a disease depends
on certain complex lipids present in their cell wall.
• Following entry, the bacilli localise in the point of entry and produce
a typical tubercle in associated lymph nodes.
• Virulent organisms enter the alveoli through inhalation (droplet
infection). The organisms thus enter in the mucosa of the bronchial
tree.
• Then the neutrophils undergo necrosis and the epitheloid cells
accumulate to produce a multilayer zone circling the bacteria and
dead cells.
• Some of the tuberculous bacilli may come out from the lesion and
invade the lymph channels and where from carried to the bronchial
or mediastinal lymph nodes and thus establish a new foci of
infection.
9. 9
SYMPTOMS
1. The infected animals loose body wt. slowly but continuously.
2. Respiratory system most commonly infected. ( dyspnoea,
increased resp.rate, painful ,dry cough)
3. Digestive tract- Abdominal pain, obstinate diarrhoea, chronic
bloat.
4. Small nodules in mammary tissue.
5. Normal milk appearance- greenish yellow with flakes, curdle
mass.
6. CNS- loss of vision, incoordinated gait, partial paralysis
7. Skin lesions- nodules of various sizes containing caseous
material.
10. PM -LESIONS
M. bovis mainly enters the body via the respiratory tract or the
alimentary tract, with the former being the most common.
In the lungs localised bronchiolitis is followed by ‘tubercle’,
formation — an abscess with necrotic focus and caseation and
sometimes calcification surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
Tubercles have a yellowish appearance, and a caseous, caseo-
calcareous or calcified consistency.
Findings at post-mortem vary from single small focus usually in the
lung to numerous, sometimes confluent lesions in several organs.
Tubercles may be found in bronchial, mediastinal, retropharyngeal
and portal lymph nodes.
Lesions in the lungs, liver, spleen, body cavities and female
genitalia can be found in advanced cases.
11. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical symptoms alone are not diagnostic.
The diagnosis can be arrived at by demonstration of acid-
fast bacilli on microscopic examination of material from
lesions, sputum, milk, uterine discharge, pleural etc.
By inoculation into laboratory animals like guinea-pigs.
An intradermal tuberculin test in which 0.1 ml of
mammalian purified, protein derivative (PPD) is
inoculated intradermally into the middle of skin of neck.
PCR tests are being used presently for accurate
diagnosis
12. TREATMENT &
PREVENTION
Treatment is not recommended, as it is very prolonged and the
results are unreliable. The animals under treatment are liable to
disseminate organisms in milk meant for human consumption.
CONTROL
Tuberculin test is widely used throughout the world as herd
screening test for the control of bovine tuberculosis.
In India, where control by test and slaughter is not possible,
Bang's method of control has been found to be useful. The
method is based on disposing of all the clinical cases.
13. CONTROL
The calves born of tuberculosis-infected cows are free of
infection. The animals not showing clinical signs are subjected
to tuberculin testing.
The reactors and non-reactors are kept separately. The healthy
group is tested every 3 to 6 months.
Calves born of healthy animals are allowed to remain with
mothers while those from reacting mothers are weaned
immediately after birth.
This method leads to a progressive increase in the number of
healthy animals and a decrease of reactors.
Vaccination of animals with BCG is not practised in India.
14. BLACK QUARTER
It is an acute, infectious, highly fatal bacterial disease of Cattle caused
by Clostridium chauvoei. Buffaloes, sheep, goat are also affected.
Young cattle between 6- 24 months of age, in good body condition are
mostly affected.
ETIOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY
Caused by Clostridium chauvoei- gram-positive, anaerobic spore.
Young stock mostly affected ( 6 months-2 years).
It is a soil-borne infection, occuring usually in rainy season.
Common in areas with Moderate rainfall & where dry crop cultivation
is comon.
16. SYMPTOMS
Animals may die without showing symptoms.
Crepitant swelling in hind and fore quarters which crackles when
rubbed due to gas in the muscle.
Lameness
Fever
Twitching of muscle
Affected region is hot and painful but becomes cold and painless
in later stages.
Skin over affected area – dry, hard and dark.
Laboured breathing
Accelerated pulse- rate.
17. LESIONS
1. Lesions are limited to affected muscles.
2. Muscles of shoulder, thigh and neck are usually affected.
3. Lesions may also be observed in the tongue, diaphragm and myocardium.
4. Large crepitating swellings are the most characteristic necropsy findings.
Affected muscles are infiltrated with yellowish exudate.
5. Gas bubbles accumulate between the muscle fibres.
6. Due to haemorrhage affected tissues turn black.
7. A rancid odour (butyric odour) emanates from the muscles.
8. Blood stain discharge may ooze from the nostrils.
9. There is accumulation of fluid in the pericardium.
10. The liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen show yellowish foci and haemorrhage.
11. The entire body assumes a bloated appearance.
12. On microscopic examination, the affected muscles show coagulative
necrosis
18. DIAGNOSIS
In the field outbreak, a tentative diagnosis is made from history,
clinical-observation & PM findings.
Lab diagnosis can be made as-
Microscopic examination of Smear- from affected tissues,
fluids of swellings. Gram positive rods with sub-terminal spores
are seen.
Cultural test- materials to be used are heart, blood, peritoneal
fluids etc.
Biological test
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
19. TREATMENT
• Use of penicillin, aureomycin and oxytetracycline. The
antibiotic may be injected into the affected muscles.
• Penicillin is extensively used and considered as drug of
choice. Penicillin @ 2000 to 4000 units per lb body weight
per day may be used.
• Newer antibiotic e.g. Cephaloridine (Kefelong) may be
tried.
20. CONTROL
1. Since the disease is associated with infection from the soil,
the cultivation in that soil may be avoided.
2. The young animals should be kept out of such area.
3. The dead body should be burnt or burried.
4. The calf and sheep should not be allowed to graze in
endemic pasture
5. All the animals of the endemic zones should be vaccinated
with suitable vaccine.
6. Use of polyvalent vaccine and anthelmintic combination
to control the black quarter in a flock of sheep
21. HAEMORRHAGIC
SEPTECEMIA
SYNOMYMS- Pasteurellosis, Shipping fever, Barbone disease.
It is an acute septecaemic disease occuring most often in cattle,
buffalo, sheep, goat,etc usually following some form of stress like
driving, transportation, shipping etc.
ETIOLOGY
The disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida type-1 organism.
It is gram negative coccoid, short rod or filamentous shaped
organism. Predisposing factors like fatigue, transportation, over-
exertion, starvation, close confinement to damp and humid
atmosphere may help the organism to assume virulent role and set
up the disease process.
22. EPIDEMIOLOGY
22
Cattle and buffaloes are the most susceptible species. Young
growing cattle within the age group of 6 months to 2 years are
most often affected. Feed lot cattle may suffer when they are put
under stress .Sheep. goats and pigs do suffer.
TRANSMISSION
HS is principally a disease of animals under stress. Infection is
transmitted by: Direct contact between animals, Contaminated
feedstuffs or water. The bacterium does not survive in the
environment for more than a few days.
24. CLINICAL SIGNS
24
1. There is high rise of temperature (104 107°F) with concurrent
shivering.
2. Profuse salivation, lachrymation and nasal discharge.
3. Sign of conjunctivitis and the visible mucous membrane
assume deep red colour.
4. Sharp drop in milk yield.
5. The affected cases exhibit signs of abdominal pain severe
diarrhoea or dysentery.
6. Respiration rate is rapid in nature
7. In almost all the cases sub-mucosal petechiation are evident.
8. In less acute cases, there is rise in body temperature and
localization of oedema in the subcutaneous pocket of the head,
neck, dewlap and brisket region.
9. Death usually occurs within 20-24 hours.
25. LESIONS
25
• The pneumonic changes are manifested by marked hepatization of
lungs with deposition of fibrinous exudates in the interlobular
space .
• Oedema and thickening of the interlobular septa are commonly
observed.
• Usually there is accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity and
pericardial sac.
• The liver and spleen are apparently normal; the mesenteric and
mediastinal lymph glands are congested.
26. DIAGNOSIS
26
• Identification of the organism.
• Smears from heart blood, liver, lungs, spleen and intestinal content from
dead animals should be stained with leishman stain.
• Culture of the organism
• Animal inoculation- The rabbit is the most susceptible laboratory animals.
TREATMENT
Intravenous administration of sulphonamides-Sulphamethazine @
150 mg/kg body weight for 3 days or.
Oxytetracycline @5-10 mg/kg body weight. Besides, treatment may
be extended with Chloramphenicol @ 10mg/kg body weight or
Ampicillin).
Symptomatic treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs e.g..
Betamethazone or dexamethazonė
27. CONTROL
27
The effective control lies with institution of adequate
management, rational executions of vaccines and care in
the transportation of animals.
An effective prophylactic vaccination of all susceptible
animals of the enzootic areas should be made.
A practical approach seems to be to adopt a programme
of compulsory annual vaccination of all animals in such
areas, including those of organized livestock farms, to be
carried out a month or two before the onset of monsoon.
