1. The First Russian Revolution
To what extent was the administration of Nicholas II
responsible for the revolution of 1905?
Written By: William O’Donnell
May 2014
Word Count: 3,848
2. 2
Abstract
Word Count: 272
The First Russian Revolution was an event in history that is often looked over. Many
people have never heard of the “First” Russian Revolution, and only know of the
Revolution of 1917, which Vladimir Lenin led. I found in my investigation that the First
Russian Revolution was very important with concern to the Revolution of 1917.
The investigation was carried out with the purpose of answering the question: To what
extent was the administration of Nicholas II responsible for the revolution of 1905? To
begin my investigation, I looked into events and reforms prior to the administration of
Nicholas II that may have influenced the revolution. I looked into the Crimean War and
the emancipation of the Russian Serfs. In my research I was able to find a few underlying
causes of the revolution in these events leading up to the revolution. The overarching idea
of discontent that sparked the revolution can see its roots here. As I continued the
investigation, I began to notice a pattern of discontent among the Russian citizens in
every form possible. This became the focus of my research. As Nicholas II took power,
reforms on his behalf, with the help of Sergei Witte, Russia slowly began to collapse. As
the pogroms started to occur, and unsuccessful war broke out, it only worsened. I also
decided to investigate what role Lenin had in this revolution, because I knew Nicholas II
was not solely responsible for the revolution. The investigation focused on aspects of
Nicholas II’s administration, and I was able to show that while there were other factors,
Nicholas II was the main cause of the revolution.
3. 3
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………........4
Crimean War………………………………………………………………………..4-6
Emancipation of the Serfs ………………………………………………………….6-7
Reforms of Sergei Witte …………………………………………………………...7-9
Pogroms ……………………………………………………………………………9-10
Russo-Japanese War ………………………………………………………………11-12
Reaction to Bloody Sunday……………………………………………………..…12-14
October Manifesto. ………………………………………………………………..14-15
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………...15
Works Cited………………………………………………………………………..16-17
Appendix ………………………………………………………………………….18-19
4. 4
Introduction
The Russian Revolution of 1905 (also known as the First Russian Revolution) marked a
time in history when Russian citizens wanted to have the same living and working conditions as
well as social and economic equalities as those of other European countries. The citizens of
Russia believed that they deserved better treatment. They wanted cleaner factories, larger living
spaces,and an overall better quality of life. The revolution marked a significant time in Russian
history that witnessed the rapid downfall to the tsarist regime that had lasted since the first tsar
Ivan the Terrible in 1547. Reforms from Alexander II, and the conservative reigns of both
Alexander III and Nicholas II were the main causes of the revolution. The revolution would be a
precursor to the Revolution of 1917, which was caused by more civil discontent, and economic
conditions that were the worst since the emancipation of the serfs. (See Appendix 2)
As the first revolution developed, the wants of the citizens became clearer. The citizens
and workers wanted better conditions for living and working, along with other basic privileges
and rights that were seen in other European countries such as voting rights. The revolution would
be a result of continual discontent among the citizens of Russia, especially the working class, and
minorities, primarily Jews. The social unrest was derived from poor working and living
conditions in Russia, and failures in international relations including the Russo-Japanese War.
Overall, the First Russian Revolution would be a result of discontent with the policies and
actions, or failures to act on behalf of the administration of Nicholas II, who gained power in
November of 1894.
Crimean War
The Crimean War caused restlessness leading up to the first revolution. The Russians had
not been involved in major battle since the Napoleonic wars,when they were able to stop the
French army’s and Napoleons progress into Russia during his campaign. When Napoleon sent
5. 5
more than 600,000 troops into Russia, in what seemed like certain victory, he was defeated.1
This
victory for the Russians boosted the moral of people in the Russian empire, also making the
expectations higher for future conflicts including the Crimean War.
The Crimean War was an imperialist dream for the Russians, Nicholas I, and Alexander
II. The need for a warm water trading port was becoming more and more valuable, as
international trade became easier,and less expensive than it had ever been. New ships were being
developed all over the world that were faster,and safer for travel. These ships were available in
wartime to the foes of Russia, which put Russia at a large disadvantage. The war ended terribly,
the allied forces of the French, British, and Ottomans embarrassed the Russians. This was a
foreshadow, and first sign of unhappiness within the Russia. Russians were not able to gain
access to a warm water port, and would try again in the Russo-Japanese War. The ill-equipped
Russian Army had made few improvements, and was no further advanced than when they had
defeated the French so easily in the Napoleonic Campaign in 1812.
Meanwhile, other empires and nations had industrialized, which allowed for their armies
to be better equipped, and their navies to be bigger, better, faster,and stronger than that of the
Russians. The Crimean War would expose this flaw of Russian development between 1812 and
the 1850’s. These flaws resulted in many deaths during the war,and would spark a period of
liberal reforms by Alexander II. One estimate suggests over 1 million people died during the
Crimean War, many of which were Russians. Although the casualty total is unsure, estimates
suggest a number more than 500,000 people either died or were injured. 2
The war would end
with the signing of the Peace of Paris in 1856.3
Nicholas I had started the war, but it was ended
1
Richard Riehn, 1812: Napoleon’s Russian Campaign (Wiley 1991)
2
William Edgar, The Russian Famine of 1891 and 1892 Some Particulars of the Relief Sent to the
Destitute Peasants by the Millers of America in the Steamship Missouri: a Brief History of the
Movement, a Description of the Relief Commissioners' Visit to Russia, and a List of Subscribers
to the Fund (Princeton University 1893)
3
Marjie Bloy, “The Peace of Paris 1856” The Victorian Web
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/peace.html (Accessed May 5th,2013)
6. 6
under Alexander II, beginning his period of liberal reforms. The defeat ended the positive spirit
gathered by Russian citizens after victory in the Napoleonic Campaign. With no sense of national
pride, or unity, Russia was falling apart. The Crimean war would be seen as a precursor to the
Revolution.
Emancipation of the Serfs
For hundreds of years, the Russian economy relied heavily on agriculture. In the years
after the emancipation of the serfs, when the slave like serfs were freed, the production of crops
rose and became second in the world only to the USA in terms of exports.4
This would not last
long, and peasants would quickly become displeased with what they were given after
emancipation. Tsar Alexander II declared the Emancipation of the Serfs,on March 3rd, 1861.5
After the emancipation, there were still many restrictions for the peasants. They enjoyed
the freedom of travel outside of Russia for the first time. For the peasants that could afford this
luxury, it was enlightening to see nations such as France,Germany, and England being so
prosperous. The peasants came back to Russia with new ideas, and beliefs that Russia could soon
become similar. This freedom, and enlightenment led to displeasure also, it showed the Russians
how poorly they were treated. Other European nations were democratic and the peasants that saw
this felt as if they deserved the same rights. The same document that was signed by Alexander II
to free the serfs set up the mirs, or village communes. These were large communities that had
many peasants in them with individual farms. Many peasants sold their farms, and moved to the
cities, allowing other peasants to have larger farms. These mirs would restrict social and
economic progress for the years to come.
The mirs made it difficult for the peasants to acquire more land, or move to the city for
factory jobs. This was one of a few reforms and events that contributed to the growing discontent
4
PaulGregory, Russian National Income, 1885-1913 (Cambridge University Press 1982)
5
James Harvey Robinson and Charles Beard, Readingsin Modern European History,eds., vol. 2
pp. 348-352 (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1908)
7. 7
of Russian peasants that would lead up to the First Russian Revolution. The liberal nature of the
reform was supposed to be a step forward for Russia, however on March 13th
, 1881 Alexander II
was assassinated.6
His successor,Alexander III would see this as a result of the liberal policies
that were being pursued by his father. For this reason,he dismissed liberal ideas, and became
conservative.
As described previously, the emancipation act of 1861 was only effective to a certain
extent at freeing the serfs. Just 20 years later, the peasants,finally gaining some ground, were
stopped by Alexander III’s conservative administration. After being able to see the freedoms
outside of Russia, Alexander III’s immediate change to these conservative ideas sparked a
massive amount of discontent that would continue to grow in following years for multiple
reasons. Alexander III’s reforms to a conservative Russia would be pursued to a further extent
under Sergei Witte and the administration of Nicholas II, which was primarily responsible for the
First Russian Revolution.
Reforms ofSergei Witte
The restlessness that existed prior to the administration of Nicholas II was magnified by
certain reforms and events during his reign of power. One of the primary reformers was Sergei
Witte, who was the Finance Minister of Imperial Russia from 1892 until 1903.7
Sergei Witte was
responsible for many reforms during his tenure in office, however two of his reforms, that were
more significant than many others, were enacted during the administration of Nicholas II.
Sergei Witte is responsible for the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and
limiting working hours in factories and farmlands. While at first glance, the reforms sound like
great improvements for Russia, they actually did very little to improve the economy, and resulted
6
John Van Der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959: Alexander II of Russia and His Family (Sutton
Pub Ltd, 1998)
7
Andrew M. Verner, The Crisis of Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution
(Princeton University Press,1990)
8. 8
in a wave of uneasiness among the majority of peasants and factory workers in urban areas. First,
the construction of the railway, while it was bound to be a difficult process, was an idea that had
been heavily pushed for by Alexander III, and the construction actually began at the end of his
reign.8
The railway would prove to help transport grain, and hard goods to the eastern parts of
Russia and to smaller towns throughout Siberia. However,because Russia was less developed
than other countries such as the US and France,advanced and efficient equipment used in
countries like France was not available. Because of this, the construction of the railway required
thousands of workers. To fill this need, the government required many peasants to work
constructing the railroad. These peasants were taken away from their farms, decreasing the
amount of grain produced.
Sergei Witte had yet to pass a bill that would limit working hours. Because of this, whole
communities stopped producing grain in order to complete the railway. This created a food
shortage throughout Russia. People who were working on the railway suffered from the lack of
food being produced, as did those in towns and cities throughout Russia. This time period became
known as the Russian Famine of 1891 and 1892. More than 350,000 people died from starvation
alone. Many others contracted disease,and became sick, “puking all over the work place”9
These
deaths became apparent to Witte, and helped show him that not only was there too much
concentration on railway construction, but that the working conditions were too harsh. When he
saw this, he decided to limit the amount of hours Russians could work. On June 2nd
1897 a new
law was passed that limited the working hours in factories to eleven and a half hours, and 10
hours on Sundays and Holidays.10
This had very little benefit to the peasants who worked in the
factories. Eleven and a half hours of factory work in one day is a long, grueling working day. It is
8
Trans-Siberian Web Encyclopedia “Trans-Siberian Railway- History – Brief Historical Article”
Trans-Siberian Web Encyclopedia
http://www.transsib.ru/Eng/history-review.htm (Accessed May 6th,2013)
9
Bruce Lincoln, In War's Dark Shadow: The Russians Before the Great War (Oxford University
Press 1994)
10
Vladimir Lenin, “Lenin: The New Factory Law” Marxist Internet Archive
http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1897/jun/02.htm (Accessed May 5th, 2013)
9. 9
interesting that this would be the limit, because most of the peasants did not work days this long
to begin with. They worked days that were anywhere from 9 ½ to 10 ½ hours each day.11
In effect
nothing changed. This caused a large amount of discontent, in addition to the fact that the
physical conditions of the factories were still terrible.
The new factory law did nothing to better the way workers were treated,or their working
areas. Conditions would worsen as the population grew. Because Russia was still in an
industrialization process,it often struggled to keep up with its growing peasant and urban
populations. This meant that not only were conditions in factories poor, but there was limited
living space,and families often lived together, making for cramped living conditions.
The industrial worker population grew by more than 1 million people between the years
1897 and 1913.12
This is one reason for crowded working spaces. Crowded working spaces often
led to sicknesses and diseases that would easily spread throughout urban areas. This was a major
cause of discontent among peasants living in urban areas,and it was also reflected in the low life
expectancy in the 1900’s, which was somewhere around 36-39 years. 13
Conditions in factories,
coupled with the over commitment to railway construction, and famine all resulted in major
discontent among the Russian working and peasant classes,and would be important factors
leading up to the First Russian Revolution that were all resulting from poor decisions under the
administration of Nicholas II.
Pogroms
In addition to people who were treated poorly in factories, and starved in the famine of
1891-1892, pogroms in Russia were also common and a source of the growing discontent among
the peasants and minorities. A pogrom is an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in
this case Jewish people of Russia. The pogroms which were aimed at minorities, mostly Jews that
11
Lenin, Vladimir
12
Vincent Barnett, The Revolutionary Russian Economy, 1890-1940 (Routledge 2004)
13
William Cockerham, Health and Social Change in Russia and Eastern Europe (Routledge
1999)
10. 10
occurred throughout the revolution, and leading up to it, caused a massive wave of restlessness
that spread through hundreds of small towns in all of Russia. While the government did not
conduct the pogroms, the government did know about them, just as everyone else did at the time,
and they chose not to act against or prevent the pogroms from occurring.
Some historians believe that high-ranking officials even encouraged the pogroms.14
Pogroms occurred everywhere in Russia, specifically in smaller towns and villages where the
minorities lived. Many of the pogroms were in western Russia,and the Balkan areas where the
majority of the Jewish people lived. (See Appendix 1) In one pogrom, known as the Kishinev
Pogrom, the Jewish people reported over 120 dead.15
While those who conducted the pogroms
aimed to rid of the Jews,it was obvious that most Russian peasants did not favor what they were
doing. Peasants and poor factory workers who weren’t Jewish could relate to the people being
targeted by the pogroms. They had been treated in a similar fashion for many years previously,
either as slaves under the reign of Alexander II prior to emancipation, or after emancipation when
conservative policies made everyday life so difficult under Alexander III and Nicholas II. This
common bond helped the peasants and Jews feeldiscontent together, which would be seen in
protests such as Bloody Sunday.
The majority of Russians disliked the pogroms, but the pogroms still continued, showed
how little influence peasants and minorities had within the empire, and also supported the idea
that they should receive more acknowledgement. The discontent continued to grow, and peasants
and Jews who were being oppressed would keep this in mind as they continued to move toward a
revolution. They would remember that the government did nothing to stop the oppressors, or have
even encouraged the pogroms. The administration of Nicholas II was clearly responsible for not
handling the pogroms the way they should have, by stopping them. As a result the lower class
people would respond in later years with the First Russian Revolution.
14
Edward Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Tsar Nicholas II (Anchor Publishing
1993)
15
New York Times “Jewish Massacre Denounced” New York Times 28 April 1903, pg. 6
11. 11
Russo Japanese War
Although many of the causes of the First Russian Revolution had much to do with
internal problems, there were problems with international relations during the administration of
Nicholas II that also caused distress among Russians, the main one was the Russo-Japanese War,
which lasted from 1904-1905, a peak time of discontent in Russia.
Previous wars in which Russia had been defeated such as the Crimean War,as discussed
earlier, caused a sense of urgency for the government to regain power and control. Russia planned
to use the Russo-Japanese War to expand eastward,and gain access to a warm water port on the
Pacific coast. Access to a Pacific port would greatly increase the amount of trade that could be
done with countries including the USA, where the population of western states was growing
rapidly.16
This war would become the first war in which a non-European power challenged a
European power successfully. Russia figured they would come home with an easy victory.
However,it was just the opposite. The imperialist wishes of Russia to expand to the east would
prove to be one step too far. An easy victory for the Japanese embarrassed the Russians,and
citizens became fed up with the failures in recent wars.
The Japanese had more advanced weapons, ships, and their army was trained to a much
higher quality. The inferiority of the Russians was exposed in each battle, and the death toll
climbed extremely high by the end of the war. More than 70,000 Russians would lose their lives
during battle, in addition to those killed by disease, or those who were injured.17
The amount of
people that were lost angered Russian citizens, who urged for the war to be put to an end because
no progress would ever be made. In addition to this, there were people starving in larger cities,
because the trans-Siberian railway was being used primarily to transport troops, and food could
16
New York Times “Population of California” New York Times
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-
free/pdf?res=F1071FF73C5B11738DDDAC0A94D8415B808CF1D3 (Accessed May 13th
2013)
17
Samuel Dumas, Losses of Life Caused by the War (Clarendon Press 1923)
12. 12
not be brought to the west. This brought a second form of discontent to the citizens of Russia as a
result of the war.
While many people were unhappy that the war was a disaster, there were also people who
disliked the war because they believed it was too far away. People were unhappy that they could
not receive information about the war quickly, due to its distance from home. Most Russians at
this point lived west of the Urals, which was nearly 7,500 miles away from where the battles were
occurring. At this distance, in 1905, it took a long time for anyone to receive news of progress on
the battle front, for those who were curious in the beginning, they quickly lost interest due to the
fact that the information they received was negative and delayed.18
This lack of interest eventually led to discontent, and everyone wanted the war to end as
soon as it could. However,the citizens of Russia could not convince Tsar Nicholas II to listen to
them. The power that Tsar Nicholas II was able to demonstrate during this time was immense; he
ignored the wishes of every Russian citizen, and continued to rage war against Japan. The people
of Russia could do nothing but protest. Towards the end of the war, they would show their
discontent in a protest known as Bloody Sunday that would spark the First Russian Revolution.
Reaction to Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday can be considered the beginning of the 1905 revolution, and a turning
point in the people’s willingness to act for their own good. On Sunday, January 22nd
of 1905
whole families of Russian workers, led by Father Gapon marched on the winter Palace of Tsar
Nicholas II. Some estimates suggest that there were upwards of 150,000 participants in the
march, and the same number signed a petition written by Father Gapon.19
What was supposed to
be a peacefulmarch to change the quality of the working conditions in factories throughout
18
Chris Trueman “The Russo-Japanese War” History Learning Site
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russo-japanese%20war.htm (Accessed May 10th
2013)
19
Gapon, George and Ivan Vasimov “Workers Appeal to the Tsar” Canyon Crest Academy
Library Media Center
http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/tpsocialsciences/world_history/russsian_rev/gapon.htm
(Accessed April 28th, 2013)
13. 13
Russia became bloody when the Palace Guards fired at the protestors. The protestors were
unaware that Nicholas II was not at the palace at the time of the march.20
The guards therefore
received no instruction as to what procedures to take to attempt to end the strike. The shootings
were an irresponsible action committed by Russian officials, and they caused many people to be
more upset with their government.
The people believed it was time for a constitution, and true freedom and equality for all
throughout the empire. Governmental agencies claimed that 96 people died due to the shootings,
with slightly more than 300 injured, while non-governmental estimates said that more than 4,000
people died.21
While 96 deaths is most likely an underestimate, and 4,000 an overestimate, there
were clearly many deaths and injuries caused by the events of Bloody Sunday. The large number
estimated by the workers shows that they were angered by the guards response to a peaceful
march, and it aimed to put anyone who was not at the protest to have a grudge against the
government.
The administration of Nicholas II did a poor job in handling the situation, and his
government’s actions had many consequences. As a result of the shootings, factory workers went
on a strike, and boycotted work. By October more than 2 million workers were on strike refusing
to go to factories.22
This was the vast majority of all factory workers. There was no production,
the newly constructed Trans-Siberian railway had no trains using its tracks, food and grain could
not be transported, and supplies did not make it to the battle front during the Russo-Japanese War.
These were some of the consequences of Bloody Sunday, which sparked the First Russian
Revolution.
The strike gave the government, and the administration of Nicholas II an ultimatum. The
peasants hoped that they would receive better conditions, equality, and basic civil freedoms that
20
Walter Sablinski, The Road to Bloody Sunday: Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre
of 1905. (Princeton University Press 1976)
21
Spartacus Educational “Bloody Sunday” Spartacus Educational
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSsunday.htm#source (Accessed April17th
2013)
22
Walter Sablinski, (1976)
14. 14
they saw in other European countries that a few well off peasants had traveled to. The only option
was to give the people what they wanted in order to restore a functioning society. Nicholas II
would do this with the October Manifesto.
October Manifesto
As a result of the discontent of peasants and other workers,the signing of the October
Manifesto by Nicholas II marked the end of the First Russian Revolution. Its intended purpose
was to grant the people of Russia civil freedoms, allow for lower class people to participate in
voting, granting them the wish of democracy, and be eligible to be elected to the Duma that it
established. The document acknowledges that the conditions and life styles of lower class citizens
was poor and that it led to “disturbances” that affected the everyday lives of Russian citizens.23
However,the document did little to actually help improve what had been pushed for among the
struggling classes of Russia such as improved working conditions. It did establish a representative
body, the Duma, which would only last until July of 1906 when Nicholas II dissolved it. It was
dissolved because he felt as if the people had too much power, and it was a threat to his own
power. Later,two more Dumas were established, but then dismissed for similar reasons. This can
sum up why there was discontent in Russia leading up to the revolution: The fact that Nicholas II
was unwilling to share power, or listen to others made it difficult for him to see what the majority
of people wanted.
Although the Duma gave representation to Russian citizens, and universal male suffrage
was granted, Nicholas II still had an absolute veto power. The administration of Nicholas II did a
poor job handling events, and making policies to prevent the First Russian Revolution, Nicholas
II did little to correct the famine, continued to pursue the construction of the Trans-Siberian
Railway, failed to pay attention to the unrest caused from the Russo-Japanese War,and did
23
Durham University “The October Manifesto of 1905” Durham University
http://www.dur.ac.uk/a.k.harrington/octmanif.html (Accessed May 3rd
2013)
15. 15
nothing to stop the pogroms which were harmful, this inaction led to discontent from peasants
and Jews.
At the end of the revolution, the leaders did a poor job in granting the people of Russia
what they wanted, because the October Manifesto’s ideas could not be experienced in everyday
life. Participation in the Duma meant nothing, because lower class citizens were not in office, and
the reforms were vetoed. The October Manifesto can be looked at as a way to temporarily delay
the revolution, and prevent the collapse of the Russian empire for a few more years.
Conclusion
After evaluating the sources used in my investigation, and analyzing them in conjunction
with my own knowledge, it can be concluded that the administration of Nicholas II was
responsible for the First Russian revolution. Alexander III’s conservative policies were the
beginning of the discontent, but had nowhere near the effect as the administration of Nicholas II.
In summary, the administration of Nicholas II was unable to prevent the citizens of Russia from
becoming fed up with the way they were treated,eventually resulting in revolution. Although the
downfall began much earlier than in 1894 when Nicholas II took power, there was no group of
people or events that had the great effect that Nicholas II had on the Revolution. With the
emancipation of the serfs,citizens saw hope until the conservative reigns of Alexander III and
Nicholas II. The administration of Nicholas II had many policies and ideas that backfired,
resulting in more discontent from lower class citizens, thereby being the primary cause of
discontent among the lower class that led to the First Russian Revolution.
16. 16
Works Cited
Barnett, Vincent The Revolutionary Russian Economy, 1890-1940 (Routledge 2004)
Bloy, Marjie “The Peace of Paris 1856” The Victorian Web
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/peace.html (Accessed May 5th,2013)
Cockerham, William Health and Social Change in Russia and Eastern Europe (Routledge 1999)
Dumas, Samuel Losses of Life Caused by the War (Clarendon Press 1923)
Durham University “The October Manifesto of 1905” Durham University
http://www.dur.ac.uk/a.k.harrington/octmanif.html (Accessed May 3rd
2013)
Edgar, William The Russian Famine of 1891 and 1892 Some Particulars of the Relief Sent to the
Destitute Peasants by the Millers of America in the Steamship Missouri: a Brief History of the
Movement, a Description of the Relief Commissioners' Visit to Russia, and a List of Subscribers
to the Fund (Princeton University 1893)
Gapon, George and Ivan Vasimov “Workers Appeal to the Tsar” Canyon Crest Academy Library
Media Center
http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/tpsocialsciences/world_history/russsian_rev/gapon.htm
(Accessed April 28th, 2013)
Gregory, Paul Russian National Income, 1885-1913 (Cambridge University Press 1982)
Harrison, Mark and Andrel Markevich “Russia’s National Income in War and Revolution, 1913-
1928” Vox.com
http://www.voxeu.org/article/russia-s-national-income-war-and-revolution-1913-1928 (Accessed
February 12th 2013) (Appendix 2)
James Harvey Robinson and Charles Beard, Readings in Modern European History, eds.,vol. 2
pp. 348-352 (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1908)
Lenin, Vladimir Illyich What is to be Done? (1902)
New York Times “Jewish Massacre Denounced” New York Times 28 April 1903, pg. 6
New York Times “Population of California” New York Times
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-
free/pdf?res=F1071FF73C5B11738DDDAC0A94D8415B808CF1D3 (Accessed May 13th
2013)
Lincoln, Bruce In War's Dark Shadow: The Russians Before the Great War (Oxford University
Press 1994)
Lenin, Vladimir “Lenin: The New Factory Law” Marxist Internet Archive
http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1897/jun/02.htm (Accessed May 5th, 2013)
Radzinsky, Edward The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Tsar Nicholas II (Anchor Publishing
1993)
17. 17
Riehn, Richard 1812: Napoleon’s Russian Campaign (Wiley 1991)
Sablinski, Walter The Road to Bloody Sunday: Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre of
1905. (Princeton University Press 1976)
Spartacus Educational “Bloody Sunday” Spartacus Educational
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSsunday.htm#source (Accessed April17th
2013)
Trans-Siberian Web Encyclopedia “Trans-Siberian Railway- History – Brief Historical Article”
Trans-Siberian Web Encyclopedia
http://www.transsib.ru/Eng/history-review.htm (Accessed May 6th,2013)
Trueman, Chris “The Russo-Japanese War” History Learning Site
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russo-japanese%20war.htm (Accessed May 10th
2013)
Van Der Kiste, John The Romanovs 1818-1959:AlexanderII of Russia and His Family (Sutton
Pub Ltd, 1998)
Verner,Andrew M. The Crisis of Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution
(Princeton University Press,1990)
