Project Report

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INTRODUCTION:
All growth depends upon activity. There is no development without efforts and efforts
means work. By stringing Jasmine, the people of Shankarpura village of Udupi District in
Karnataka state earn without stepping out their house. The floriculture occupation started by the
people, somewhere 130 years ago, has changed the life style of the people in many ways. Today
Jasmine cultivation has taught the people of Shankarpura, how to lead a self dependent life,
without depending on anybody. Jasmine that adorns a woman’s hair and finds a place in the
pooja room is hardly an item to revolutionalize the fledging floriculture industry. The long
tapering of petals of the “Shankarpura Mallige” whose scent mingles with gentle sea-breeze in
coastal Karnataka belong more to novel as set in rural, Karnataka of the fifties.
All houses have gardens and backyards. Most of the men are likely to be away, making
their pile in the gulf countries or in U.S. or in Mumbai. How the “gulf widow” turned out to be a
Jasmine entrepreneur, a trade with a daily turnover of 1.5 lacks during the peak period is the
story of the Shankarpura phenomenon.
Shankarpura, a tiny village of the highway between Mangalore and Udupi, with a
population of approximately 15,000 the flowers bears testimony to the enterprise of its people.
Shankarpura springs up quiet suddenly not long after turn off the highway ten kilometer short of
Udupi, a place which sprawling old houses, the last vestige of the typical Udupi dwellings. It is
also known as Udupi Mallige because it is grown in the Udupi District and known by that name
in India and the global market. The different variety jasmine like “Shankarpura Mallige” is
essential on all special occasions, weddings and religions celebrations just as jewellery.
This distinct variety of Jasmine is in great demand in undivided Dakshina Kannada
District, in Karnataka state and across Indian metros- in Mumbai, Bangalore and in the
international markets. Jasmine farming was a profitable venture a few decades ago in
Shankarpura. It had sustained many families who farmed on 10-50 cents plots by just growing
10-100 Jasmine plants. With this income, these families could educate their children, get them

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married and also build their own houses. That means in many ways Jasmine floriculture has
helped a lot to the people of Shankarpura , to develop socially and economically.
The jasmine is perennial climbing plant with sweet, highly scented flowers. It is native to
the Himalayas, and is considered sacred throughout the region, specifically in India where it is
the sacred flower of Karma, the God of love. It is intertwined into bridal flowers at weddings,
and woven into garlands for important guests at diplomatic functions. Historically it has been
reputed to be an aphrodisiac, and is said to have a marked effort on frigidity and importance. It
is grown for perfumery in France, and added to alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, toiletries
moisturizing lotions, and aromatherapy oils. It is utilized in aromatherapy.
The scientific name of Jasmine is Jasminum officinale. It is called as Chameli in Hindi
language. Delicate Jasmine flowers are shaped like stars and have floral-fruity fragrance which is
so exotic that it fills the air around it with passion and love. If the rose is considered as the
"Queen of flowers", Jasmine is considered as the "King of flowers". Jasmine belongs to the Olive
Family of Shrubs, plants, trees & vines. Olive family has approximately 500 species of shrubs
and Plants & Jasmine are one among them. Jasmine is a climbing shrubs that reached about
meters in height. Climbing shrubs means that a shrub will scramble on walls or climb on fences,
bankings, trees, etc. Jasmine flowers are usually white in colour & are shaped like a start.
Although some species are yellow & have an intense aroma that is sweet & refreshing. Jasmine
flowers gather in small clusters. There are over 200 species of Jasmine, but the essential oil of
Jasmine is extracted only from 2 varieties, namely Jasminum Grandiflorum and Jasminum
Officinalis as mentioned above.
According to botanical history & symbolism, Jasmine flowers were first introduced by
Arabs who used to call by "Yasmyn" flowers. Therefore, Yasmyn is the word from where
Jasmines latest name come from. Ancient people have attributed a lot of Aphrodisiac effects with
Jasmine flowers. Among the Chinese culture Jasmine is famous for its Green Tea which is one of
their Favorite Drinks. In India, Jasmine flowers are famous for their essential oil which is
extracted by placing these flowers amid warm sesame seeds and shelled to acquire the smell of
Jasmine. This aromatic smell of Jasmine is loved by millions of men and women of all ages
around the world. For fashion & beauty purposes, Jasmine oil is also is used as an additional
ingredient in body & face skin products. Jasmine flowers are abundantly used in India to extract

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aromatic oils. Jasmine is also used here for ceremonial purposes. Jasmine is also widely used
ingredient in perfume & cologne.
Jasmine flowers are native to India, China and Iran. Nowadays, Jasmine is cultivated in
various countries around the world but Egypt and India are the largest producers of Jasmine are
Italy, France and Morocco.
NEED FOR THE STUDY
The study helps to understand the cost benefit analysis of Jasmine cultivation in
Shankarapura, Udupi. It helps to know how people from Shankarpura have become successful
after cultivating jasmine flowers. It also helps the reader to understand in which way jasmine has
changed the lifestyle of Shankarpura people.
This project helps to understand how the people from Shankarapura become successful
with their product to improve the society socially and economically. The need is to understand
the success and failures of jasmine cultivation. To assess the extent to which it has been possible
to achieve the aims and objectives of the Jasmine cultivators.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The study is having the following objectives,
 To find out different type of people who are cultivating Jasmine in Shankarpura village.
 To know how socially and economically people have developed in Shankarpura by
cultivating jasmine.
 To know what made them to cultivate Jasmine flowers as this product has become main
income source for their livelihood.
 To find out the cost benefit analysis of jasmine cultivation of shankarpura people.
 To suggest necessary measures to keep good yield and high income by natural and
scientific methods of cultivation.

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SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The project study will illustrate the present status of Shankarpura people who are
cultivating Jasmine flowers there, on their compliance to socio- economical and ethical practices.
The study proposes to build the argument that “Jasmine floriculture has helped the people from
Shankarpura to develop themselves and to stand on their own legs.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE
As it is difficult to study the whole universe, questionnaire will be distributed to almost
80 families which are located in Shankarpura village.
 I have chosen a sample of 80 respondents using the random sampling method for the present
study.
 Since more cultivators are belonging to Christian religion, 66% of the questionnaire will be
distributed to them, and only 26% and 8% of the questionnaire will be distributed to Hindu
and Muslim families respectively.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
1. Primary data:
Primary data is data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience. It will be
collected from questionnaires, which will be circulated among the families in Shankarpura and
further data will be collected from personal interactions and observations. Data also collected
from consulting well known people in this fields, many floriculturist and President of “Udupi
Mallige Belegarara Sangha”.
2. Secondary data:
Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the user. The clear benefit of
using this data is that much of the background work needed has already been carried out. It will
be obtained from books, internet, newspapers, literature reviews and journals.

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SOCIAL RELEVANCE AND CONTRIBUTION
 To educate the rural people.
 To involve themselves in income generating activities and to inculcate savings habit in
them.
 To describe the development and dissemination of modern technologies and land use
practices.
 To encourage them to be self-reliant and to generate indigenous resources to meet their
problems.
 To define the environmental and social criteria that may be used to determine the
sustainability in Jasmine cultivation.
CHAPTER SCHEME
1.Introduction:
This chapter deals with the need for the study, objectives of the study, scope of the study,
materials and methodology of the study, sample size, methods of data collection, social relevance
and contribution and limitations of the study.
2.Literature review:
A literature review is a text written by authors to consider the critical points of
current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological
contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources and as such, do not
report any new or original experimental work. Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a
review of an abstract accomplishment.
3.Profile of the study area:

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It is related to Jasmine cultivator’s location, land requirement and land used, core zone,
infrastructure and demographic details etc.
4.Analysis and interpretation of the data collected:
Data analysis and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the collected
information and determining the conclusions, significance, and implications of the findings.
5.Summary of findings:
An overall review of the topic by analyzing the financial statements using different
methodology.
6.Conclusion and suggestions:
A decision reached by making a detailed study on the topic and by analyzing the financial
statements. The following recommendations stating how will the study made, will help the
company and the overcome crisis.
7.Bibliography:
A list of books, journals, magazines and articles etc. used for making the study
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1) The project study is subjected to only few families which are located in Shankarpura. To
study the observance of cost benefit analysis of all the families from all the religions
would be very difficult.
2) Since less study has been done in floriculture field, compare to agriculture it is difficult to
get all the required data.
3) Shankarpura is almost 60-65 km away from Mangalore. Time constraint was problem to
conduct detailed study.
4) No study has been undertaken by using “Shankarpura Jasmine” as a subject, will be
another limitation for framing Review of Literature.

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5) The sample size of 80 respondents may be inadequate to make a general conclusion about
the topic.
1. Singh. A.K reveals that “Being an integral part of our rich heritage and culture, flower
crops have become source of income as highly remunerative crops. Concerted efforts are
being made in the Country to boost the productivity, quality and export worthiness of
several floricultural crops. With the changing trends and constant urge for new innovative
products, this is imperative to have information about new potential crops with novel
developed varieties and improved production technology. The worldwide interest in
floriculture has also forced the agriculture universities and colleges for their perusal on
teaching the emerging stream floriculture”.
2. According to Panda. H, “There is a definite trend to adopt plant based products due to the
cumulative derogatory effects resulting from the use of antibiotic and synthetics and except
for a few cultivated crops, the availability of plant based material is mainly from the natural
sources like forests and wastelands. There is a need to introduce these crops into the
cropping system of the county, which, besides meeting the demands of the industry, will
also help to maintain the standards on quality, potency and chemical composition”.
3. Nesbitt. Mark, Sir Prance. Ghillean says that, “There are over 1000 plant entries in the
form of concise histories, 200 maps, and 600 black and white illustrations. The A to Z
entries cover food and flowering plants as well as those used for textiles, perfume and
drugs, and include bibliographic information. Appendices include lists of protected species,
plant collection sites, a glossary and a chronology of plant migration”.
4. As per Rev. Fr. Alfred, the Jasmine cultivation is stared in Pangala or in Shankarapura
some 80-100 years ago and that floriculture is maintained and sustained by the people of
Shankarapura and its spread through their relatives in the nearby villages and places. Now
it is estimated that more than 15000 families are engaged in this cultivation to earn their
daily bread, all over Udupi and Dakshina Kannada. The people of Shankarapura felt that
Jasmine cultivation may change the lives of the people; hence they did lot of research
studies in this regard. The year 2000 was also a platinum jubilee year, since the cultivation
started in Shankarapura. Jasmine cultivation is the quiet easy task on the other hand it is

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highly profitable also. It is much more profitable than the cultivation of coconut trees. Fifty
Jasmine plants can be grown in the place of six coconut trees. From six coconut trees one
cannot earn a profit of 10000 Rs. per year. But the minimum income from the fifty Jasmine
plants is not less than 100000 Rs. per year. Moreover a coconut tree needs a year to yield,
where as one can expect Jasmine flower from Jasmine plants in few months. In Jasmine
cultivation all the family members including children and aged people can get involved.
Hence it makes every member of the family proud of being an earning member.
5. Padubidri. Hemanath says that. ”Shankarpura mallige a distinct vareity of jasmine grown
in the households of Shankarpura, has a great demand from January to June annually. It is
also known as udupi mallige because it is groen in the district and known by that name in
India and the global market. This variety of jasmine is essential on all auspicious
occassions, weddings, and religious celebration just as jewellery. although this distinct
variety of jasmone is in great demand in undivided Dakshina Kannada District in the state
and across Indian metros and in the international markets. it is unfortunate that jasmine
growers do not get a fair deal for their labour and trade is in the grip of middlemen.
6. As per Saldana, Manoj, Most of the low and medium level families in urban as well as
rural areas in India suffer due to the unemployment and other social problems. Income
generation is vital for the empowerment of low and medium level income groups. One
popular case study of floriculture is Udupi Mallige which is scientifically known as
“Jasmine Sambac”. Cultivation of this variety of Jasmine started in Shankarapura village in
Udupi District, Karnataka State about 100 years ago. Historical sources say that it was
promoted by Christian priest to help low level and medium level families, in that area to
earn income. Like the families in Shankarapura village have successfully used floriculture
as an income generating activity, low and medium level people from other cities across
India can adopt Jasmine cultivation as an activity to earn income and eradicate poverty.
Moreover this activity takes place early morning and the growers especially women are
free to undertake other work during the day.
7. Pernal. Melwin reveals that “This article deals with the historical aspects of Shankarapura
Mallige. In the 1930’s, people belonging to Udupi District, would go fishing or to work in
coffee estates on Ghats to earn their daily bread and to look after their families. At that time
Fr. Peres took charge at Shankarapura (Pangala) church to cater to the religious needs of

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people. after studying the financial hardships faced by the people and realised that he had
no alternative to staying on. He brought some Jasmine plants from Bhatkal and trained the
people on how to grow them. During those days flowers were widely used for worship in
the temple and for marriage ceremonies. When Shankarapura Jasmine was introduced in
the market it got wide publicity as well as good demand because of its simple charm and
captivating scent.
8. Rao. Narayan says that, Jasmine flowers are mainly used for extracts perfumes and natural
dyes. Dry flowers can be used for decorations and for other happy occasions as well as sad
occasions. Women from rural area can earn 100 Rs. per day from cut flowers, which is
little less but better than the earnings from working as a servant. But it is not a full time
activity. The women will have enough time to earn from other sources as floriculture
requires less time, may be two-three hours in the morning.
9. As per Biswas. Pradeep “Although the number of flower growers has decreased by more
than half in the last years, production has risen steadily to around 1.5 billion flowers in a
year. This is due to technological advancement and an intensive system of production. In
Israel, 50% of total flower production is grown in ultramodern computerised green houses
with approximately 12% grown under netting. The latest innovation is the setting up of the
first of several “green house parks” based on industrial parks, in which farmers grow
flowers in rented green houses with all infrastructure and services supplied”.
The Government of India has setup rented green houses for floriculture near Pune
following the experience from Israel. This system can set up in every city. Plots measuring
less than acre or above are leased to individual farmers. They in turn have to pay a monthly
rental for using the facilities in green house. This concept is very effective as the individual
farmers cannot put up green houses which are very expensive.
10. Randhawa and Mukhopadhyay tells that “Agriculture is considered as a potential source
of livelihood in India. Floriculture has been neglected or rather not focused on. As the book
says, “The potential of floriculture as an industry has not been exploited properly in India.
Floriculture is an intensive type of agriculture and income per unit area from floriculture is
much higher than any other branch of agriculture”. People in urban areas especially women
can cultivate, cut flowers such as roses, marigold and Jasmine, which have high demand.
What is important is some space in the backyard or anywhere in the compound”.

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11. According to Katapady, Avinash, When we talk about Jasmine, the place instantly flashes
to our mind is “Pangala” or “Shankarpura”. It is a small village in Udupi district in
Karnataka, from where the Jasmine has spread its fragrance worldwide. This Jasmine is
called “Shankarapura Mallige” in a local language. Since Jasmine floriculture first started
in Shankarapura 1930’s, it has got the name “Shankarpura Mallige”. Even though later ,
farmers of surrounding villages including Bhatkal, Shirva, Innanje, Moodubelle, Padubelle,
Subashnagar, Katpadi, Belman in Udupi district for over 100 years. With the modernisation
of the technology and transport system, the Jasmine flower reached prime places like
Mangalore and other cities by about 1956. More and more people started engaging
themselves in this business and today almost all the families in some village in Udupi
district grow Jasmine, especially Shankarapura to earn their livelihood.
12. As per Pradeepkumar. T, Horticultural crops are high value crops ensuring maximum
returns to the growers with multiple scopes for value addition. Market driven agriculture
prescribes quality in every stage of production and total quality management is a challenge
to the horticulturist. Present volume on horticultural crop management elaborates the
scientific crop management of horticultural crops starting from selection of soil and
activities related to production and handling of fresh produces in the field. Scope of value
addition, organic farming, protected cultivation, export potential and economic analysis of
production are included.
13. V.L. Sheela, For nature lovers, it is a paradise of colours, forms and shapes. Fragrant
flowers, flowers for bouquet making, flowers for essences and Bonsai are narrated to the
enchantment of students and scholars as well. There are 21 chapters dealing with general
topics in flower trade, standards, markets and global demand and supply. The specific
chapters deal elaborately Anthuriums, Carnations, China Aster, Chrysanthemums, Gerbera,
Gladiolus, Helicorneas, Jasmine, Marigold, Orchids, Roses and Tube roses. An exhaustive
chapter on new cut flowers narrates recent introductions .The Japanese Bonsai is dealt in
exquisite style. Research and development in this sector are separately dealt with. Future
prospects, trends and globalised flower marketing are written for use of Floriculturists.
Modern technology of protected growing of flowers is informative.
14. Larson. A. Roy reveals that, Jasmine is genus of plants. They are shrubs or vines that grow
in moderately warm climates. There are about 200 different species of jasmine. They are

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also quite liked in gardens. Tea can be made from the flowers. Some species are used to
make special oil, perfume or incense. Women, especially from Asia sometimes wear
Jasmine flowers in their hair. Jasmine flowers are white or yellow in color, although in rare
instances they can be slightly reddish. Jasmine flowers are well known for their lovely
smile.
15. According to H.P. Stucky, For a select group of vegetables and fruits comprising peaches,
apples, pecans, grapes, figs, dewberries and blackberries, strawberries, melons, tomatoes,
sweet peppers and potatoes, this volume presents highly useful scientific information,
based on Author lifelong work on their study and production. The detailed information on
each crop has been classified under a variety of thematic sections: Site Selection, Procuring
of Plants, Propagation, Planting and Cultivation, Soil Management, Protection from Insects
and Diseases, Harvesting and Marketing, etc. also, there are special chapters on
management of the home Orchard, the home Vegetable garden and the Beautification of
the home grounds. With highly useful appendices, a comprehensive index and extensive
referencing, the volume holds an enduring appeal for the concerned scholars and students,
as well as professional growers.
16. Vadamalai. Media says that, Floriculture is one of the important branches of Horticulture.
Floriculture crops of late have become commercially important and there is a huge demand
for cutflowers both for internal markets as well as for exports. It was estimated that the
trade value of cutflowers was around Rs. 9.26 crores annually in the five metropolitan
cities of Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, Madras and Bangalore. The National Commission on
Agriculture has projected a target of half-a-million hectares under Floriculture crops.
17. As per Goody. Jack, It takes as its theme the symbolic and transactional uses of flowers in
secular life and religious ritual from ancient Egypt to modern times. He links the use of
flowers to the rise of advanced systems of agriculture, the growth of social stratification,
and the spread of luxury goods, looking at the history of aesthetic horticulture in Europe
and Asia. Other themes which emerge are the role of written texts in building up a culture
of flowers; the importance of trade and communications in disseminating and transforming
attitudes to flowers; the rejection on puritanical grounds of flowers and their artistic
representation, and the multiplicity of meanings which flowers possess. Written from a
broad temporal and geographical perspective, this original and wide-ranging book will

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appeal not only to anthropologists and social historians but also to anyone interested in
flowers and their symbolic function across the centuries.
18. As per A.A. Farooqi, Sreeramu. B.S, In recent years, there has been t Tremendous growth
of interest in plant-based drugs, pharmaceuticals, perfumery products, cosmetics and
aromatic compounds used in food flavours, fragrances, and natural colors. An attempt has
been made in this to provide all possible pooled information including the research findings
that have been generated by the division of Horticultural sciences, The University Of
Agricultural Sciences, The Indian Institute Of Horticultural Research, The Central Institute
Of Medicinal And Aromatic Crops, The National Botanical Research Institute, The
Regional Research Laboratories, Icar, and others.
19. Board. Niir says that, Plant propagation is an important aspect of agriculture in general
and horticulture in particular. This book contains new methods for cultivation of tropical,
subtropical fruits and flowers. The book is very useful for agriculture universities library,
consultants, new entrepreneurs, plantation companies, farmers who wants to update their
knowledge and adopt new cultivation techniques.
20. Shri. Sathyan. BN says that, The South Kanara district has a luxuriant vegetation and
flower plants are grown to a considerable extent. Being a coastal area with excessive
humidity, flowers usually grown in the plateau are not grown here except Jasmine which is
a popular variety, the plants of this flower are grown, for instance, in the areas of Bijai,
Derebail and in the neighborhood of Mangalore city.
21. Website: http:///wiki/Mysore_mallige
There are many projects which focus only on agriculture in urban areas. In India the
boom in price of flower was an incentive for many people in urban as well as rural areas
of the country to cultivate flowers, on their fields using green house technology.
Floriculture should not see in isolation as income generating activity for families like low
and medium income. It is supplemental to their existing income. The women can attend
other daily work like household and labor. They just require is some extra time and effort
to earn some extra income.

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After review of past studies, it observed that, floriculture is important as regard to income
generation activity.. It proved by past studies; flower production is getting more earning
other than any ordinary crops. There is vast scope to do comparative analysis of field
cultivation of flowers in Shankarpura as study area. So that there is need to conduct such
study. Therefore, researcher has conducted such study to investigate Socio–economic
development through jasmine floriculture in Shankarpura.

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The Jasmine cultivation was started in Shankarpura about 80-100 years ago. Floriculture
is maintained and sustained by the people there and it spread through them and their relatives to
the nearby villages and places. Now it is estimated that more than 15000 families are engaged in
their cultivation to earn their daily bread all over Udupi and Dakshina Kannada. Today it is not
only very famous in Udupi and Dakshina Kannada Districts but also its fragrance is spread over
to national as well as to an international level.
SHANKARAPURA VILLAGE
Shankarpura is a tiny hamlet in Udupi District, Karnataka state, India. A road
from Katapady on NH-17(now NH-66) takes you to Shankarpura. It is famous for Jasmine
flowers grown here. This tiny place is dominated by Christians who mainly
grow Jasmine flowers. These flowers are transported to Dubai, Mangalore and Mumbai on the
same day. Also Cashew is grown in this place. The place has a Roman Catholic Church i.e. St.
John's Evangelist Church and English Medium High School and Junior College. The Kannada
medium school here started functioning 100 years back. The people from this region get good
primary education here and migrate to the Gulf countries or to the metros. This region has a good
medical facility as there is a Government medical clinic in Subhasnagar, a private clinic in
Shankarapura. There is fuel station opened in Shankarapura recently. This small place is well
connected by buses from Shirva/Manchakal and Udupi. You can reach Innanje, Katapady, kaup,
subhasnagar from this place. There are roads connecting Shankarapura to Moodabettu NH
66 and Kaupu. There are branches of 4 nationalised banks in Shankarapura.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
According to ancestors, cultivation of Jasmine was from the 1930’s, when the British
were still in India and India had not got Independence. It was still under the Dakshina Kannada
district and had not separated to be the Udupi district. The ruler at that time is unknown.
According to the survey on the topic "A Study on cost benefit analysis of Jasmine growers of
Shankarapura in Udupi District", the few secondary information, and personal interviews will
explain about that the birth place of jasmine and its existence i.e. its birth place and now where it

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has reached. In order to earn their livelihood, the ancestors involved them in fishing occupations,
agriculture and used to work in the coffee estates. Their financial status was very poor and they
had no education, as today basic qualification is required for every individual to stand on his own
feet.
TYPES OF OCCUPATION
1. Fishing:
People of Shankarapura chose their occupation as fishing as they lived near the sea and a
river which flows nearby their dwellings. Fishing was the main occupation of the people of
Shankarapura before the 1930’s even before they practiced floriculture. To fulfill the basic needs
and requirements they practiced fishing. The food for the family depended on the fish which
came on the nets, but if the man was unlucky his family too was, as they had to sleep empty
stomach but if he had caught fish even a small one then he would celebrate with his family.
Mr. Andrew Sequiera says, when satisfying basic needs- food, clothing and shelter was so
difficult for the people in Shankarapura, educating their children was something which they
never even thought about. Unlike the present generation where Doctors want their son or
daughter to be the future doctors, similarly the people of Shankarapura took their children and
their siblings to the sea and taught them fishing not because they should be fishermen or
fisherwomen but just to get some food for the day. Considering fishing as their profession
without thinking they belonged to different caste, creed or sex they moved in to the sea and
caught fish and even a small amount of fish they shared among themselves and saw that every
family got a little bit of it. They practiced “sharing is caring”.
Fishing was not an easy task. A man leaves his home early in the morning, telling his
wife and children he’ll be back by dawn. But there are many cases where people have lost their
lives may be due to a wild storm or a whirlpool, and their wives along with their children wait
and wait for their husbands and he returns in the coffin. Fishing is the job which is highly risky.
Fishing is the primary occupation just to fill their stomach.

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2. Working For Coffee Estates In Western Ghats
Just like fishing, people involved themselves working at the estates. They moved away
from home and went a long way. They stayed for months together, sometimes years together.
Sometimes men formed groups and went, but sometime took their family along. When the
researcher questioned them “What inspired you to work in coffee estates?” he got a reply saying,
after seeing the standard of living of the people who were working in estates they made up their
mind to join the estates as they were paid on a daily wage, with which it was possible for them to
look after their families. In the case of fishing there are times they used to return back home
empty handed without a single fish. But in the estates, the landlords gave them their daily wages
with which they could buy food for themselves.
People who had worked in the estates had shared only their positive experiences and the
positive experience made them so happy that they never asked for the negative once. But after
going there they realised that there were no fixed working hours, they were made to slog like
dogs whole day, they did not have any job security nor any job satisfaction but just work from
dusk to dawn. But they felt it was far better than fishing. In fishing they could not fill their
stomach everyday but in the estate there was no any problem as such they could satisfy their
wives and children.
Agriculture
Apart from fishing and working in estates, the other occupation practiced by the people
of Shankarapura was agriculture but only a few families chose agriculture as their occupation.
But there was no proper technology because of which there were problems. Rains were very
irregular; the fields would not be maintained properly. Technology is very essential and because
of the backwardness of technology the production was not a success. Proper manure was
available but it was just natural manure.
People grew coconuts and arecanuts in their places. Earlier people used to own a lot of
property and so it was easy for them to grow vegetables and other crops in and around their
houses. They planted trees in the fields but they were finding it difficult to get labour. It was not
possible for them to provide the labourers with wages. So they were still searching for
development which was far away.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO FLORICULTURE
In India flowers are an integral part of our religious, cultural and social rituals. Their
cultivation has been going on for centuries. But recently increasing investments have been made
in floriculture as a commercial activity. The availability of diverse climatic and physical
conditions facilitated the production of a wide range of flowers all through the year. Cheaper
labour and the availability of large scientific manpower in the country helped in making the
enterprise cost-effective. According to an estimate by the Working Group under the Eighth Five
Year Plan floriculture occupied a total area of 30,924 hector (73,971 hector in 1998-99).
Traditionally, flowers have been grown in India in the open fields, where they have been
exposed to both biotic and biotic stresses.
It is not possible to define floriculture in the sense as one can define a triangle in the
language of geometry. But possibly the closest definition "Floriculture is the art of knowledge of
growing flower to perfection."But this definition is not complete as floriculture includes not only
flower but also many ornamental plants and others. But if the term floriculture is preferred it
should mean not only the culture of flower but also ornamental plants.
Thus, Floriculture, or flower farming, is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the
cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry, comprising the floral
industry. The segment of horticulture concerned with commercial production, marketing, and
sale of bedding plants, cut flowers, potted flowering plants, foliage plants, flower arrangements,
and noncommercial home gardening the development, via plant breeding, of new varieties is a
major occupation of floriculturists. Floriculture crops include bedding plants, houseplants,
flowering garden and pot plants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers. As distinguished from
nursery crops, floriculture crops are generally herbaceous. Bedding and garden plants consist of
young flowering plants (annuals and perennials) and vegetable plants.
In earlier times, farmers allotted a small area of their farm for growing flowers, largely to
supplement their income. The floriculture was restricted to the growing of traditional crops like
marigold, jasmine, China aster, chrysanthemum and rose (desi) which have been used as loose
flowers, sometimes value added in the form of garlands. These crops still occupy about two-third
of the total area under floriculture in the country. Crops like marigold are grown all over the

19
country and are now available all through the year. In terms of trade, their value covers nearly
half of the total value of flowers marketed. The bulk of farmers engaged in commercial
floriculture are small farmers, who still grow flowers only as a segment in their traditional
farming system due to the lack of systematic development of this sector.
Modern-day floriculture relates more production of high-value cut flower crops like rose,
gladiolus, carnation, orchids, to anthodium, lilium and gerbera. The commercitivation of these
crops started mostly in the houses of affluent farmers. The introduction new range of products
changed the floriculture considerably. While the returns from a unit growing these flowers were
quite high, the investments required restricted number of plan was only during the Eighth Plan
period than Government recognised the need for systematic development of this sector and
introduced a scheme commercial floriculture.
USE OF INDIAN FLOWERS
People can focus on growing flowers for cutting, such as chrysanthemums and
carnations, or flowers destined for flower arrangements. Floriculture also involves the production
of ornamental houseplants, and decorative plants grown outdoors, along with bedding plants
which can be established in the garden. Bulbs and seeds are also cultivated in some greenhouses.
In addition to producing a steady supply to plants to meet demand, many greenhouses work on
developing unique cultivations, such as plants with unusually colored flowers or distinctive
variegated foliage.
As we said before the Indian flowers are an integral part of the Indian ecosystem and they
are also an inseparable part of the Indian culture. The Indian flowers are found in almost all parts
of the country and the Indian people plant flower trees in gardens, in order to decorate
themselves and also to enhance the beauty of their residence. The flowers have a special place in
the Indian literature; just like world literature, the Indian literary personalities have also
mentioned flowers in most of their notable creations. Ancient Indian literature is also full with
names of a variety of flowers. Historical records prove that people of all ages, during the various

20
periods in history, have used flowers mainly for decorative purposes and also as a gesture of
welcoming and wishing good luck.
In Mythology: The ancient Hindu epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana have
descriptions about different kinds of Indian flowers. The Indian flowers have been an essential
part of Hindu worshipping for the past several centuries. It is a very popular tradition in India of
offering flowers to the God, as a symbol of their love and devotion. Apart from Lord Krishna,
almost all the other Gods and Goddesses also have their respective flower of liking. The famous
Indian flower and also the National Flower of India, Lotus has a mention in the ancient Sanskrit
scripture of the Vedic era. The renowned Indian literary personality, Kalidasa has also mentioned
about Lotus in his play Shakuntala.
In Modern Day: The Indian flowers are used quite widely by the Indian people during
wedding ceremonies. In fact, no wedding can be celebrated in India without flowers. They set the
exact joyous mood and tone for the event and are mainly used as garlands, decorations, and as
bouquets. There are several usages of flowers. Like for instance, a flower can lighten a room
adding more colour and making it more vibrant and appealing.
The Indian flowers are mainly grown in the gardens, bushes, roadsides, forests, etc. and
they are of two principal types, like fragrant or decorative flowers and the wild flowers. Indian
flowers include the orchids, musk rose, begonia, balsam, rhododendron, globe amaranth, glory
lily, foxtail lily, primula, blue poppy, lotus, water lily, etc. Most of these Indian flowers are also
being widely cultivated in different countries in the world. There are also several Indian flowers
that have won the hearts of people from all over the world. Some of these flowers include the
jasmine, madhavi, rose, peacock flower, sunflower, queen`s flower, marigolds, bulbs, saffron
flower, Rio Grande Trumpet Flower, etc.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE
Though many people are educated about floriculture, there are others who brush away the
idea as a luxury or even a wastage of money. But the significance and importance of
floriculture cannot be ignored or by passed so lightly. Flowers symbolise purity, beauty, peace,
love and passion. To Japanese flower arranger, each flower express one or more meaning. To an

21
Indian especially to Hindus flowers have a much greater significance. A devoted Hindu needs
flowers every morning for religious offering to the family deity. It is estimated that above 30%
of the total cut flowers consumed in India are used for worship (as a study by anonymous 1976).
The aesthetic value of flowers in our daily life cannot be over emphasized. In our society no
social function without the use of flowers. Floral garlands etc are needed for marriage
ceremonies. The use of Gajra and Vein is not limited to such occasions as marriage only; these
are also used as adornment for hair by our women of all ages especially in the south, every
morning, evening or even all through the day. Floral ornaments, bouquets or flower arrangement
also find a pride of place in social gathering, birthday parties welcoming a home coming friend
or relatives and honoring dignitaries .The arrival of new borne is rejoiced with flower the sick
are wished speedy recovery by offering flowers, while the dead are bidden fare well with flower
along with tears of sorrow. Even those who dismiss floriculture as a luxury cannot offered to do
without flower when occasion comes
The potential of floriculture as an industry has not been exploited properly. Floriculture is
an insensitive type of agriculture and income per unit area from floriculture is much higher than
any other branch of agriculture. In market such as Delhi and Bombay a single spike of gladiolus
may sell up to Rs 3, similarly cut blooms of Roses, Jasmine, marry gold. Some other following
annuals have a very good market in metro Politian cities of India.
It is estimated that 50% of flowers sold in the cities of Madras, Bangalore and Bombay
are utilized for making Gajra and Vein and up to 70% of the flower sold in Calcutta are for
decoration purpose. The business said to be quite profitable and nationalized banks advance
loans to the cultivators to promote the floriculture industry.
The sale of loose flowers like jasmine is a roaring business especially in southern India
and also in Bombay and Calcutta. The flowers are used mostly for making Gajra and garland as
well as for worship. Not much flower is utilized for the extraction of jasmine oil though this is a
highly remuneration products. There are great demands for good quality of flowers which are not
at present in short supply.

22
INTRODUCTION TO JASMINE
Think of any occasion and you can smell its presence long before it catches your eyes.
Just like its name which is so feminine, romantic, luminous and so exquisite, Jasmine is a love at
first sniff. In Arabic and Persian it is called Yasmin which means "gift from God”. There isn’t
a corner on this globe where this majestic flower is not known, but despite its global familiarity.
Jasmine is part of floriculture or flower farming, which is a discipline of horticulture concerned
with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry, comprising
the floral industry. The development plant breeding of new varieties is a major occupation of
floriculturists.
Jasmine is a popular flower which is available throughout the world. Basically, Jasmine
is a flower of the tropical temperate regions of the world. It is a fragrant flower and is said to
have originated in the Himalayan regions in western China. This flower has reached India
through cultivation. Jasmine is also known by the name of Jessamine (Jasminum). Jasmine
flowers are said to be the genus of shrubs and vines in the family Oleaceae. There are around
200 species of Jasmine; most of the Jasmine flowers are white, but few species with yellow
flower can also be found.
Widely cultivated for its flowers, jasmine is enjoyed in the garden, as a house plant, and
as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and Southeast Asia. The
delicate jasmine flower opens only at night and may be plucked in the morning when the tiny
petals are tightly closed, then stored in a cool place until night. The petals begin to open between
six and eight in the evening, as the temperature lowers.
CULTIVATION OF JASMINE: AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL OCCUPATION
Failure is a stepping stone for success. As saying goes, everybody who failed in their
lives has a second chance to come up in life. People practiced various occupations like fishing,
working in estates and finally agriculture. Fishing fetched them with food but sometimes left
them hungry, estates provided them with the good wages but the working conditions and the
work environment did not satisfy them because of which they did not continue. The income
accruing from agriculture is the main source of our national income. But that too did not work
for a long time.

23
At that time in a Parish (Church) presently called as St. John the Evangelist Church,
Moodabettu village, Shankarapura; there came a priest who had come to fulfill the spiritual
requirements of the people: Rev. Fr. Peres. When he saw the people in that surroundings and
their financial condition, he felt pity for the people and he decided himself that he has to do
something for the people, so that they can lead a better life. He visited every house of that place
and spoke to them personally, their wants and needs, and the way they are struggling to fulfill
their wants and needs. Rev. Fr. Peres after collecting information i.e. after talking to the families
thought to himself that he can ask the people to start with cultivating small crops in their homes.
He wanted them to start with the small crop because he had observed that people cultivating big
crops had drawbacks. When his thought was to be in action he thinks of a family residing in
Bhatkal cultivating “Jasmine"
During that period, this family in Bhatkal, a relative of the priest practiced cultivation of
Jasmine. Along with them, they had many other people from Bhatkal who came up in life, just
by growing Jasmine and when the priest analyses the people of Bhatkal and Shankarapura, he
feels that people of Shankarapura can also practice cultivation of Jasmine. He decided to
experiment his observations by telling the people and taking their opinion about cultivating
Jasmine. He brings few plants from Bhatkal and calls people together. Making these people
agree for the cultivation of Jasmine was something next to impossible because the people had no
knowledge about Jasmine and they had no education at all. The priest was striving hard to
convince the crowd but they not only ignored the suggestion but they never showed any interest
when he was talking.
The priest was disheartened that the people will never understand his feelings or what he
actually wanted to tell them. Even then he did not loose hopes and he planted the jasmine plants
in the Church premises. Once the Jasmine started to grow, its fragrance filled in the air and this
was the first Jasmine called “Shankarapura Mallige”. People who came to church happen to see
this plant and buds which grew on it and one family even asked the priest for the plant and there
started the cultivation of Jasmine.
“The plant planted with the good heart will always bear good fruit” and so did this little
plant. As this plant grew, it gave flowers to its owner. Now the priest decided to educate the
family who took interest in planting the Jasmine and at this time he knew he will not be

24
disheartened. He educated them as to how to pluck the bud and how to tie them together, so the
family took this plantation as a hobby and not as an occupation.
Now the question raised was what to do with the flowers:- whether to sell them, if yes,
whom to sell or use them for personal use. So with this confusion this family again runs to the
priest and that time priest makes an arrangement to sell the flower. The priest appoints a man to
collect the flowers from this family and give it to the person who travels to Bhatkal daily. But
transportation was a tedious process, there were neither good roads nor bridges, therefore three
or four persons would collect the entire stocks of flowers and travels to different places like
Kundapur, Kallianpur, Karkal and Mulki, on foot or by bicycle. Thus chapter deals with the
historical aspects of Shankarapura Mallige.
In the evening they would return and share the sales proceeds with the people from whom
they took the flowers. But the problem was the price at which they had to sell them. It depended
on the demand at the given place, hence, the amount collected was not uniform. So to solve this
disparity, Fr. Peres decided to work out an arrangement so that all could get equal share of profit.
He formed a committee of four local persons who are engaged in the sales as well as cultivation.
This system is still working effectively today and helps the growers to decide the price uniformly
without any bias. As days passed by, ten plants became twenty and twenty became fifty, the
number rolled on and on.
ROLE OF FLORICULTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA
In India floriculture is not getting the priority it deserves, though it has a great role to
play, as shall be clear from forgoing discussion. It is an intensive type of agriculture and income
per acre is much higher than any other agricultural product, if it is done in a scientific way.
First, we should not neglect the great aesthetic value of flowers in daily life. Growing
colorful flowers in the house compound and in the parks will greatly enhance the beauty of the
surroundings in the countryside, town and the cities. They will also meet the daily necessities of
our life such as adoring the hair or for indoor decoration or for offering to god and goddesses.
Flowers also bring happiness to life and boost sagging spirits. Our old cities and towns are
shabby-looking. If the citizen and the municipalities encourage the growing of flower, at least
partly the cities will look much more beautiful. This is true for the new industrial townships that

25
are coming up so frequently and which offer a much greater opportunity for growing flowers for
beautification and usage.
Commercially floriculture can open up great opportunities to our poor farmers. Our
country has divided climatic conditions which offer the scope for growing several kinds of
commercial flowers. The cultivator can deploy a part of their land for growing commercial and
common flowers such as marigold, jasmine, etc which do not require much care and generally
earn more profit than other crops. The government can organize the flower growers into societies
and offer them help in selling their produce through a network of retail stores in the big cities,
hotels and markets, thus eliminating the problem of middlemen. In the recent times India has
made good progress in industry and agriculture. As consequence there are now more affluent
people who can afford to buy flowers and floricultural products. This has also enlarged the
markets for cosmetics a wide Varity of which use floricultural by-products such as perfumes and
aromatics as their ingredients. Some of the essential oils from such of flowers as jasmine, rose
used in the manufacture of these cosmetics are priced as high as Rs8000 to Rs12000 per kg. The
government can organize this trade on a corporative basis and establish modern extraction plants
for essential oil, thus bringing a good income to the poor flower growers.
Thus, floriculture results in social-economic development of growers who engaged in the
business of growing flowers such as jasmine rose etc.
SCOPE FOR FLORICULTURE
In India, floriculture is only a developing subject and offers much scope for
improvement. This problem can be tackled from several angles.
Conservation, Domestication and Introduction: India is rich in its plant resource, many of
which are of ornamental values and some are potentially ornamental. Much of this wealth is
wasted as a result of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and unscrupulous collection.
Domestication of wild plants with potential ornamental value is another way of improving
garden wealth. In the process of domestication, possibly in an altogether different climate, the
wild plants generally pass through many changes, which itself may cause some chance

26
improvement. We have some very good plants in the wild with potential ornamental value which
can be domesticated under quite different climates.
Introduction of plants either from the wild with potential ornamental value or from
abroad offers good scope for enriching ornamental plans. Initially we should introduce from the
wild, plants with potential ornamental value which can be improved upon by systematic
breeding. Simultaneously, plants of proven quality can be introduce from abroad and
acclimatized in our country.
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT TO IMPROVE FLORICULTURE IN INDIA
The Government of India has withdrawn import duty on the seeds, tubers, saplings and
cuttings of flowers to improve the quality and output of flowers in the country. The Government
has proposed to establish 10 model floriculture centers in different parts of the country to
encourage floriculture activities. One high technology based floriculture project from the
technical assistance from Holland with an investment of Rs. 42 crores has been started near
Bangalore on a land area of 200 hectares. Nine other centers using latest green house technology
for growing commercial flowers have been proposed of which work has already started on four
such centers. Two model farms of 'tissue culture' are being developed in Karnataka and Uttar
Pradesh.
Since modern floriculture is highly capital- intensive the Government should provide
financial assistance to cultivators through commercialised banks and other agencies on easy
terms. A three- hectare floriculture farm requires a capital investment of about Rs. 3 crores
which is beyond the reach of ordinary farmers. There is a need for developing an organised
marketing system to handle the trade in floriculture both for internal use and external export. The
Government should set up appropriate marketing infrastructure in the major production zones
and provide export concessions to make floriculture products more competitive in the
international market. Thus, considering the highly perishable nature of the products, it required
facilities of cool chains needs to be kept in mind. There is also need for developing new varieties
of flowers which could be grown in agriculturally less suitable areas so that expansion of
floriculture could not prove detrimental to the agricultural development.

27
The floriculture industry is sometimes criticized because it uses a great deal of natural
resources such as water. Greenhouses tend to be located in semitropical regions where conditions
are ideal for growing flowers, but this means that the flowers need to be shipped across vast
distances to reach consumers. The use of fossil fuels in the movement of flowers around the
world has been a target of concern among environmentalists, as have working conditions in some
greenhouses, where workers may be exposed to harsh agricultural chemicals without adequate
protection.
Commercial crops are grown either in the field or under protected cultivation, such as in
glass or plastic structures. Field production is confined to warm climates or to summer months in
colder areas. Typical field crops are gladiolus, peonies, stock, gypsophila, asters, and
chrysanthemums. Greenhouse production is not as confined by climate or season, but most
greenhouses are located in areas that have advantages such as high light intensity, cool night
temperatures, or ready access to market. Jet air transportation resulted in major changes in
international crop production.
HORTICULTURE – AN INTRODUCTION
Horticulture is discussed as a subdivision under the agriculture. Therefore, these two have
similar characteristics in one hand. On the other hand, they are different to each other. Word
horticulture is a combination of two Latin words hortus (garden) and cultura (cultivation).
Horticulture is practiced in small scale with enclosed plots. Horticulture is mainly the crop
cultivation. Horticultural practices apply the same techniques as in agriculture, but, unlike in the
agriculture, it promotes the biodiversity and the ecological succession. Therefore, cultivation of
diverse species at a small scale could be seen in horticultural practices. Cultural methods of pest
controlling are applied in horticulture. There are two major groups in horticulture. They are
ornamental group and edible group. Ornamental group includes Arboriculture, floriculture, and
landscaping, while the edible group includes floriculture, pomology, and viticulture.
Horticulture, being one of the important sectors of Indian agriculture, plays an important
role in the economy of the country. There are several horticulture crops suitable for almost all the
agro-climatic zones of the country. Currently horticulture contributes 28 per cent of agricultural

28
GDP. Country has emerged as the world's largest producer of Mango, Banana, Coconut and the
second largest producer and exporter of Tea, Coffee, Cashew and Spices. About 39 per cent
mango and 23 per cent banana of the world are produced in India. The country has recorded
highest productivity (25.4 tones/ha) in the case of grapes in the world. Only 2 per cent of
horticulture produce is processed, 0.4 per cent is exported and about 20-30 per cent is lost or gets
wasted in market chain. Exports of fresh and processed fruits, vegetables, cut flowers, dried
flowers have also been picking up. Production of fruits and vegetables in India currently pegged
at level of 202.68 million tons (NHB, 2008), which was planned to be increased to 300 million
tons by 2012 (GOI, 2002).
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE
 Both agricultural practices and horticultural practices use the same techniques.
 Agriculture includes crop cultivation as well as animal husbandry, while the concern of
horticulture is mainly on crop cultivation.
 In agriculture, the main concern is about human consumption, and in horticulture, the
concern is about consumption and ornamental purposes. Ornamental group includes
Arboriculture, floriculture and landscaping, while edible group includes floriculture,
pomology and viticulture.
 Agricultural practices are large scale farming, but horticultural practices are small scale
and mainly farming in the garden.
 Since the concern of agricultural practices is about mono-cropping or mono-culture, it is
at the primary stage of succession. Therefore, it will weaken the ecological succession
and reduce biodiversity. Horticultural practices ensure the development of biodiversity
and strengthen the ecological succession.
 Traditional methods of the weed control and the pest control are common in horticulture,
but application of artificial or chemical herbicides or pesticides is common in agriculture.
 Perennial crop cultivation is common in horticulture, while annual crop cultivation is
common in the agriculture.

29
Botanical description
Jasmine Plant is small and bushy with leaves of light green with yellowish shade 5-7 *
2.5-3.5cm, nerves slightly raised beneath, acute at both ends, entire ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in
cymose inflorescence and borne in the axils and also terminal. Calyx 6, petals 6-8 bract etc. fruits
are small 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter. The laterite soil condition of the region, high humidity and
heavy rainfall (more than 2500-3000 mm/98-120 in per annum) makes area suitable for growing
this crop. Propagation is mainly by cutting. Planting is done in the month of August- September.
Even before the exodus from of men from Shankarapura began, the Jasmine enterprise
was a woman’s show. The day begins early, in most homes, as the women go out into the garden
at dawn, picking out the buds sighted the evening before. Soon all the Jasmine is picked and the
rest of the household, by now awake, will be stringing them. Shankarapura people have made
Jasmine stringing into a fine art. Generations of them have been doing it in this place, stringing
of Jasmine is in a similar fashion in every house.
As many 800 flowers placed alternates, stalk up and down from a length called 'chendu'.
When four 'chendus' each folded six time over, are packed and tied with banana fiber, one atte of
Jasmine is ready to be taken to the 'Mallige Katte' or Auction yard. In other words 800 flowers
make one 'chendu', four 'chendus' make one 'Atte'.
Shankarapura Mallige is specially used for garlands, especially at weddings and other
auspicious occasions and for making garlands for worship at temples dieties. The Jasmine,
which is growing in Shankarapura, widely cultivated for flowers, enjoyed in the garden as house
plants and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in Southern and South
East Asia. They are exported and thus highly remunerative to the farmers. The median uses are
as anti-depressant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, Aphrodisiac, Sedative and Uterine.
This is the special variety of Jasmine along with Mysore Mallige, Hadagali Mallige is
synonymous with the aroma of the soil of temple town. The fragrance of Jasmine is spread
across far off places with Geographical Indication (GI) tag. In fact absence of this flower variety
in any of the ceremonies held in these areas blots the impressions of incompleteness. However
the reality is sour in contrast to the fame and the popularity of the Jasmine buds. The cultivation
covers the pretty vast area in Shankarapura, Bhatkal, Innanje, Heroor Shirva, Katapadi,

30
Padubidri, Belman, Moodubelle, Padubelle, Subashnagar etc. The Shankarapura Mallige is the
source of livelihood for many people in these areas.
Geographical Indication (GI)
A Geographical Indication or GI is the protection given to a reputable product either man
made or natural. If the applicant can conclusively prove that, the unique character, reputation of
the product is attributable to a specific quality, attributable to only the geographical region,
where the product is produced and which may not be replicable to the same standard in any other
region. The uniqueness being attributable to the soil, climate, cultivating practices of their
respective geographical regions. The logic of protecting them as a GI is quite similar (but not the
same) to that of a trademark with the important distinction that GI protection is a community
right, i.e. it is given to all manufacturers/producers of a product in a certain designated area, if
their products meets the certifications, standards laid down, by a collective society. To get a GI
protection, reputation has to be provided before registration. GI is defined both in the TRIPS and
in Indian “the Geographical Indication of Goods” (registration and protection) Act 1999.
Benefits of GI:
An expert committee headed by the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and
Trademarks, attached to the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry India, who also as the
Registrar of GI approved the GI patent not only to Shankarapura Mallige but also to the two
other varieties available in Karnataka in September 2007. An entry to the “Geographical
Indication Registry” provides exclusive rights to the local community to cultivate the crops for
10 years. With this GI tag or patent nobody from outside, this specific geographical region will
be allowed to sell under the same name. Besides the community ownership of the crop, the
horticulture department offers technical assistance, to the growers of the crop registered under
GI. With the GI tag the bond between Shankarapura and the Mallige flower has now grown
stronger.
Flower power has a vast reach consignments are sent to Udupi, Kundapur, Mangalore
and Kasargod and Kallikote. Most of the time Shankarapura meets the annual requirements of
Jasmine. Picking and stringing the flower takes up the whole morning, since the 'attes' have to

31
reach the auction centre before noon. Evenings see watering, weeding spraying insecticides and
tending. Most of the players in the Jasmine enterprise belong to the Konkani speaking Christian
community. The Brahmin families are more into growing coconut, areca nut, banana, mango and
other fruits on larger holdings..
SHANKARAPURA JASMINE: A SYMBOL OF SECULARISM
When one utters “Shankarapura Jasmine”, name of a variety of Jasmines, the thought that
crosses, peoples mind first here is probably a large number of Catholic families engaged in its
cultivation. The cultivation of Jasmine is started by, these families in the year 1930s', though the
motivation had come from a priest who came there to a parish to cater to the religious needs of
the people.
However a majority of the demand for these flowers comes from Hindus, in Udupi and
Dakshina Kannada districts, although the largest growers of them are Christians. Hindu temples
use them to decorate the deities and in all the auspicious occasions like pooja ceremony and the
rest. “Shankarapura Jasmine” which is more fragrant than the other two varieties, i.e. Hadagali
Mallige and Mysore Mallige, spreads its aroma in most Hindu marriages, religious and other
functions. But barring in their marriages, Christians seldom use flower especially Jasmine.
This Queen of Jasmine has been part of ‘prasada’ offered to devotees in temples for ages.
“This may be sending the message that Hindus and Christians should leave together in co-
operation” said a temple priest. In the book “Ekatha” a directory of Christian churches in Udupi
and Dakshina Kannada districts published in 2003, writer Pius Fidelis Pinto states “Some of
them were very successful as gardeners in Shankarapura surrounding areas. They grew Jasmine
and other sweet scented flowers which were purchased by the Hindus for various purposes”.
In the market, Jasmine belongs to Hindus, Christians and Muslims together. Hameed
Kandat, President of Mangalore Central Market Merchants Association said “Jasmine grown by
Christians arrive in the market here. There are only three wholesale flower merchants. Of them,
one is Hindu and other two are Muslims. Two Hindu merchants in the Car Street buy it from
wholesale traders and supply them mainly to Hindu temples in the city. Other retail merchants
also buy it from wholesale merchants. Thus Shankarapura Mallige not only developed people
socially and economically, the symbols of secularism and cultural importance have developed
through Shankarapura Jasmine.

32
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE 4.1 SHOWING GENDER WISE CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
Gender wise classification of respondents helps us to know better the category they
belong and also to know the nature of respondents.
Response No. of respondents Percentage
Male 59 74
Female 21 26
Total 80 100
Source: Field Survey Data
Interpretation :
Here the analysis says that 74% of respondents belong to male category and rest 26% of
them belong to female category.
TABLE 4.2 SHOWING RELIGION WISE CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS
Religion No. of respondents Percentage
Hindu 21 26
Muslim 6 8
Christian 53 66
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
From the study it is found that the major portion, i:e 66% of respondents are from
Christian religion. As history says that, Christians were the one who started this occupation first,
compared to others. 26% of them are Hindu and rest only 8% of them are Muslims.

33
TABLE 4.3 EDUCATION
Education plays an important role in the development of people. Table 4.4 shows the
clear picture about the education of respondents. However here respondents were asked to
specify other educational background, if they do not fall under any of the given option.
Education No. of respondents Percentage(%)
Primary 35 44
Secondary 24 30
PUC 6 8
Degree 10 12
Post graduation 3 4
Other (Specify) 2 2
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The analysis clearly indicates that large percentage of respondents are having either
primary level or secondary level of education, that is 44% and 30% respectively. Only 12% them
are graduates and 8% of them are PUC level. 4% of them are post graduates and 2% of them
ticked for others.

34
TABLE 4.4 INCOME OF THE FAMILY
Income level No. of respondents Percentage (%)
> 50000 13 16
50001-100000 18 22
100000-200000 22 28
200000-300000 13 16
<3000000 14 18
Total 80 100
CHART 4.4: INCOME OF THE FAMILY
Interpretation :
Here the analysis says that 28% of them are falling in the income level of 100000-
200000, 22% of them are having income level of 5000-10000, 16% of them are having below
50000 income and 200000-300000 and 18% of them are 300000 above income. it shows that
jasmine growers come from different income groups.
16
22
28
16 18
> 50000 50001-100000 100000-200000 200000-300000 <3000000

35
TABLE 4.5: REASONS TO START JASMINE FLORICULTURE
Reasons No of respondents Percentage(%)
Ancestral occupation 48 60
High profit margin 12 14
Availability of good
sources
6 8
Motivation by others 14 18
Any other 0 0
Total 80 100
CHART 4.5: REASONS TO START JASMINE FLORICULTURE
Interpretation :
Chart 4.5 shows that, most of the families started Jasmine cultivation because it was their
ancestral occupation (60%) , 18% of them are motivated by others to cultivate Jasmine. 14% of
them thought that, it is a high profit oriented occupation, so they undergone with it, only 8% of
them feels that availability of good sources made them to start Jasmine floriculture. However
respondents were asked to specify other reasons, but no one responded.
60%14%
8%
18%
0%

36
TABLE 4.6: OTHER OCCUPATION
Other crop/work No of respondents Percentage (%)
Arecanut 27 34
Paddy 21 26
Rubber 8 10
Rolling beedi 11 14
Any other (Geans shop) 5 6
None other 8 10
Total 80 100
CHART 4.6: OTHER OCCUPATION
Interpretation :
From the above anlysis it is revealed that 34% of them are growing Arecanut, 26% of
them grow Paddy, 14% of them involving themselves in the work of rolling beedi, 10% of them
are growing commercial crop Rubber, 6% of them are having other own shop ( geans ) and 10%
of them are not having any other crop or other work to do
34%
26%
10%
14%
6%
10%
Arecanut
Paddy
Rubber
Rolling Beedi
Geans Shop
None other

37
TABLE 4.7: PROFIT MARGIN
Profit margin No of respondents Percentage (%)
In other Agricultural holdings 8 10
Jasmine Cultivation 72 90
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The study reveals that according to Jasmine growers, 90% of them feel that, they have
more profit in Jasmine floriculture and rest only 10% of them feel that, in other agriculture
holdings they have more profit margins.
TABLE 4.8: NO. OF YEARS OF BUSINESS
Years No of respondents Percentage (%)
Less than 10 years 14 18
Since 10-15 years 18 22
Since 15-20 years 13 16
Above 20 years 35 44
Total 80 100
Source : Field survey data
Interpretation :
The study analyzes that 44% of them are there in the floriculture business for more than
20 years, and 22% of them are there in since 10-15 years, 18% of them are there from less than
10 years back, 16% of them are there from 15-20 years back.

38
TABLE 4.9: LAND USED
Land No of respondents Percentage (%)
Below 3 cents 14 18
3 - 5 cents 35 44
5 - 7 cents 13 16
7 - 10 cents 11 14
Above 10 cents 7 8
Total 80 100
CHART 4.9: LAND USED
Interpretation :
Chart 4.9 shows that, 44% of the respondents tell that 3-5 cents land has been used for
their cultivation. 18% of them tell that, below 3 cents land has been used. 16% of them tell that,
5-7 cents has been used, 14% of them tell that 7-10 cents has been used and only 8% of them tell
that above 10 cents of land has been used for jasmine cultivation. This clearly indicates that
jasmine cultivation is done by small piece of land.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Below 3
cents
3 - 5 cents 5 - 7 cents 7 - 10 cents Above 10
cents
18
%
44
%
16% 14%
8%

39
TABLE 4.10: ASSISTANCE FROM CHILDREN
Response No of respondents Percentage (%)
Yes 56 70
No 5 6
Some times 19 24
Total 80 100
CHART 4.10: ASSISTANCE FROM CHILDREN
Interpretion :
The above graph shows that, 70% of the respondent’s children help them in any of their
occupation. 24% of them are sometimes helping and 6% of them are not getting help from their
children.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Yes
No
Some times
70%
6%
24%
Yes No Some times

40
TABLE 4.11: BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN
Benefits No of respondents Percentage (%)
School / college fees 29 36
Pocket money 38 48
Mobile currency 13 16
Any other 0 0
Total 80 100
Source : Field Survey Data
CHART 4.11: BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN
Interpretation :
The analysis found that 48% of the respondent’s children are getting pocket money, 36%
of them can pay school/college fees through the money which they will get if they help for the
cultivation and 16% of them can put currency for their mobile. However the respondents were
asked to state other benefits, if their children are getting out of it, but nobody specified.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
36%
48%
16%
0%
School / college fees Pocket money Mobile currency Any other

41
TABLE 4.12: DEMAND FOR JASMINE
Demand No of respondents Percentage (%)
Seasonal 80 100
Continuous 0 0
Total 80 100
Interpretion :
The analysis states that, 100% of them are agreeing with the statement, because people
used Jasmine only in seasons, feasts and celebrations.
TABLE 4.13: DURATION
Hours No of respondents Percentage (%)
Less than 2 hours 13 16
2-4 hours 37 46
4-6 hours 19 24
More than 6 hours 11 14
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
From the study it can be inferred that 46% of them, major portion of respondents are
spending only 2-4 hours per day hours on this occupation. If they start at 5 or 6 o’clock in the
morning by the time it is 10 A.M they send flowers to the flower market. 24% of them are
spending 4-6 hours, 16% of them are spending less than 2 hours, 14% of them spend more than 6
hours. The time difference may be due to more quantity of flowers or lack of efficiency from
family members.

42
TABLE 4.14: AVAILABILITY OF FREE TIME
Availability of free time is necessary to know whether Jasmine growers are getting enough free
time, to visit their relatives for occasions and functions in spite of their busy schedule. Because
flower cannot be kept in the plants even for a day without plucking it.
Response No. of respondents Percentage(%)
Yes 27 34
No 24 30
Sometime 29 36
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The analysis states that 36% of the respondents sometimes get free time to visit their
relatives or to attend functions. 34% of the respondents do get free time to visit their relatives
and 30% of them do not get free time at all.

43
TABLE 4.15: TRAINING PROGRAMME
Yes 26 32
No 54 68
Total 80 100
CHART 4.15: TRAINING PROGRAMME
Inerpretaion :
The study analyzes that, 32% of them have attended the training programme about
Jasmine floriculture and 68% of them have not attended any training programme. It shows that
jasmine cultivation is done mostly by experience and not by training.
Yes
32%
No
68%

44
TABLE 4.16: BENIFITS OF JASMINE MARKET
Benefits Total no of respondents No. of respondents Percentage (%)
Easy to sell the flowers 80 62 78
Fair price 80 64 80
No mediators problem 80 32 40
No benefits 80 0 0
Any other 80 0 0
CHART 4.16: BENIFITS OF JASMINE MARKET
Interpretation :
The above table 4.16 shows that 78% of the respondents feel that, it is
easy to sell the flowers. 80% of the respondents feel that they get fair price for their product.
40% of them feel that, they are not facing mediator’s problem. However no respondents feel that
they are not getting even single benefits from Jasmine flower market.
0
20
40
60
80
Easy to sell
the flowers
Fair price No
mediators
problem
No benefits Any other
78 80
40
0 0

45
TABLE 4.17: OWNERSHIP PATTERN OF HOUSE
Ownership Pattern No. of respondents Percentage(%)
Own 66 82
Leased 8 10
Rented 6 8
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
From the study is found that 82% of the respondents are living in their own houses, 10%
of them live in leased house, 8% of them are living in rented houses.
TABLE 4.18: TYPE OF HOUSE
Type of house No. of respondents Percentage(%)
RCC 35 44
Thatched 0 0
Tiled 45 56
Total 80 100
Source: Field survey data
Interpretation :
The study analyzes that most of the families live in tiled houses that is 56%, where as
44% of them live in RCC type of house and none of them live in thatched house, it shows
Shankarpura people live in good houses.

46
TABLE 4.19: ELECTRICITY FACILTY
Yes 77 96
No 3 4
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The study shows that, large portion of the respondents have answered “yes” to the
question, regarding electricity facility to their houses. And only 2 families, i.e. 4% of them are
not having electricity facility to their houses.
TABLE 4.20: WATER FACILTY
Yes 53 66
No 13 16
Some times 14 18
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The analysis states that 60% of the respondents get enough water facility, 18% of them
are only getting water sometimes and 16% of them are not getting enough water facility.

47
TABLE 4.21: USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Yes 45 56
No 35 44
Total 80 100
CHART 4.21: USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Interpretation :
From the study it is analyzed that 56% of them are using chemical fertilizers and 44% of
them are not using. That is more than 50% of the growers are in the track of using chemical
fertilizers in order to increase their yield.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No
56%
44%

48
TABLE 4.22: SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT
Yes 80 100
No 0 0
Total 80 100
.
CHART 4.22: SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT
Interpretation :
The tudy shows that all the respondents are having savings and investment in one or the
other manner
Yes No
100%
0%

49
TABLE 4.23: FORMS OF INVESTMENT
Form No. of respondents Percentage (%)
Bank 26 32
Gold 9 12
Stock market 0 0
Post 0ffice 19 24
Micro finance 26 32
Any other 0 0
Total 80 100
CHART 4.24: FORM OF INVESTMENT
Interpretation :
The study reveals that 32% of the respondents stated that they have their savings and
investments in banks and in micro finance, since all the women are part of self-help group, it is
easy for them to save and invest in it. 24% of them are having savings and investment in post
office. However respondents were asked to state any other form, but nobody stated it. And no
respondents are having savings and investment in stock market.
Bank
32%
Gold
12%
Stock market
0%
Post 0ffice
24%
Micro finance
32%
Any other
0%

50
TABLE 4.24: ELECTRONIC ITEMS
Items Total no of respondents
No. of
respondents
Percentage
(%)
Television 80 77 96
Washing
Machine 80 21 26
Refrigerators 80 39 48
Others 80 0 0
CHART 4.24: ELECTRONIC ITEMS
Interpretation :
From the study it is found that 96% of respondents are having television at home.
48% of respondents are having refrigerator and only 20% of them are having washing machines.
Also respondents were asked to state any other electronic items, but no respondents stated it.
Television Washing
Machine
Refrigerators Others
96%
48%
26%
0%

51
TABLE 4.25: COMMUNICATION ITEMS
Items
Total no of
respondents No. of respondents Percentage (%)
Landline
phone 80 13 16
Internet 80 19 24
Mobile
phones 80 80 100
Other 80 0 0
CHART 4.25: COMMUNICATION ITEMS
Interpretation :
The study reveals that 100% of the respondents and their family members are using
mobile phones, 24% of the families are accessing internet facility, 16% of the families are having
landline phone connections to their houses.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Landline
phone
Internet Mobile phones other

52
TABLE 4.26: OWNING VEHICLES
Vehicles No. of respondents Percentage
Two wheeler 42 52
Four wheeler 10 12
Any other 0 0
No vehicles 28 36
Total 80 100
CHART 4.26: OWNING VEHICLES
Interpretation :
From the study it is found that that 52% of respondents or their family members own
two-wheeler vehicles and 12% of them are having four-wheeler vehicles. However respondents
are asked to state if any other type of vehicles they own, but no respondents mentioned anything.
Two wheeler
52%
Four wheeler
12%
Any other
0%
No vehicles
36%

53
TABLE 4.27: OWNERSHIP OF LAND
Type of land No of respondents Percentage (%)
Own Land 66 82
Leased Land 14 18
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The study finds that 82% of the respondents were growing Jasmine in their own land.
And 18% of them are growing in leased land.

54
TABLE 4.28: GENDER WISE INVOLVMENT
Gender No of respondents Percentage (%)
Male 11 14
Female 48 60
Equal 21 26
Total 80 100
CHART 4.28: GENDER WISE INVOLVMENT
Interpretation :
Here the analysis says that 60% of the respondents tell that, most of the work is done by
female, 26% of them are feeling like, it is equal, and only 14% of the respondents tell that most
of the work is done by male.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Male Female Equal

55
TABLE 4.29: VOLUME OF JASMINE YIELD
Yes 68 84
No 12 16
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The study reveals that 84% of the respondents feel that, they experience in the yield of
Jasmine and 16% of them are not finding any increase in the yield of Jasmine over the years.
TABLE 4.30: REASONS FOR LOW YIELD
Reasons No of respondents Percentage (%)
Diseases to plants 10 50
Labour in-efficiency 10 50
Others 0 0
Total 20 100
Interpretation :
The analysis states that 50% of them (the respondents who are getting low yield) are
getting low yield because of the diseases to plants and rest 50% because, of the labour
inefficiency. However, respondents were also asked to specify other reasons if any but no one
had responded.

56
TABLE 4.31: BEARING HIGH COST OF EDUCATION
Yes 69 86
No 11 14
Total 80 100
CHART 4.31: BEARING HIGH COST OF EDUCATION
Interpretation :
Table study states that 86% of the respondents, that is large portion of them are saying
that they can bear the high cost of education for their siblings by having Jasmine floriculture as
the main occupation and 14% of them cannot bear high cost of education for their siblings.
Yes
86%
No
14%

57
TABLE 4.32: PRESTIGE
Response No, of respondents Percentage
Yes 74 92
No 6 8
Total 80 100
Source : Fieid survey data
Interpretation :
Here the analysis says that major portion of the respondents ,that is 92% answered “yes”
to the question, regarding whether it is prestigious to cultivate Jasmine. Only 8% of them feel
that, it is not prestigious to cultivate Jasmine.
TABLE 4.33: REASONS BEING PRSTIGIOUS OCCUPATION.
Reasons No. of respondents Percentage(%)
Ancestors occupation 51 64
High volume of business 13 16
Respect from others 16 20
Any other 0 0
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The analysis shows that 64% of the respondent’s families think that, it is prestigious to
have Jasmine floriculture as occupation because it is their ancestors occupation. 20% of the
families think, it is prestigious to grow Jasmine, 16% of them feel, that it has got high volume of
business, so it is prestigious to have that kind of business. However respondents were asked to
state other options, but no respondents was answered.

58
TABLE 4.34: PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES
Response No. of participants Percentage (%)
Yes 70 88
No 10 12
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
Here the study reveals that 88% of the respondents take part in community activities,
where as 12% of them are not taking part in community activities.
TABLE 4.35: CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL FEASTS
Yes 53 66
No 27 34
Total 80 100
Interpretation :
The study analyzes that 66% of the respondents answered 'yes' to the question, that is: Do
you contribute for the local feasts? Only 34% of them answered 'no' for the question asked.

59
FINDINGS
It deals with the major findings which have come out from this study. The study found out
the following findings. They are,
1. It is found that most of the families started jasmine floriculture because of as it is their
ancestral occupation.
2. Study reveals that there are families who are having only “Jasmine” cultivation in
order to earn their livelihood and there are families who have engaged with other
agricultural holdings, such as arecanut, paddy, rubber and other works, such as rolling
beedi and owning shops etc, along with Jasmine cultivation.
3. On an average, families of Shankarapura, who are cultivating Jasmine have more profit
margin in the Jasmine cultivation than in other agriculture holdings.
4. Most of the families are engaged in Jasmine cultivation since 20 years and very next
study reveals that families engaged in the work from 10-15 years back.
5. In most of the families, children help in cultivating Jasmine, because they get pocket
money as well as, the money for the school and college fees.
6. In most of the families, the children are ready to continue this work, which has come
from their ancestors.
7. With regard to demand for the Jasmine flower all families’ opinion is “seasonal”
8. Most of the families spent on an average 2-4 hours per day to earn income from
jasmine cultivation.
9. Study reveals that less percentage of people have attended any interim training
program about Jasmine flower cultivations.
10. Growers get enough water for cultivating Jasmine.
11. More than fifty percent of the families use chemical fertilizers to cultivate the Jasmine
flower.
12. Most of the families cultivating Jasmine in their own land and less in the leased land
13. Study reveals that most of the work is done by female, with regard to Jasmine
cultivation.
14. 3-5 cents land has been used by most of the families to cultivate Jasmine.

60
15. Most of the families are finding increase in the volume of Jasmine yield over the years
where as other families those who do not find increase in the yield, because of the
diseases to plants
16. Since Jasmine flower market is there in the Shankarapura, families feel that it is easy
to sell the flower. Along with the quick dealings, the families use fair price to their
product.
17. All families have savings and investments in the financial institutions, out of them,
most of the families are having savings and investments in the micro finance. i.e.
through self help groups and banking institutions.
18. All the families own one or more than one mobile phones with them.
19. Most of the family members have two-wheeler vehicle with them.
20. Families, opinion is “yes” with regard to capacity bear high cost of education for their
siblings.
21. Most of the families are having own house few families have leased as well as rented
house.
22. Most of the families are having tiled house and RCC house. No thatched.
23. Most of the respondents have electricity facility to their house.
24. Family members are getting free time to visit their relatives, to attend functions and to
do other work.
25. Most of the family members think that it is prestigious to grow Jasmine, since it is their
ancestor’s occupation as well as they gets respect from others.
26. Most of the families, who are growing Jasmine, are the members of Jasmine flower
cultivators union, because they felt that they get fair price for their product.
27. Family members take part in cultural community activities.
28. Families, who grow Jasmine in Shankarapura, give contributions to the local feasts or
programmes.

61
SUGGESTIONS
 Jasmine growers need to undergo systematic training programme about jasmine
floriculture as well as to get good amount of yield.
 All growers need to use natural fertilizers in order to get good yield continuously
 Involvement of male members in jasmine floriculture is needed.
 Government has to take necessary measures to prevent the diseases to plants
 Growers are needed to build a union of all jasmine growers as well as sellers in order
to get fair price for their product continuously.
 Organisation of jasmine flower market can be restructured.
 Training can be given to growers with regard to importance of savings and investment.
 Growers can be educated in terms of savings and investing in stock market and gold
 Recognition for jasmine growers needed from all corners.

62
CONCLUSION:
Shankarapura Jasmine a flower famed for its fragrance is no doubt a Consumer favourite.
But definitely the study proves that just like any other cultivator in India, Jasmine cultivators
of Shankarapura are also strangled with multiple hardships. A strong association of jasmine
growers is the need of the hour. The Office bearers of the association should maintain the good
rapport with the government and the market rulers and thereby encourage the jasmine growers
to continue their occupation with least obstacles. Cultivators dependence on monsoon should
be reduced. Protection should be given against diseases due to heavy rains. Compensation
should be given to jasmine cultivators against loss incurred due to nature failures. There
should be formal training by their union regarding planting, maturing and protection against
diseases. Base price or minimum price should be fixed by the Government to protect the
jasmine cultivators. A cold storage facility on large scale is a must to preserve the un sold
jasmine during off season.

63
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2. Panda. H. (2009). “Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing and Uses”. National Institute
of Industrial Re.
3. Nesbitt. Mark, Sir Prance. Ghillean. (2005). “The Cultural History of France”. Taylor and
Francis.
4. Rev. Fr. Alfred. (2005). “Jasmine floriculture- An income generating Occupation for
Shankarpura people”. Kinnigoli.
5. Padubidri. Hemanath. (2008). Lack of incentives plagues Shankarpura mallige growers.
Padubidri.
6. Saldana. Manoj. (2000). Floriculture in Urban areas of India-Income Generation Activity
for low and Medium Income People. Mangalore.
7. Pernal. Melwin. (2005). History of Shankarpura mallige. (Internet)
8. Rao. Narayan. (2003). Use of Jasmine flowers. (Internet)
9. Biswas. Pradeep. (1988). India has to learn from Israeli experience, where flowers are
grown on green rented houses.
10. Randhawa and Mukhopadhyay. (1986). Floriculture in India.
11. Katapady. Avinash. (2004). Shankarpura Mallige- An introduction. Katapadi.
12. Pradeepkumar. T. (2008). “Management of Horticultural Crops”. New India Publishing.
Page No: 404. Volume 1
13. V.L. Sheela. (2008). “Flowers for Trade”. New India Publishing. Volume 10.
14. Larson. A. Roy. (1980). “Introduction to Floriculture”. Academic Press.
15. H.P. Stucky. (1997). Management of Horticulture. Daya books.
16. Vadamalai. Media. (1995). Industry and Agriculture Survey. Volume 5.
17. Goody. Jack. (1993). “The Culture Flowers”. Cop Archive.
18. A.A. Farooqi, Sreeramu. B.S. (2010). “Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops”.
Universities Press.
19. Board. Niir. ”Tropical, Subtropical Fruits & Flowers Cultivation”. National Institute Of
Industrial Re.
20. Shri. Sathyan. BN. (1973). Director of print, Stationery and Publications at the
Government press.

64
21. Website: http:///Mysore_mallige
Topic: Income generating through floriculture.

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