Landmark Supreme Court Cases Project Essay

Landmark Supreme Court Cases Project Essay
Landmark Supreme Court Cases Project Part I Judicial Activism– When judges deny legislators or the executive the power to do something
unconstitutional. Judicial Restraint– A legal term that describes a type of judicial interpretation that emphasizes the limited nature of the court's power.
Judicial restraint asks judges to base their judicial decisions solely on the concept of stare decisis. Precedent– A legal decision or form of proceeding
serving as an authoritative rule or pattern in future similar or analogous cases. Majority opinion– A judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the
members of a court. A majority opinion sets forth the decision of the court and an explanation of the rationale behind the court's decision....show more
content...
Years later, in 1954, Brown v. Board was brought to light. It challenged the school boards and their policies on segregation of public schools.
When taken to court, the judge ruled in favor of the school boards. Thwarted, Brown appealed to the Supreme Court with the argument that the
schools systems were unequal. The Supreme Court ruled that is did in fact violate the equal protection law and Brown won. Brown v. Board is a
judicial activism case because the judges who made the decisions in both Plessy's and Brown's cases to bring their opinion into the matter and
make a decision based of of it. The judges initially had a lower opinion of African Americans at the time of Plessy v. Ferguson and they felt that the
conditions and the fairness of the Jim Crow laws was right and just. Whereas, later in Brown v. Board the Supreme Court saw now that Blacks
were equal with Whites and deserved to have the same privileges and rights, as any person should. Brown v. Board had a major impact on the
United States of America. It created a place that truly is free. Where all people are under the protection of the law. Where people of any color or
religion or class can get along and have the same rights as any other person in this country. This case banished the mindset of "separate but equal" and
established the new precedent of "together and equal and free." That is why Brown v. Board is so
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Supreme Court Case Analysis
Opinion The order of law is the utmost importance of maintaining a safe and healthy society. And with upholding these laws, sometimes our laws come
within conflict or cause confusion between rights of parties both seeking justice. And today, we indeed face a conflict created from past Supreme Court
rulings, legislation, and constitutional powers. In this contested court for the manner of Jefferson Beauregard Sessions III v. City of Chicago, we must
first look at the questions before us. Can the Attorney General create conditions upon the Byrne grant program? And in doing so, is placing the
conditions become a means of coercion? The City of Chicago has argued that the actions that the Attorney General and the President have enacted are
...show more content...
Chicago argues that the courts overturned the Brady Act because of the unconstitutionality of a federal registry maintained by the government as it is
direct violation of state sovereignty. This does seem at odds within the Constitution's supremacy clause, that if state law and federal law are within
conflict of one another, federal law is to be observed overall. The constitution is unclear, but the "right to bear arms" and "shall not be infringed" is
clear enough for majority opinion to conclude an unconstitutionality of the Brady Act within this argument. State sovereignty is impeded by enticing
the state government to enforce federal law. By doing this, it's clear to many that may think Congress could potentially conspire to legislate all the
work stateside and reap any benefits with little effort. A view that keeps these powers in check from becoming tyrannical and overbearing. Moving to
a case that is similar in essence to the Prinz v. United States case. Reno v. Condon (2000) is similar as it pertains to the issue of state sovereignty
again. In 1994, there was high concern about the rampant unsolicited confidential information being bought and sold by states obtained by the state
DMV. Congress, as an answer to this rampant invasion of privacy by passing the Driver's Privacy Protection Act (DDPA). A bill that restricted the
ability of a state to disclose confidential information without the

Judicial Review: Supreme Court Cases
Judicial Review is one of the court's most important powers and arguably the most powerful one that this branch or any branch has. This is a power
that allows the supreme court to make legislative and executive actions subject to review and possible invalidation. The power of Judicial Review
was earned in the Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison. In this case it was decided that James Madison's decisions to prevent William Marbury
from taking office as justice of the peace was unconstitutional, this has extended the power and now created what is known as judicial review. This has
continued to affect laws and acts presently such as in the case of United States v. Nixon when Nixon was denied the powers of absolute executive
privilege due to

21st Century Supreme Court Cases
The idea of corporate personhood is not a few fangled idea brought on with the start of the 21st Century. The idea of protecting the rights of people
associated with a corporation is far from new. Supreme Court decisions dating back over 200 years have blurred the lines between individual rights
and the rights of corporations. The more recent cases Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores and Citizens United v. FEC are just a few of the recent case
that have ruled in favor of expanding corporate personhood. However, there have been over fifteen major Supreme Court decisions that have changed
the way corporations are viewed in the eyes of the law. Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, 1886 was a landmark case questioning if the
state of California

United States Supreme Court Justices Essay
United States Supreme Court Justices The current Supreme Court membership is comprised of nine Supreme Court Justices. One of which is the Chief
Justice and the other eight are the Associate Justices. The Justices are Chief Justice John Roberts, Jr., and Associate Justices: John Paul Stevens,
Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David H. Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen G. Breyer and Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. Chief
Justice John Roberts, Jr., was sworn into the Supreme Court on September 29, 2005 and was nominated by President George W. Bush. John Roberts,
Jr., took the place of Chief Justice William Renquist after he passed away and the seat became open. His political affiliation is Republican and he has
worked for...show more content...
He attended the University of Chicago and after serving in the Navy he attended the Northwestern University Law School and graduated with the
highest grades in the law school history. He has been married twice and has a son and three daughters from his first wife. Associate Justice Antonin
Scalia was sworn into the Supreme Court on September 26, 1986 and was nominated by President Ronald Reagan. He took the place of Associate
Justice William H. Renquist when Renquist was sworn in as Chief Justice. Justice Antonin Scalias' political affiliation is Republican. Justice Antonin
started his career as a commercial lawyer for a brief period. He then taught Law at The University of Virginia. After about 4 years of teaching he went
into government service starting under President Nixon and then President Ford. During President Carters reign, Justice Antonin left government
service to go back to teaching law. He went back into government service under President Reagans administration and was appointed to the U.S. Court
of Appeals for Washington D.C. Justice Antonin Scalia attended Georgetown University and graduated as the Valedictorian of his class. He then went
on to attend and graduate from Harvard Law School. He is married and had nine children. Associate Justice Anthony M. Kennedy was sworn into the
Supreme Court on February 18, 1988 and was nominated by President Ronald Reagan. He took the place of Associate

The Power Of The Supreme Court
The supreme court plays a specific role in the United States government. Then Supreme Court has the power to check the actions of the president and
the congress. Overall, what the Supreme court does is to make sure no laws violate the constitution and makes sure the president's actions are allowed
by the constitution. The power of that law which is to view the executive and legislative actions is called judicial review. It is not all–power, just like
the rest of the branches, it has limited power and each branch checks up on each other to make sure one doesn't have too much power on the others.
One of the laws that the Supreme Court decided to change was the issue with abortion. Roe v. Wadereached the Supreme Court on appeal in 1970 and
remained the Supreme Court's most recognized decision regarding the right of privacy through the Fourteenth Amendment, and mostly argued whether
it was human murder or simply protecting personal liberty and privacy.
In Roe v. Wade, the court looked at a Texas law that did not permit abortion
...show more content...
However, the majority refused to accept this theory and that the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment was an 'appropriate source' of this case
but the court determined it was also "broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy." (Blackmun) They
stated that, and with all respect to the law of Texas, that their belief of life is too general and debatable and therefore not convincing enough to
outweigh the woman's freedom. The court saw that the states had interests in protecting a woman's health and potential for life so they decided to even
out these concerns by making abortion legal in the early months of pregnancy but not so legal in the later months of

Nine Supreme Court Cases
The Supreme Court is made up of nine justices appointed by the president of the United States. These justices are are tasked with reviewing and
deciding which cases of the 7,000 cases they are presented with each year. The Supreme Court is given the ability to choose most of the cases they
are presented with each year. (1) The Supreme Court discuss cases presented to them by any of the court justices and they must utilize the rule of four.
These rule states that if at least four of the justices want to hear a case then all nine of them must listen to a case. (1) Although, there are many cases
that could be seen by the Supreme Court, cases are chosen based upon the far–reaching implications of the case. The Supreme Court also picks up cases

Supreme Court Case Essay
1. What is the role of the Supreme Court?
Echoing my forum statement of week 2, the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) was created by, and receives its authority from Article III
of the United States (U.S.) Constitution in 1787 and ratified in 1789 [1]. As head of the U.S. Governments judicial branch, the role of SCOTUS is to
enforce the Rule of Law of the U.S. Constitution, seeing that the lower courts do not undermine the Constitution and the freedoms and liberties it
provides to the citizenry; they are the ultimate arbiters in judicial cases. SCOTUS is comprised of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices, who are
all appointed by the President of the United States, but must be confirmed by Congress, and serve a life term until they choose to retire, resign or are
removed due to gross neglect or legal misconduct. The SCOTUS also acts a check and balance to the President and Congress, ensuring they do not
abuse their authority by exercising their...show more content...
The authority of judicial review by SCOTUS is not actually defined by the U.S. Constitution, but rather inferred by the Constitution's framework,
design and the history of case law heard by SCOTUS. Judicial Review doctrine was solidified by comprehensive consent across all legal spheres after
the case of Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) [2]. This case became a landmark verdict, establishing the definite separation between the branches
of government, not just in theory, but in practical application when SCOTUS ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional [2]. 3. Explain the two theories
of constitutional interpretation, the "living constitution" and "originalist". Which theory do you believe is the correct theory to

Argumentative Essay: The Supreme Court
"It will be of little avail to the people, that the laws are made by men of their own choice, if the laws be so voluminous that they cannot be read, or
so incoherent that they cannot be understood"(James Madison, Federalist 62). The Constitution, despite being precise in some areas, like how many
years a president can serve, is vague and can be interpreted in many ways, and the one to interpret it is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the
final arbiter in all the legal proceedings that one case should undergo. They are are supposedly unbiased, and free from any political pressures. The
chief justice can either exercise his powers with restraint or with activism, like the Burger Court, but what will happen if the Supreme Court intervened

The Supreme Court Essay example
The Supreme Court At the apex of our federal court system stands the United States Supreme Court. It stands as the ultimate authority in constitutional
interpretation and its decision can be changed only by a constitutional amendment. Two documents are responsible for its creation which is the
Constitution, which explicitly creates the Supreme Court, and the Judiciary Act of September 24, 1789. The Supreme Court is the only court named in
the constitution laying out the Courts basic jurisdiction, identifying the mode of selection and tenure for justices. Under Article III, Section 1 of the
Constitution provides that "[t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the...show
more content...
13). The first Supreme Court in 1789 consisted of five justices. Congress added a sixth seat in 1790 and a seventh in 1807 to ease the strain on
justices as the number of circuit courts increased. Congress added the eighth and ninth seats in 1837. Membership stayed at nine until 1863, when
Congress added a tenth seat, only to abolish it when a justice died in 1865. In 1867, Congress reduced the seats to seven to limit the opportunity of
President Jackson to appoint new members. Congress restored the number of seats to nine in 1869, and in 1891 abolished the Supreme Court justices'
circuit–riding burden. The number of justices has remained fixed at nine, for over 100 years, making tie votes unlikely unless circumstances prevent a
justice from participating in deliberations. There is currently one Chief Justice and eight associate justices in the Supreme Court although Congress
does have the authority to change the number of justices sitting on the Supreme Court (Van Dervort, 2000, p. 69). Qualifications to become a justice
although not spelled out immediately became obvious. From the beginning, justices have all been lawyers and most have pursued legal and political
careers prior to serving the Court. The attainment of a high position in government or the legal profession is also beneficial as they lend credibility for
the consideration. Some justices however chose a different path that began with private practice followed by at some point by elevation to

Supreme Court Cases
How Supreme Court decisions sought to assert federal power over state laws(pp. 240–241)
Supreme Court reflected and reinforced nationalism during the post–Ghent years, despite the ominous setbacks concerning slavery.
Chief Justice John Marshall continued to dominate the high tribunal.
Marshall increased the power of the federal government
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Maryland attempted to impose tax on Bank of America to destroy it. John Marshall denied the right of Maryland with
Hamilton's doctrine of implied power
"That the power to tax involves the power to destroy" & "That a power to create implies a power to preserve."
"Loose construction"
Marshall considered that the Constitution derived from the consent of the people and thus...show more content...
Woodward (1819)
Dartmouth College was granted a charter by King George III in 1769. (Daniel Webster ('01))
New Hampshire state legislature had seen fit to change it.
Marshall denied the state and stated that the original charter must stand.
The Constitution protected contracts against state encroachments.
Marshall buttressed the federal Union and helped to create a stable, nationally uniform environment for business and checked the excesses of popularly
elected state legislatures.
How Americans debated the scope of government's role in the economy with the acceleration of a national and international market economy(pp.
232–235)
The spirit of national consciousness was formed after the War of 1812
Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international recognition in the 1820s, as the nation's first writers of importance to use
American scenes and themes.
School textbooks were written by Americans instead of British for Americans.
North American Review began publication in 1815 in world magazine.
American painters drew native landscapes.
A revived Bank of the United States was voted by Congress in 1816.
Reconstruction of the capital.

Expansion of the army.
"The American System''
Construction of factories
The path–breaking Tariff of 1816
The first tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection,

Supreme Court Case Research Paper
Did you know James Madison was Americas smallest president he was was just 5'4 he was considered a shy president but he did a lot for this
country. he wrote most of the federalists papers most of the U.S. constitution and all of the bill of rights. Marbury vs Madison was the first supreme
court case to use judicial review. This event is so important because it finalized the ability of the supreme court to review a law to determine whether
or not that law constitutional. If they didn't review the law to see if it was constitutional or not things would of changed Madison could of got another
term and some laws could of changed. Another reason is that this case is important is because it showed that the supreme court was more powerful than

100-150 Supreme Court Cases
The United States Supreme Court holds about 100–150 cases each year. Most of the cases they hear are dealing with constitutional rights and federal
laws. Des Moines, Iowa in December of 1965 Mary Beth Tinker and a few of her friends decided to protest against the Vietnamese war by wearing
black armbands to school. When school officials found about their protest they thought it would disrupt school environment and they decided that
anyone who refused to remove the armband would be suspended. On the other hand the students parents believed that they had the right to protest at
school and any interference of school officials would be a violation of their 1st amendment rights. I believe that the ruling of the Supreme Court of
deciding on

Supreme Court Cases Essay
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. vs. Sawyer Also commonly referred to as The Steel Seizure Case, it was a United States Supreme Court decision that
limited the power of the President of the United States to seize private property in the absence of either specifically enumerated authority under
Article Two of the US Constitution or statutory authority conferred on him by Congress. The Majority decision was that the President had no power
to act except in those cases expressly or implicitly authorized by the Constitution or an act of Congress. Marbury vs. Madison: A landmark case in
United States Law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States,...show more content...
Plessey boarded a car of the East Louisiana Railroad that was designated by whites for use by white patrons only. Although Plessey was one–eighth
black and seven–eighths white, under Louisiana state law he was classified as an African–American, and thus required to sit in the "colored" car. When
Plessey refused to leave the white car and move to the colored car, he was arrested and jailed. The Court rejected Plessey's arguments based on the
Thirteenth Amendment, seeing no way in which the Louisiana statute violated it. In addition, the majority of the Court rejected the view that the
Louisiana law implied any inferiority of blacks, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Instead, it contended that the law separated the two races as
a matter of public policy. Smith v. Allwright: An important decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension,
racial desegregation. Lonnie E. Smith, a black voter in Texas, sued for the right to vote in a primary election being conducted by the Democratic Party.
The law he challenged allowed the party to enforce a rule requiring all voters in its primary to be white. At this point in history, the Republican Party
was so weak in the South that most Southern elections were decided by the outcome of the Democratic primary. Southern States claimed that the
Democratic Party was a private organization, while Smith said that the law in question essentially disenfranchised him by

Supreme Court Cases: A Case Study
(B)Evidence of the Handgun and Magazine Should not be Suppressed Because Officer Richardson Seized the Evidence in Plain View and as a Result
of a Protective Sweep
The Supreme Court indicated that entry into a home based on exigent circumstances requires probable cause to believe that the entry is justified.
(People v. Ormonde (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 282.) Exigent circumstances mean that an emergency requiring swift action to prevent imminent danger.
(Id.) A protective sweep under Maryland v. Blue is a quick and limited search of the premised incident an arrest and conducted to protect the safety of
police officer or others. (Id. (citing Maryland v. Buie (1990) 494 U.S. 325).) An officer must have a reasonable belief based on specific on specific

Three Supreme Court Cases
Fairness deserved To start this off, Fairness is deserved to everyone and people try the bend the truth of it but fairness needs to be simple everyone
treated the same. Many sacrifices were made that didn't have to be made just for civil rights. There were tons of court cases about civil rights but
these three are very good examples. Civil rights is very important and it was impacted by three Supreme Court cases: Dred Scott vs Sanford,
Brown vs Board of Education, and loving vs Virginia. So, the first Supreme Court case that'll be talked about is Dred Scott vs Sanford a very
unfair court decision. This court case did not give equal rights to slaves at all. Dred Scott a slave escaped his owner and fled to a free state, but he
was still charged as a slave in a free state. Which is unfair and he was forced back to his owner denying him of his rights. This should be changed
for this is wrong. Like Martin Luther King once said "faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase." Next, the Supreme
Court case about brown vs board of Education. People of all races deserve equality especially in education. And being separated is still not fair. The
court agreed with this and made a change. Which was another step closer to making equality among all races. But there...show more content...
Marriage is a right that everyone should have and it shouldn't matter if races marry each other. The law at first was that inter–racial marriage is banned
but then the Supreme Court fixed their wrong decision and unbanned it. Making another step towards equality because for the next generation they
won't have to deal with this issue. "This Civil Rights Act is a challenge to all of us to go to work in our communities and our states, in our homes and
in our hearts, to eliminate the last vestiges of injustice in our beloved country." – Lyndon B.

Essay on Supreme Court Cases
Supreme Court Cases
Engle vs. Vitale
Case: In the late 1950's the New York State Board of Regents wrote and adopted a prayer, which was supposed to be nondenominational. The board
recommended that students in public schools say the prayer on a voluntary basis every morning. In New Hyde Park Long Island a parent sued the
school claiming that the prayer violated the first amendment of the constitution. The school argued that the prayer was nondenominational and did not
attempt to "establish or endorse" a religion and thus that it did not violate the establishment clause.
Constitutional issue it relates to: Freedom of Religion
Decision: The court ruled against the school district and upheld the establishment clause of the first...show more content...
In reversing the District Court's entry of judgment for petitioners, the Court of Appeals held that the Act applied to forbid discrimination against
respondents' proposed club on the basis of its religious content, and that the Act did not violate the Establishment Clause.
Constitutional issue it relates to: Freedom of Religion
Decision: In 1985, the principal and superintendent of Westside High School (a secondary school in Omaha, Nebraska) cited the Establishment
Clause as a reason for denying the request of Bridget Mergens to form a Christian club that would have the same privileges and meet on the same
terms and conditions as other Westside student groups, except that it would have no faculty sponsor. Ms. Mergens took the case to court, and won at
first. She lost on appeal at the 8th Circuit Court, and then later won in a 8–1 decision from the Supreme Court
Johnson vs. U.S.
Case: During the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, respondent Johnson participated in a political demonstration to protest the
policies of the Reagan administration and some Dallas–based corporations. After a march through the city streets, Johnson burned an American flag

while

Supreme Court Case
Supreme Court Case
Happy Villa
May 19, 2014
Loanan Ase
In the case of Robert Tolan and Marian Tolan vs. Jeffrey Wayne Cotton, I will be discussing what interest me about this case. I will also deliberating
on the liability and criminal liability of this case. The Tolan vs. Cotton case interests me because theUnited States have so many police that are
brutalizing citizens. In some cases the police officers are getting away with it. After reading, reviewing, and studying this case I have learn a lot about
the criminal system and laws that men and women should obey. I will explain how the nine judges on the Supreme courts all came to a verdict against
the police officer Jeffrey Cotton after he shot an innocent suspect. This people...show more content...
Accomplice Liability and Criminal Liability Accomplice liability consents the court to find a person or persons criminally liable for actions
committed by another person. Criminal liability is when a person is commits the crime or act and that he or she intent to commit the crime at that
moment. Sergeant Cotton was acquitted of all criminal charges against him in the criminal side. However, the Robert and Marian Tolan felt that the
lower court's decision was not fair. I do agree with the Tolans. I believe that courts did not take the evidence that was present to them inconsideration
that Cotton was guilty. Cotton carelessly made an error on typing in the car tag number that Robert Tolan and his cousin was driving. Since, he made
that mistake he is responsible criminal and civil. He should have been since to prison time and he should be responsible of the wellbeing of Robert
Tolan. On the other hand Cotton was found not criminal liability for the charges in criminal court but Tolan took his case to the Supreme Court. Cotton
then was found responsible in civil court.
Difference between the various elements of crime including actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence Mens rea, actus reus, and concurrence are all
elements to a crime. These elements must be present to charge a person with a crime. The guilty mind is known as the mens rea being that a person has
the intent to commit the crime with the mental capacity. The "actus reus" of an

Supreme Court Cases, Thematic Essay
Thematic Essay–Supreme Court Cases The outcome of cases that have gone through the United States Supreme Court judicial branch have each had
a major impact on how the laws and amendments of the United States Constitution are interpreted. Two cases in particular that expanded
constitutional liberties is the case of Engel vs. Vitale (1962) and the case of Tinker vs. Des Moines School District (1969). Not only did both of these
cases expand constitutional liberties in general, they more specifically, expanded rights within the school system. In the case of Engel vs. Vitale, the
main topic dealt with prayer at school. The New York State board of regents composed a non–denominational prayer to be used in the state's public
schools....show more content...
In my opinion, this court case gives freedoms to students today when it comes to religious clubs or decisions to participate in religious activities and
allows students to make their own choices to determine their path in life. In the case of Tinker vs. Des Moines School District, the main topic dealt
with a silent protest at school. During the winter of 1965, students organized a silent protest against the Vietnam War and wore black armbands to
school. The school board learned about a possibility to this kind of protest a few days earlier and created a policy against antiwar protests. When the
students wore the armbands to school they were going against the policy and were required to remove them or suspension from school would result.
Five students refused and were sent home. The parents of the students appealed to the United States Supreme Court. As in the first case discussed, the
issue before the court was also based on the first amendment of the Constitution. The question before the court was; "Do school officials have the right
to restrict the free expression of students without first showing that such expression will disrupt the operation of the school?". After deliberation, the
court overturned the decisions of the lower courts and determined that the school board's actions violated the first and fourteenth

Landmark Supreme Court Cases Project Essay

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