Understand how Accrual Accounting method records transaction as they occur and it is identified by looking for few key indicators in the balance sheet.
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1. Accrual vs. Cash Accounting
Accrual vs. Cash Accounting
Accrual Accounting
Records Revenue as earned
( regardless of when cash is paid)
Records Expense as incurred
( regardless of when expense is paid)
2. Accrual vs. Cash Accounting
Accrual vs. Cash Accounting
Accrual Accounting
Records Revenue as earned
( regardless of when cash is paid)
Records Expense as incurred
( regardless of when expense is paid)
Cash Accounting
• Records revenue as cash is received
( regardless when the sale is made)
• Records Expense when paid
( regardless when the sale is made)
3. Accrual vs. Cash Accounting
Accrual vs. Cash Accounting
Accrual Accounting
•Records Revenue as earned
• Records Expense as incurred
Cash Accounting
• Records revenue as cash is received
• Records Expense when paid
Cash Accounting is not accepted by GAAP hence not
used by companies.
4. Operating Cycle of Business
Operating Cycle of Business
• Operating cycle of a business starts from cash
brought in by owners which is used to by inputs.
These are converted into finished product or
service and sold to customers. To create
receivables. When receivables are collected, we
get cash again, to buy inputs.
• The different phases of this cycle are shown in the
next slide.
5. Operating Cycle of Business
Operating Cycle of Business
Cash Purchases
Collections Inventory
A/cs Receivables A/cs Payable
Sales Production
Finished Goods
6. Operating Cycle of Business
Operating Cycle of Business
The Balance Sheet shows where the funds are
i.e. Assets
and who has helped business to acquire them.
i.e. Liabilities.
7. Operating Cycle of Business
Operating Cycle of Business
Sound Financial Management of a company
involves
matching the sources and uses of cash,
so that
obligations become due as assets mature into cash.
8. Review of Balance Sheet
Review of Balance Sheet
With sound review of a company’s Balance
Sheet , one can monitor the ability of that
company to
collect revenues
manage its inventory
plus satisfy its creditors & shareholders.
9. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Assets
• Are anything of value that is owned or due to the
business.
• Classified as
Non-current
Current
Others
10. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Non-Current Assets
Consist of
Net Fixed Assets
Investments in subsidiaries
Intangibles
Others
11. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Non-Current Assets
Consist of Net Fixed Assets
Include Land, Buildings, Machinery & Equipment,
Furniture & Fixtures, Vehicles etc.
Are long term investments that enable the business to
carry on its operations.
Stated at book their value which is calculated as
Gross Fixed Assets (cost) less
accumulated depreciation.
12. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Non-Current Assets
Consist of Net Fixed Assets
Investments
Common forms of investment of surplus funds, by the
companies are
Government or Trust Securities.
Shares, Debentures, or Bonds
Immovable properties.
In capital of subsidiaries.
13. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Non-Current Assets
Consist of Net Fixed Assets
Investments in subsidiaries
Intangibles
Represent the use of cash to purchase assets with an
undetermined life and may never mature into cash.
Research & Development Patents
Market Research Goodwill
Standard accounting principles require most intangibles to be
expensed as purchased and not capitalized.
14. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Non-Current Assets
Consist of Net Fixed Assets
Investments in subsidiaries
Intangibles
Standard accounting principles require most intangibles to
be expensed as purchased and not capitalized.
except purchased patents that may be amortized over the
life of the patent
15. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
Inventory
Notes Receivables
Prepaid Expenses
Others
They are assets that mature in less than one year .
16. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Cash pays bills and obligations.
Other assets cannot pay bills unless they are converted
into cash.
Includes all bank accounts, money market and short-term
savings accounts.
17. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
are money due from customers.
are third most liquid asset after cash & short term
investments
some receivables can become uncollectible
this expense is termed ‘ bad debts’
these can be recorded by two methods
$ Allowance method $ Direct write off Method
18. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
these can be recorded by two methods
$ Allowance method
An estimate is prepared for bad debts for the period and
expense is recorded by journal entry
Bad Debt dr
To Allowance for Bad Debts cr
19. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
these can be recorded by two methods
$ Allowance method
An estimate is prepared for bad debts for the period
The estimate is based on
- % of sales method – income statement approach or
- aging of receivables – balance sheet method
20. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
these can be recorded by two methods
$ Allowance method
$ Direct write off Method
the expense is recorded when specific account goes bad.
journal entry is passed to debit Bad Debt expense and
credit Accounts Receivables- xxx company.
21. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
these can be recorded by two methods
$ Allowance method
$ Direct write off Method
the method does not comply with Matching Revenue
principle, as expense is recorded much later when specific
account is un-collectible and goes bad
22. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
Inventory
consists of materials company purchases to covert and sell
as finished products.
the level of inventory has to be managed in such a way
that required materials are always available for production
and sale with minimum funds locked in it.
23. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
Inventory
the correct level of inventory is a function of the length of
the company’s inventory cycle.
Inventory Cycle in Days = Ordering phase in days
+ Production phase in days
+ Finished Goods and Delivery
Phase in days
24. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
Inventory
Quality Measurement & Goals
Both Receivables and Inventory can be managed by controlling
their quality which is measured in days as follows.
Receivables Days = Actual Receivables x 360
Sales in a year
Inventory Days = Actual Inventory x 360
Cost of Goods sold in a year
25. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
Inventory
Quality Measurement & Goals
Both Receivables and Inventory can be managed by controlling
their quality which is measured in days
Ideal receivables days should be close to average
days of credit allowed to customers.
Ideal inventory days should be just over inventory
cycle days.
26. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Current Assets
Consist of Cash
Accounts Receivables
Inventory
Quality Measurement & Goals
Both Receivables and Inventory can be managed by controlling
their quality which is measured in days
Investment in Inventory and Accounts receivable
is a function of sales and days.
Increase due to sales is healthy.
But due to increase in days is costly as it is an
indication of overstocking and inefficient collections.
27. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Liabilities
Consist of Current
Non-Current
Contingent
Equity
“ Liabilities and net worth are sources of cash listed in
descending order from the soonest to mature obligations to
never to mature obligations.”
28. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Liabilities
Consist of Current Liabilities
Are those obligations that mature and must be paid within
12 months.
They include Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses, Notes
Payable ( both Bank& Other) and Current Portion of Long
Term Debt ( that part payable in next 12 months)
29. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Liabilities
Consist of Current
Non-Current Liabilities
Are those obligations that are not due and payable in the
coming year.
Include long term secured or non secured loans, funds
received from associates and promoters.
30. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Liabilities
Consist of Current
Non-Current
Contingent Liabilities
Are those obligations that hopefully never become due.
They are potential liabilities which are not due on the day of
reporting, but may, depending upon results of pending law
suits and warranties and cross guarantees issued.
31. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Liabilities
Consist of Current
Non-Current
Contingent Liabilities
Are those obligations that hopefully never become due.
They are potential liabilities which are not due on the day of
reporting, but may, depending upon results of pending law
suits and warranties and cross guarantees issued.
These are indicated by a foot note
in the Balance Sheet
32. Balance Sheet -- Terms
Balance Sheet Terms
Liabilities
Consist of Current
Non-Current
Contingent
Equity and Net Worth
Equity and net worth are last to mature source of funds.
It has two parts :
Purchased Equity – Paid up Equity Shares and Preference
Shares
Earned Equity – retained earnings ( profits) shown as
Reserves and Earned Surplus.
33. “ Accrual accounting records revenues as earned
and expense as incurred, ignoring when payments
arranged.”
“ Operating cycle of business involves process of
converting the raw material to cash’
“Matching principle demands that against revenue
of a period all expenses in that period are
included”
“Non-current assets are those that do not mature
into cash in a year”
“contingent Liabilities are potential and not
actual ones as of date”