SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 21
TOOLS OF SALES PROMOTION
Without sales promotion something terrible happens …….nothing!
P T BARNUM
TATA SATHISH 121247
VENKAT MANOHAR 121248
VISHNU KJ 121250
WASIM AKRAM 121251
BINAY JASWAL 121252
An extra
incentive to buy
A tool to
speed up sales
An extra
incentive to buy
A tool to
speed up sales
Targeted to
different parties
Sales Promotion
“A direct inducement that offers an extra value or
incentive for the product to the sales force, distributors,
or the ultimate consumer with the primary objective of
creating an immediate sale.”
Samples
Coupons
Premiums
Contests/sweepstakes
Refunds/rebates
Bonus Packs
Price-off deals
Frequency programs
Cooperative advertising
Trade allowances
Training programs
Contests, dealer incentives
Point-of-purchase displays
Trade shows
Sales Promotion Tools
Consumer-Oriented Trade-Oriented
Event marketing
Samples
Coupons
Premiums
Contests/sweepstakes
Refunds/rebates
Bonus packs
Price-off deals
Loyalty programs
Trade allowances
Training programs
Contests, dealer incentives
Point-of-purchase displays
Trade shows
Event marketing
FREE SAMPLES
These are distributed to attract consumers to
try out a new product and thereby create new
customers. Some businessmen distribute
samples among selected persons in order to
popularize the product.
Common examples - shampoo, washing
powder, coffee powder, etc.
Free Premiums:
Only require purchase of the
product
Self-liquidating Premiums:
require consumer to pay
some or all of the cost of the
premium
Free Premiums:
Only require purchase of the
product
Premium: an offer of an item of merchandise
or service either free or at a low cost that is an
extra incentive for customers
Premiums
Two Types of Premiums
COUPONS
Sometimes, coupons are issued by manufacturers
either in the packet of a product or through an
advertisement printed in the newspaper or magazine
or through mail. These coupons can be presented to
the retailer while buying the product. The holder of
the coupon gets the product at a discount. Best
example for this is coupons distributed by the pizza
restaurants like dominos, pizza hut, etc
Contests and Sweepstakes
Contest: a promotion where consumers compete for prizes or money on
the basis of skills or ability. Winners are determined by judging entries
or ascertaining which entry comes closes to some predetermined
criteria
Sweepstakes/games: a promotion where winners are determined
purely by chance and cannot require a proof of purchase as a condition
for entry. Winners are chosen by random selection from a pool of
entries or generation of a number to match those held by game
entrants.
BONUS REWARDS/ POINTS
Certain retail shops will have a scheme which
will require the customer to be a member of
the shop and to acquire membership card for
the same. And every time the customer makes
a purchase bonus points are added to the card
and at the end of the year gifts are given for
the points earned.
Example – coffee day bonus points card,
Moore super markets, Reliance fresh.
MONEY BACK OFFER/ REFUNDS
Under this scheme customers are given assurance
that full value of the product will be returned to
them if they are not satisfied after using the
product.
When customers doubt the quality or reliability of
your product or service, offer a money-back
guarantee. Give a detailed explanation of eligible
returns and refunds available for customer
reference.
Eg : Telebrands shopping
PRICE OFF DEALS / DISCOUNTS
Exchange offer
Bonus offer
Price-off offer
Scratch and win offer
TRADE PROMOTION
What is Trade Promotion?
• Marketing or Promotional activities undertaken to
promote a new or existing product, increase sales of
existing products, expand market share or create brand
awareness among the distribution channels
wholesalers, retailers, etc.
• The word Trade Promotion encompasses virtually all
forms of Product Promotion and Demand Creation.
• Trade shows, special pricing, sales
incentives, discounted or free display
fixtures, demonstrations and freebies such as tickets to
sporting events, movies or novelties
(pens, paperweights, calculators), etc are few examples
of promotional activities.
Trade Sales Promotion
Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion:
• Gain/maintain distribution
• Influence resellers to promote product
• Influence resellers to offer price discount
• Increase reseller inventory
• Defend against competitors
• Avoid reduction of normal prices
Trade ShowsTrade Shows
Contests and IncentivesContests and Incentives
Trade Allowances
Point-of-Purchase Displays
Sales Training Programs
Cooperative Advertising
Tools of Trade-Oriented Promotions
Buying Allowances
Promotional
Allowances
Slotting Allowances
Buying Allowances
Promotional
Allowances
Trade Allowances
Point-of-Purchase Displays
Sales Training Programs
Slotting Allowances
Trade Contests
 Used to achieve sales targets.
 Funds known as “spiff money.”
 Rewards can be prizes or cash.
 Can be designed for various channel
members.
 Some organizations do not allow trade
contests because of possible conflict of
interests.
TRADE INCENTIVES
 Cooperative merchandising agreement
(CMA)
 Corporate sales program (CSP)
 Producing plant allowance (PPA)
 Back haul allowance (BHA)
 Cross-dock or Pedal runs
 Premium or bonus pack
TRADE SHOWS
 Ranks 3rd in B-to-B marketing expenditures.
 Manufacturers spend huge amounts of money per show....
Largest trade shows all over the world are:
 International CES ( consumer electronic and technology shows )
 The Super Show ( Texas car & vehicle shows )
 Miami International Boat Show & Strictly Sail
 International Housewares Show
 Mid-America Trucking Show
Egs in India are auto expos (last year jan 5 to jan 11 ),vivah mumbai
( 2-4th august), food fairs etc .
Trade Allowances
Off-invoice allowance: a per-case rebate paid to
retailers for an order.
Drop-ship allowance: money paid to retailers
who bypass wholesalers or brokers for pre-
planned orders.
Slotting fees: money paid to retailers to stock a
new product.
Exit fees: money paid to retailers to remove an
item from their inventory
Effective POP Displays
• Integrate the brand’s image into the display.
• Integrate the display with current advertising and
promotions.
• Make the display dramatic to get attention.
• Keep the color of the display down so the product and
signage stand out.
• Make the display versatile so it can be easily adapted by
retailers.
• Make the display re-usable and easy to assemble.
• Make the display easy to stock.
• Customize the display to fit the retailer’s store.
Eg: Mobile Sims,toothpastes etc.
THANK YOU

More Related Content

What's hot

Marketing Mix - Place
Marketing Mix - PlaceMarketing Mix - Place
Marketing Mix - Place
tutor2u
 
Channels of distribution
Channels of distributionChannels of distribution
Channels of distribution
Raveena Kaushal
 
Difference between selling concept and marketing concept
Difference between selling concept and marketing conceptDifference between selling concept and marketing concept
Difference between selling concept and marketing concept
Rohan Byanjankar
 

What's hot (20)

retail strategy
retail strategyretail strategy
retail strategy
 
Markrting channels
Markrting channelsMarkrting channels
Markrting channels
 
Sales Promotion
Sales Promotion Sales Promotion
Sales Promotion
 
Emerging trends in sales management 2
Emerging trends in sales management 2Emerging trends in sales management 2
Emerging trends in sales management 2
 
Promotion decision ppt
Promotion decision pptPromotion decision ppt
Promotion decision ppt
 
brand/branding/brand hierarchy
brand/branding/brand hierarchybrand/branding/brand hierarchy
brand/branding/brand hierarchy
 
Branding,packaging,labelling
Branding,packaging,labellingBranding,packaging,labelling
Branding,packaging,labelling
 
Channel Management Decisions and Training of Channel Members
Channel Management Decisions and Training of Channel MembersChannel Management Decisions and Training of Channel Members
Channel Management Decisions and Training of Channel Members
 
Marketing channels
Marketing channelsMarketing channels
Marketing channels
 
Marketing Mix - Place
Marketing Mix - PlaceMarketing Mix - Place
Marketing Mix - Place
 
1. Basics of retailing, Types of retailers
1. Basics of retailing, Types of retailers1. Basics of retailing, Types of retailers
1. Basics of retailing, Types of retailers
 
Channels of distribution
Channels of distributionChannels of distribution
Channels of distribution
 
Distribution Channel Management
Distribution Channel ManagementDistribution Channel Management
Distribution Channel Management
 
Marketing & 7 p's
Marketing & 7 p'sMarketing & 7 p's
Marketing & 7 p's
 
Topic sales promotion sales promotion mix kinds of promotion
Topic sales promotion sales promotion mix kinds of promotionTopic sales promotion sales promotion mix kinds of promotion
Topic sales promotion sales promotion mix kinds of promotion
 
Channel of distribution
Channel of distributionChannel of distribution
Channel of distribution
 
Difference between selling concept and marketing concept
Difference between selling concept and marketing conceptDifference between selling concept and marketing concept
Difference between selling concept and marketing concept
 
International Product Decisions
International Product DecisionsInternational Product Decisions
International Product Decisions
 
Advertising budget
Advertising budgetAdvertising budget
Advertising budget
 
Product positioning ppt
Product positioning pptProduct positioning ppt
Product positioning ppt
 

Similar to Sales promotional tools

18. sales promotion
18. sales promotion18. sales promotion
18. sales promotion
Alfraz Shah
 
sales and promotion
sales and promotionsales and promotion
sales and promotion
Biltu Patra
 
Consumer promotion
Consumer promotionConsumer promotion
Consumer promotion
Aditya Mehta
 

Similar to Sales promotional tools (20)

Sales Promotion in Retailing
Sales Promotion in RetailingSales Promotion in Retailing
Sales Promotion in Retailing
 
sales promotion
sales promotionsales promotion
sales promotion
 
Sales promotion
Sales promotionSales promotion
Sales promotion
 
Tools of sales promotion
Tools of sales promotionTools of sales promotion
Tools of sales promotion
 
Marketing Essentials: Sales Promotions
Marketing Essentials: Sales PromotionsMarketing Essentials: Sales Promotions
Marketing Essentials: Sales Promotions
 
Chapter16a
Chapter16aChapter16a
Chapter16a
 
Sp
SpSp
Sp
 
Trade promotions,,,,
Trade promotions,,,,Trade promotions,,,,
Trade promotions,,,,
 
Promotion by manish badhiye
Promotion  by manish badhiyePromotion  by manish badhiye
Promotion by manish badhiye
 
Sales promotion
Sales promotionSales promotion
Sales promotion
 
8.sales promotion
8.sales promotion 8.sales promotion
8.sales promotion
 
Sales promotion
Sales promotionSales promotion
Sales promotion
 
Sales Promotion & Supplementary Media
Sales Promotion & Supplementary MediaSales Promotion & Supplementary Media
Sales Promotion & Supplementary Media
 
18. sales promotion
18. sales promotion18. sales promotion
18. sales promotion
 
Adv 435 ch 8 imc
Adv 435 ch 8 imcAdv 435 ch 8 imc
Adv 435 ch 8 imc
 
sales and promotion
sales and promotionsales and promotion
sales and promotion
 
Consumer promotion
Consumer promotionConsumer promotion
Consumer promotion
 
Adv 435 ch 8 imc
Adv 435 ch 8 imcAdv 435 ch 8 imc
Adv 435 ch 8 imc
 
Sales promotion
Sales promotionSales promotion
Sales promotion
 
Consumer promotion tools
Consumer promotion toolsConsumer promotion tools
Consumer promotion tools
 

Recently uploaded

Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan CytotecJual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
ZurliaSoop
 
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
daisycvs
 
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for ViewingMckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Nauman Safdar
 
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai KuwaitThe Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
daisycvs
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Cannabis Legalization World Map: 2024 Updated
Cannabis Legalization World Map: 2024 UpdatedCannabis Legalization World Map: 2024 Updated
Cannabis Legalization World Map: 2024 Updated
 
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdfDr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
 
Nashik Call Girl Just Call 7091819311 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Nashik Call Girl Just Call 7091819311 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableNashik Call Girl Just Call 7091819311 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Nashik Call Girl Just Call 7091819311 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan CytotecJual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
Jual Obat Aborsi ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan Cytotec
 
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
Quick Doctor In Kuwait +2773`7758`557 Kuwait Doha Qatar Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharj...
 
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAIGetting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
 
Ooty Call Gril 80022//12248 Only For Sex And High Profile Best Gril Sex Avail...
Ooty Call Gril 80022//12248 Only For Sex And High Profile Best Gril Sex Avail...Ooty Call Gril 80022//12248 Only For Sex And High Profile Best Gril Sex Avail...
Ooty Call Gril 80022//12248 Only For Sex And High Profile Best Gril Sex Avail...
 
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for ViewingMckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
Mckinsey foundation level Handbook for Viewing
 
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with CultureOrganizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
 
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
 
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
 
GUWAHATI 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in Escort service book now
GUWAHATI 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in  Escort service book nowGUWAHATI 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in  Escort service book now
GUWAHATI 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in Escort service book now
 
UAE Bur Dubai Call Girls ☏ 0564401582 Call Girl in Bur Dubai
UAE Bur Dubai Call Girls ☏ 0564401582 Call Girl in Bur DubaiUAE Bur Dubai Call Girls ☏ 0564401582 Call Girl in Bur Dubai
UAE Bur Dubai Call Girls ☏ 0564401582 Call Girl in Bur Dubai
 
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai KuwaitThe Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
The Abortion pills for sale in Qatar@Doha [+27737758557] []Deira Dubai Kuwait
 
Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)
Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)
Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)
 
Berhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Berhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableBerhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Berhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Unveiling Falcon Invoice Discounting: Leading the Way as India's Premier Bill...
Unveiling Falcon Invoice Discounting: Leading the Way as India's Premier Bill...Unveiling Falcon Invoice Discounting: Leading the Way as India's Premier Bill...
Unveiling Falcon Invoice Discounting: Leading the Way as India's Premier Bill...
 
JAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR ESCORTS
JAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR  ESCORTSJAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR  ESCORTS
JAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR ESCORTS
 
Phases of Negotiation .pptx
 Phases of Negotiation .pptx Phases of Negotiation .pptx
Phases of Negotiation .pptx
 
Buy gmail accounts.pdf buy Old Gmail Accounts
Buy gmail accounts.pdf buy Old Gmail AccountsBuy gmail accounts.pdf buy Old Gmail Accounts
Buy gmail accounts.pdf buy Old Gmail Accounts
 

Sales promotional tools

  • 1. TOOLS OF SALES PROMOTION Without sales promotion something terrible happens …….nothing! P T BARNUM TATA SATHISH 121247 VENKAT MANOHAR 121248 VISHNU KJ 121250 WASIM AKRAM 121251 BINAY JASWAL 121252
  • 2. An extra incentive to buy A tool to speed up sales An extra incentive to buy A tool to speed up sales Targeted to different parties Sales Promotion “A direct inducement that offers an extra value or incentive for the product to the sales force, distributors, or the ultimate consumer with the primary objective of creating an immediate sale.”
  • 3. Samples Coupons Premiums Contests/sweepstakes Refunds/rebates Bonus Packs Price-off deals Frequency programs Cooperative advertising Trade allowances Training programs Contests, dealer incentives Point-of-purchase displays Trade shows Sales Promotion Tools Consumer-Oriented Trade-Oriented Event marketing Samples Coupons Premiums Contests/sweepstakes Refunds/rebates Bonus packs Price-off deals Loyalty programs Trade allowances Training programs Contests, dealer incentives Point-of-purchase displays Trade shows Event marketing
  • 4. FREE SAMPLES These are distributed to attract consumers to try out a new product and thereby create new customers. Some businessmen distribute samples among selected persons in order to popularize the product. Common examples - shampoo, washing powder, coffee powder, etc.
  • 5. Free Premiums: Only require purchase of the product Self-liquidating Premiums: require consumer to pay some or all of the cost of the premium Free Premiums: Only require purchase of the product Premium: an offer of an item of merchandise or service either free or at a low cost that is an extra incentive for customers Premiums Two Types of Premiums
  • 6. COUPONS Sometimes, coupons are issued by manufacturers either in the packet of a product or through an advertisement printed in the newspaper or magazine or through mail. These coupons can be presented to the retailer while buying the product. The holder of the coupon gets the product at a discount. Best example for this is coupons distributed by the pizza restaurants like dominos, pizza hut, etc
  • 7. Contests and Sweepstakes Contest: a promotion where consumers compete for prizes or money on the basis of skills or ability. Winners are determined by judging entries or ascertaining which entry comes closes to some predetermined criteria Sweepstakes/games: a promotion where winners are determined purely by chance and cannot require a proof of purchase as a condition for entry. Winners are chosen by random selection from a pool of entries or generation of a number to match those held by game entrants.
  • 8. BONUS REWARDS/ POINTS Certain retail shops will have a scheme which will require the customer to be a member of the shop and to acquire membership card for the same. And every time the customer makes a purchase bonus points are added to the card and at the end of the year gifts are given for the points earned. Example – coffee day bonus points card, Moore super markets, Reliance fresh.
  • 9. MONEY BACK OFFER/ REFUNDS Under this scheme customers are given assurance that full value of the product will be returned to them if they are not satisfied after using the product. When customers doubt the quality or reliability of your product or service, offer a money-back guarantee. Give a detailed explanation of eligible returns and refunds available for customer reference. Eg : Telebrands shopping
  • 10. PRICE OFF DEALS / DISCOUNTS
  • 11. Exchange offer Bonus offer Price-off offer Scratch and win offer
  • 13. What is Trade Promotion? • Marketing or Promotional activities undertaken to promote a new or existing product, increase sales of existing products, expand market share or create brand awareness among the distribution channels wholesalers, retailers, etc. • The word Trade Promotion encompasses virtually all forms of Product Promotion and Demand Creation. • Trade shows, special pricing, sales incentives, discounted or free display fixtures, demonstrations and freebies such as tickets to sporting events, movies or novelties (pens, paperweights, calculators), etc are few examples of promotional activities.
  • 14. Trade Sales Promotion Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion: • Gain/maintain distribution • Influence resellers to promote product • Influence resellers to offer price discount • Increase reseller inventory • Defend against competitors • Avoid reduction of normal prices
  • 15. Trade ShowsTrade Shows Contests and IncentivesContests and Incentives Trade Allowances Point-of-Purchase Displays Sales Training Programs Cooperative Advertising Tools of Trade-Oriented Promotions Buying Allowances Promotional Allowances Slotting Allowances Buying Allowances Promotional Allowances Trade Allowances Point-of-Purchase Displays Sales Training Programs Slotting Allowances
  • 16. Trade Contests  Used to achieve sales targets.  Funds known as “spiff money.”  Rewards can be prizes or cash.  Can be designed for various channel members.  Some organizations do not allow trade contests because of possible conflict of interests.
  • 17. TRADE INCENTIVES  Cooperative merchandising agreement (CMA)  Corporate sales program (CSP)  Producing plant allowance (PPA)  Back haul allowance (BHA)  Cross-dock or Pedal runs  Premium or bonus pack
  • 18. TRADE SHOWS  Ranks 3rd in B-to-B marketing expenditures.  Manufacturers spend huge amounts of money per show.... Largest trade shows all over the world are:  International CES ( consumer electronic and technology shows )  The Super Show ( Texas car & vehicle shows )  Miami International Boat Show & Strictly Sail  International Housewares Show  Mid-America Trucking Show Egs in India are auto expos (last year jan 5 to jan 11 ),vivah mumbai ( 2-4th august), food fairs etc .
  • 19. Trade Allowances Off-invoice allowance: a per-case rebate paid to retailers for an order. Drop-ship allowance: money paid to retailers who bypass wholesalers or brokers for pre- planned orders. Slotting fees: money paid to retailers to stock a new product. Exit fees: money paid to retailers to remove an item from their inventory
  • 20. Effective POP Displays • Integrate the brand’s image into the display. • Integrate the display with current advertising and promotions. • Make the display dramatic to get attention. • Keep the color of the display down so the product and signage stand out. • Make the display versatile so it can be easily adapted by retailers. • Make the display re-usable and easy to assemble. • Make the display easy to stock. • Customize the display to fit the retailer’s store. Eg: Mobile Sims,toothpastes etc.