Trends in Forest Ownership and Tenure_Indonesia Studies
1. Trends in Forest Ownership, Forest Resource Tenure and Institutional Arrangements: Are They Contributing to Better Forest Management and Poverty
Reduction? Case studies from Indonesia.
Vince Deschamps MCIP, RPP
Paul Hartman
CIP Conference, Quebec City
June 4, 2007
3. Main FindingsMain Findings
1. In theabsenceof securetenurerights, creation of
collaborativemanagement structuresthat aresupported
by customary law can contributeto better forest
management and poverty reduction and should be
promoted nationally
2. Thesocio-economic and ecological ‘health’ of forest
based communitiesutilizing customary law can exceed
thoseof communitieswith economiesbased primarily
on agricultural production
3. Land tenureand forestry lawsneed to berevised to
recognizethelegitimacy and rightsof local
communities
4. Land Tenure ContextLand Tenure Context
• Almost all forestsin Indonesiaareconsidered ‘State
Owned’ and aresubject to thejurisdiction of the
government
• Seriousinadequaciesexisted in theprocesswhen
logging concessionsand National Parksweregazetted
• Weak tenuresareaccorded to customary communities
under theAgrarian and Forestry laws
• New lawsdecentralizing someaspectsof theState’s
jurisdiction over lands, forestsand other natural
resourcesto district authoritieshavecaused massive
confusion and land grab.
5. CollaborativeCollaborative ManagementManagement
• “Equitable” rather than “equal” power sharing
• Allowsfor input into thefinal decision with the
ultimatedecision-making authority retained by a
singlemanagement authority
• Createsfair system of resourcemanagement and
addressespeople’sconcernsadequately
– without which resources cannot be considered
secure regardless of the regime in place
6. Customary ‘Adat’ LawCustomary ‘Adat’ Law
• Formsthebasisfor
forest tenureby long-
established
communities
• Created by the
community and
administered by alocal
council of elders
• Definetherightsand
responsibilitiesand
codifieslegal sanctions
7. Berau district
• 100,000 hatimber
Concession
• FiveVillages
within are
surrounding
borders
Sumalindo TimberConcession
Segah Watershed
8. Working with DecentralizationWorking with Decentralization
• Conflict between thecommunitiesand
Sumalindo timber concession = nobody benefits
• TNC as‘honest broker’ in facilitating agreement
that providesbenefit to all parties
– creation of a Management Body involving the
communities, the concessionaire, and local govt
9. Roles and ResponsibilitiesRoles and Responsibilities
• Timber company provides increased revenue stream
to Communities through the management body
• Communities monitor the logging practices of the
timber company in the forest
• Work together to keep out illegal logging
• TNC builds capacity of the management body
10. RecognitionRecognition ofof
Traditional RightsTraditional Rights
• Ultimatedecision-making and legal authority
retained by theconcession holder (company)
• Acknowledgesthetraditional land tenurerights
of communitiesthrough:
1. requiring agreement on where and when logging
takes place
2. ensuring equitable distribution of logging benefits
through compensation for logging in traditional
lands
3. increasing the voice of communities in the
management of forest resources
11. Lore Lindu National Park
•TNC sitesince1992
•Park is217,000 hamostly
covered in montaneand sub-
montanemoist tropical
forest
•Bordered by 60 villages
containing 40,000 people
who arethebiggest threat
•Thepark’swatershed
suppliesmost of thewater to
two districtsfor drinking,
agricultureand industry
12. Dongi-DongiDongi-Dongi
EncroachmentEncroachment
• Landlessand impoverished migrants
encroached in 1997-1998
• Second encroachment in 2000-2001
• Support by community rightsgroupsand local
businessinterestslooking to benefit from
illegal logging and clearing for agriculture
• 600 householdsand 1400 hectaresof the
Dongi-dongi valley hasbeen deforested
• Potential for horizontal conflict with
communitieswho havetransitional rights
13. • TNC working to change
perceptionsand attitudesabout
LoreLindu NP
– Park is conceived as protector of traditional
land and not a threat to livelihoods
Collaborative ManagementCollaborative Management
LLNPLLNP
14. • Participatory conservation planning (PCP)
– approaches ecological information from the human
viewpoint
– relating management strategies to issues of relevance to
local communities
– served as the basis for the development of Community
Conservation Agreements (CCAs)
• CCAs
– prescribe communities with rights of access to resources,
conservation responsibilities, and locally applicable
regulations
– legitimizes boundaries of the national park by allowing
communities to map out and gain access to those areas of
importance to them.
– Other Adat land is viewed as secured within the parks
boundaries.
Database
Draft Agreement
Community
Mapping
PCP
Awareness &
Education
Institutional
Strengthening
Zonation
Negotiation
Monitoring
CCACCA
Community ConservationCommunity Conservation
AgreementsAgreements
17. Collaborative Management &Collaborative Management &
Economic SustainabilityEconomic Sustainability
• TNC conducted resourcevaluationsin the
Berau and Palu river watershedsin 2001 and
2002
• Studiesprovideeconomic justification for
promotion of Adat and sustainableforest-
based systemsin thecollaborative
management process
18. Collaborative Management &Collaborative Management &
Economic SustainabilityEconomic Sustainability
• Communitiesin Berau include:
– indigenous communities managing forest-based
economies through the implementation of Adat
– relatively new arrivals who derived livelihoods
from agro-based economies.
• Communitiesin Palu include:
– households from a variety of indigenous and
immigrant backgrounds with mixed agro/forest-
based economies
19. Summary of Economic BenefitsSummary of Economic Benefits
• Greatest benefit to forest-based and agro-based
communitiesisfrom forest products
• Capital held in agro-based communitiesisin livestock
• Capital held in forest-based communitiesisin theforests
that comprisestraditional land base
Agricultural
Production
Livestock
Consumption
Forest Products Total Economic
Benefit
Forest-based $324 (22.7%) $41 (2.9%) $1,058 (74.4%) $1,423
Agro-based $260 (35.7%) $130 (17.8%) $338 (46.5%) $728
Mixed
agro/forest
$318 (46.8%) $68 (10.0%) $293 (43.2%) $679
20. Natural Environment andNatural Environment and
Community Well-BeingCommunity Well-Being
• Higher ratesof ‘environmental events’ reported
in householdsof forest-based communities
– proximity to the ‘front lines’ of environmental
degradation
– Identifying their sources important in maintaining
balance between community/ecosystem health and
economic prosperity
• Littleawarenessof relationship between resource
extraction and impactson ecosystem servicesand
general well-being
21. SummarySummary
• Almost all havean incomeassociated with local natural
resourceconsumption, with forest-based activities:
– contributing up to 75% of local cash economy
– providing high levels of basic foodstuffs and building materials.
• Mixed agro/forest-based communitiesaresimilar to
agro-based communitiesin their dependenceon
agricultural productsand livestock inventories
• Forest-based economiesareexposed to vulnerabilities
– Remoteness and lack of access to major centres
– manipulation by middlemen
22. Guiding Principles forCommunityGuiding Principles forCommunity
InvolvementInvolvement
• Focuson thelink between healthy ecosystems
and sustainablelivelihoods
• Let thecommunity guidetheprocess, but provide
them with sufficient information and expertiseto
makeinformed decisions
• Develop and executetheproject with along-term
vision
23. RecommendationsRecommendations
A Way ForwardA Way Forward
• Mapping of traditional land usefor indigenous
communities
• Document and securelegal recognition of resource-
based Adat for indigenouscommunities
• Formulate, document and obtain legal recognition of
resource-based Adat for non-indigenouscommunities
• PromoteCollaborativeManagement structureswith the
assistanceof non-government organizations
• Promotereforestation of degraded forestsnear agro and
mixed forest/agro-based communitiesto provide
potential resourcebasefor forest products
What’s different
Wallace line, Dry vs Wet, National park vs HPH
84.0% of rural households along the Kelay and Segah river systems Berau are impacted by floods at least once a year
Erosion and the loss of productive land for agriculture has been reported by communities along both the Kelay and Segah rivers. Erosion of productive land impacts 19.6% of rural households annually
These forests extend over two watersheds in the district: the Segah and Kelay river basins. These rivers join up before entering the ocean
3 years ago,
Now these partners work together to manage and protect the forest. Just last month, together they stopped illegal logging in the concession.
