- Cell phone towers emit electromagnetic radiation that decreases rapidly with distance from the tower. Living close to towers may cause health issues like headaches and sleep problems. - Mobile phones also emit radiation measured by SAR levels set by governments. India's limit is 1.6W/Kg averaged over 1 gram of tissue. Radiation can have thermal effects like heating and non-thermal effects on cell behavior. - Biological effects of radiation exposure include sleep disruption, dizziness, heart palpitations, fatigue, and risks of infertility, ear damage, skin effects, immune system degradation, and neurodegenerative disorders.

1. F.Y.B.Sc Sem 2 Course 4
2.4 Radiation Risk
2.5 First aid

2. • Mobile telephony needs : Base stations , antennas (Mobile towers)
• Tower= Provides link to and from mobile forms
• More than 5 lakh towers
• Radiations emitted by towers
• Electromagnetic radiations
• Continuous emission and powerful to close quarters
• Field intensities drop rapidly with distance away from the base of
transmittance because of attenuation power with square of distance

3. CELL TOWER RADIATION
Sector antenna : popular design of mobile antenna
Coverage: 180 degrees horizontally 175 to 185 degree vertical
Antennas mounted on cell tower transmit radiations : 869 MHz to 2170 MHz Depending on
power density mechanism used in various telephony devices

4. Ill effects on people who live close to base stations
• Headache, loss of concentration, sleep problems, emotional
behavior change, adverse neuro functions.
• Bio-initiative 2012: published a report by 29 independent scientists
and health experts from 10 countries (India, Sweden, Italy, Greece,
Canada, Austria, US and Russia
• Self radiation limit: 0.5 milliwatts/sq.m.

5. Electronic gadgets
1. Mobile phones : Wireless technology Electromagnetic radiation
• EMR cannot be perceived by human eyes or ears
• Depending on their frequency they can pass through solid objects and travel long
distance
• This property makes them useful for wireless, long distance communication
• 900 million approx : mobile users
• Enormous exposure of radiation is matter of concern
• A part of radiation emitted by the mobile is absorbed by the body
SAR : Specific Absorption Rate (the rate at which body absorbs the radiation) and is
measured
In watts/kg (W/Kg)
Maximum levels of modern handsets have been set by governmental regulating agencies
India  permitted SAR value 1.6W/Kg averaged over 1 gram of human tissue

6. Microwave Radiation
Microwave radiation effects could be
1. Thermal effects 2. Non- Thermal effects
Thermal : Heating effect
• Most of the heating effect occur at surface of head in general and earlobe in
particular
Causing increase in its temperature
• 20 minutes use of cellphone: 1 degree rise in temperature of earlobe
• May lead to tinnitus ( ringing or buzzing in ears) and irreversible hearing loss
NON-Thermal Effects
Radio waves may damage cell behaviour.
Exposure to EMR (electromagnetic radiation) brings change at molecular level
Stimulation to cellular receptors  fatigue or anxiety
Non-thermal effects are several times harmful than thermal effects

7. Biological effects of radiation
• Sleep disruption
• Dizziness
• Palpitation of heart
• Fatigue
• Buzzing in the head
• Altered reflexes
• Inability to concentrate
• Forgetfullness/memory loss
• Cardiovascular problems
• Depression
• Change in electrical activity of brain
RISKS
Irreversible infertility
Tinnitus and ear damage
Effects on skin
Immune system degenration
Neurodegenerative disorders : Alzheimer,
Parkinsons

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