MSc Seminar Presentation. Back in 2009

2. Electromagnetic
Radiations
With
Respect
To
Cell Phone Towers
SADAF LIAQUAT
MSc 3rd Semester

3. We are being
relentlessly
bombarded both
We are being
indoors and
relentlessly
bombarded both
outdoors byand
indoors
many
differentby many
outdoors forms
different forms of
of radiation
radiation
particularly
particularly
electromagnetic
electromagnetic
radiations.
radiations.

4. Electromagnetic radiation
 When electric and magnetic forces act
together, they vibrate at right angles to
each other and make electromagnetic
radiation, or waves.

5. What is a cell phone?
 A cell phone is nothing more
than a sophisticated two-
way radio—a device that
transmits, receives, and
decodes electromagnetic
waves.

6. What Are Cellular Phone Towers?
 The widespread use of cellular
phones has led to the placement of
cellular phone towers in many
communities.
 These towers, also called "base
stations,"
 They consist of

radios, computerized switching
equipment, and antennas that
receive and transmit
radiofrequency (RF) signals.

7. A cell-phone tower is typically a steel pole or
lattice structure that rises hundreds of feet
into the air
This cell-phone tower near Greenville, SC, is typical in
the United States:

8. Radio Transmitters And Receivers That
Let The Tower Communicate With The
Phones
The radios connect with the antennae on the tower
through a set of thick cables

10. CELLULAR BASE STATIONS
 Radiofrequencies constitute part
of the overall electromagnetic
spectrum.
 Cellular communications systems

800-900 megahertz RF
 Personal Communications Service
(PCS)

1850-1990 MHz

11. Working of cellular tower

12. COMPARISON B/W CELL N CELL
TOWER EFFECTS

13. Division of electromagnetic
spectrum
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
ionizing Non-ionizing
Shorter wavelengths Longer wavelengths
Cause mutation n cancer Heating effect

14. Scientific Evidence Of Harmful Effects Of
Mobile Phone Tower Radiation
Peer-reviewed scientific studies have identified adverse
effects on populations living
near mobile phone towers.
Santini, 2002:
“Comparisons of complaints frequencies … in relation with
distance from base station and sex
300 m = tiredness
200m = headache, sleep disturbance, discomfort, etc.
100m = irritability, depression, loss of memory,
dizziness, libido decrease, etc.
Women > Men = complained of headache, nausea, loss of
appetite, sleep disturbance, depression, discomfort and
visual perturbations

15. Continued…
Röösli, 2004
sleep disorders (58%)
headaches (41%)
nervousness or distress (19%),
Fatigue (18%), and concentration difficulties.
Complainants rated their symptoms most
frequently to exposure to mobile phone base
stations…

16. Continued…
 Navarro, 2003:
Exposed radiations mobile phone antennas in La Nora

discomfort, irritability, appetite loss, fatigue, headache,
difficulties concentrating and sleep disturbance
 Bortkiewicz, 2004:
living in the vicinity of base stations report various
complaints People

circulatory system, but also of sleep disturbances,
irritability, depression, blurred vision, concentration
difficulties, nausea, lack of appetite, headache and vertigo.”

17. Continued…
 Zwamborn, 2003
A study by the Dutch Technical Research Institute (TNO)
found that volunteers exposed to a signal simulating exposure
from a 3G (UTMS) antenna experienced adverse effects on
well-being.
 Oberfeld, 2004
In Murcia( spain) = maximum exposure of 0.0001 μW/cm2

higher incidence of fatigue, irritability, headaches, nausea,
loss of appetite, sleeping disorders, depression, discomfort,
difficulties concentrating, memory loss, visual disorders,
dizziness and cardiovascular problems

18. Continued…
Oberfeld, 2005:
Austrian volunteers 80m 4m mobile phone tower

experienced changes in the electrical activity of
their brains and feelings of unwell ness, buzzing
in the head, palpitations of the heart, unwell
ness, light-headedness, respiratory problems,
nervousness, agitation, headache, tinnitus, heat,
anxiety and depression

19. Continued…
Hutter, 2006:
In Vienna and Carinthia

• three times as many headaches;
• 2.3 times the incidence of tremor;
• 2.5 times the incidence of cold hands/feet and
concentration problems;
• 2.4 times the incidence of appetite loss;
• Twice as much exhaustion;
• Twice as much fatigue

20. Continued…
Abdel-Rassoul, 2007:
Neuropsychiatric complaints

headache (23.5%), memory changes (28.2%),
dizziness (18.8%), tremors (9.4%), depressive
symptoms (21.7%),and sleep disturbance (23.5%)
were significantly higher among exposed
inhabitants[ie living near base stations]

revision of standard guidelines

21. Continued…
Oberfeld, 2008:
The Austrian Department of Health

higher risk of cancer = 200m 4m base
station

risk rose with increasing exposure

22. Continued…
 Children are at the greatest risk

thinner skulls and rapid rate of growth
 elderly, the frail, n pregnant women.
 Doctors from the United Kingdom

warnings


23. EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEAD

24. Over 100 physicians and scientists at Harvard
and Boston University Schools of Public Health
have called cellular towers a radiation hazard.
And, 33 delegate physicians from 7 countries
have declared cell phone towers a “public health
emergency”.

25. I got confused because ....

26. Confusion…
 U.S. Federal Communications Commission
(FCC)

Scientific Studies = current levels are safe.
 so many articles and papers in the favor that
these cell phone towers are not an issue ….

27. But
BUT ….
then…

28.  Cathy Bergman , 1986:
““Our federal government also
once told us that asbestos,
I agree with …
cigarettes, thalidomide, and
the blood supply were
"safe", but which were Bergman , 1996:
Cathy
later found to be harmful.
““Our federal government also once told us that
“You can bet that their
studies are going to show thalidomide, and the blood
asbestos, cigarettes,
supply were "safe", but which were later found to
whatever they want them
to show.” be harmful.
“You can bet that their studies are going to show
whatever they want them to show.”

30. Adverse effects of
cellular towers
 Risk to Pre Adolescent Children:
They are more at risk than adults because of absorption of
Microwaves of the frequency used in Mobile Telephony,
which creates an object of the size of child’s head and so
called “head resonance”. The still developing Nervous
System and associated Brain Wave activity in the child are
more vulnerable to aggression by pulses of Microwaves used
in GSM. The increased mitotic activity in cells of developing
children makes them more susceptible to genetic damage.

31. Continued…
 Risk to Pregnant Women :
A pregnant woman and the fetus both are
vulnerable because of the fact that these RF
Radiations continuously react with the developing
embryo, increasing cells, because of thermal heat
also.
 When the pregnant ladies either use Mobile
Phone or when illuminated with RF Radiations, the
developing child can become affected, the
developmental mall formation may occur

32. Continued…
 Risk to Human Brain:
Human Brain is the most vulnerable portion to
the EM Some of the known effects are
Neurological effects, Increase in ODC
(Ornithine De Carboxylase) activity, effect on
enzymes and free radicals decreasing the
brain metabolism

34. Continued…
 Risk to Patients Carrying Pace Makers:
The RF Exposure adversely affects implanted
Pace Maker and becomes arrhythemical. These
radiations may stop Pace Maker from delivering
pulses in a regular way or may generate some kind
of external controlling pulse putting the patient
to death.

35. How EM Effect pace maker
holders
Electromagnetic Heart Pace Maker Its Effects
Radiations

36. Researchers…
Internationally acknowledged experts
Cellular RF research
Effects animals and people in laboratories
Epidemiological evidence
Serious health
effects at non-thermal levels
 Other evidences have proved:

37. Continued…
 Increased cell growth of brain cancer cells
 A doubling of the rate of lymphoma in mice
 Changes in tumor growth in rats
 An increased number of tumors in rats
 Increased breaks in double and single stranded
DNA, our genetic material
 2 to 4 times as many cancers in Polish soldiers
exposed to RF
 More childhood leukemia in children exposed to
RF
 Changes in sleep patterns and REM type sleep
 Headaches caused by RF exposure

38. Continued…
 Neurological changes including:
1. Changes in the blood-brain-barrier.
2. Changes in cellular morphology (including cell
death).
3. Changes in neural electrophysiology (EEG).
4. Changes in neurotransmitters (which affect
motivation and pain perception).
5. Metabolic changes (of calcium ions, for
instance).
6. Cytogenetic effects (which can affect cancer,
Alzheimer's, neurodegenerative diseases).

39. Continued…
 Decreased memory, attention, and
slower reaction time in school children.
 Retarded learning in rats indicating a
deficit in spatial "working memory“.
 Increased blood pressure in healthy
men.
 Damage to eye cells when combined with
commonly used glaucoma medications.

40. ANOTHER
RESEARCH

42. Cell phone
towers
effects on
birds

43. Banned…
 In India, towers were recently banned from
school and residential areas to protect people
following studies that showed potential harm
to the brain.
 The United States Federal
Telecommunications Act of 1996, Section 704
removes environmental considerations from
the tower siting process, which denies
citizens the opportunity to protest based on
ecological concerns (zoning) or health issues.

44. Continued…
 In 2006, the International Association of
Firefighters (IAFF,) the largest union of first
responders in North America, passed a resolution
banning cellular towers from firehouses until more
research is done, because firefighters were
suffering from ill health.
 Coz of all these restrictions covert or hidden cell
phone tower are placed in the different areas of
the cities.

45. Hidden cell phone towers…
Cell phone equipment same "boulder“ opened up
Hidden in fake "boulder"

46. Continued…
ANOTHER
"PINE TREE" "PINE TREE"

47. REFRENCES
 Röösli, M et al, Int J Hyg Environ Health, 207(2):141-50,
2004.
 Santini, R et al, Pathol Biol (Paris), 50(6):369-73, 2002.
 Bortkiewics, A et al, Med Pr, 55(4):345-51, 2004.
 Navarro, E et al, Electromagnetic Biology and Med
22(2):161-9, 2003.
 Zwamborn, A et al, www.tno.nl/en/news/article_6265.html
 Oberfeld, G et al, www.salzburg.gv.au/unweltmedizin.
 Oberfeld, G et al, 3rd International Workshop on Biological
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, 4-8 October, 2004.
 Hutter, H-P et al, Occup Environ Med 63 307-313, 2006.
 Abdel-Rassoul, G et al, Neurotoxicology 28(2):434-40,
2007.

48. for your patience