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Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 by identifying the A, B, and O blood types based on antigens on red blood cells. Blood grouping is done through agglutination, where antigens mix with corresponding antibodies. Blood group antigens play roles in membrane structure, transport, and other biological functions. Blood grouping tests are used for blood transfusions, identifying paternity, and in legal and medical cases. The four main blood groups are A, B, O, and AB, which determine blood type compatibility for transfusions to avoid agglutination.

Science

BLOOD GROUP
Created By : Nikita
DMLT (1ST YEAR)
Batch No. – 2022-23
Dr. Shoborose Tantray
Dr. Seema Ahlawat

INTRODUCTION
 The human ABO blood group where discovered by
Austrian born American biologist Karl Landsteiner in 1901.

A blood group also called a blood type
 Classification of blood is based on the presence or absent of
inherited antigenic substance on the surface of red blood cells
 These antigens maybe proteins
 Carbohydrate, Glycoprotein or glycolipid depending on the blood
group system.

Principal of blood grouping
Blood grouping is done on the basis of Agglutinations
Agglutinations means the collection of separate particles occurs if an
antigen is mixed with it is corresponding antibodies which is called as
isoagglutinin.

Blood group functions
The functions are varied include membrane structure, transport,
receptors, enzyme activity, complement component Regulation and
glycalyx formation.

Use of blood grouping tests
1. In blood transfusion
2. In pregnancy
3. Investigation cases of paternity disputes
4. Medicolegal value

Blood transfusion
1. Blood loss
2. Blood disorders, Hemophilia, Purpura, Clotting effect,
3. Blood disease severe anemia, Leukemia
4. Poisoning eg. carbon monoxide
5. Shocks

BLOOD GROUP TYPES
 Four main blood groups A, B, O, and AB types 8 blood group
types

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Context. WASP-76 b has been a recurrent subject of study since the detection of a signature in high-resolution transit spectroscopy data indicating an asymmetry between the two limbs of the planet. The existence of this asymmetric signature has been confirmed by multiple studies, but its physical origin is still under debate. In addition, it contrasts with the absence of asymmetry reported in the infrared (IR) phase curve. Aims. We provide a more comprehensive dataset of WASP-76 b with the goal of drawing a complete view of the physical processes at work in this atmosphere. In particular, we attempt to reconcile visible high-resolution transit spectroscopy data and IR broadband phase curves. Methods. We gathered 3 phase curves, 20 occultations, and 6 transits for WASP-76 b in the visible with the CHEOPS space telescope. We also report the analysis of three unpublished sectors observed by the TESS space telescope (also in the visible), which represents 34 phase curves. Results. WASP-76 b displays an occultation of 260±11 and 152±10 ppm in TESS and CHEOPS bandpasses respectively. Depending on the composition assumed for the atmosphere and the data reduction used for the IR data, we derived geometric albedo estimates that range from 0.05 ± 0.023 to 0.146 ± 0.013 and from <0.13 to 0.189 ± 0.017 in the CHEOPS and TESS bandpasses, respectively. As expected from the IR phase curves, a low-order model of the phase curves does not yield any detectable asymmetry in the visible either. However, an empirical model allowing for sharper phase curve variations offers a hint of a flux excess before the occultation, with an amplitude of ∼40 ppm, an orbital offset of ∼−30◦ , and a width of ∼20◦ . We also constrained the orbital eccentricity of WASP-76 b to a value lower than 0.0067, with a 99.7% confidence level. This result contradicts earlier proposed scenarios aimed at explaining the asymmetry observed in high-resolution transit spectroscopy. Conclusions. In light of these findings, we hypothesise that WASP-76 b could have night-side clouds that extend predominantly towards its eastern limb. At this limb, the clouds would be associated with spherical droplets or spherically shaped aerosols of an unknown species, which would be responsible for a glory effect in the visible phase curves.

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Blood Group.pptx

1. BLOOD GROUP Created By : Nikita DMLT (1ST YEAR) Batch No. – 2022-23 Dr. Shoborose Tantray Dr. Seema Ahlawat

2. INTRODUCTION  The human ABO blood group where discovered by Austrian born American biologist Karl Landsteiner in 1901.

3. A blood group also called a blood type  Classification of blood is based on the presence or absent of inherited antigenic substance on the surface of red blood cells  These antigens maybe proteins  Carbohydrate, Glycoprotein or glycolipid depending on the blood group system.

4. Principal of blood grouping Blood grouping is done on the basis of Agglutinations Agglutinations means the collection of separate particles occurs if an antigen is mixed with it is corresponding antibodies which is called as isoagglutinin.

5. Blood group functions The functions are varied include membrane structure, transport, receptors, enzyme activity, complement component Regulation and glycalyx formation.

6. Use of blood grouping tests 1. In blood transfusion 2. In pregnancy 3. Investigation cases of paternity disputes 4. Medicolegal value

7. Blood transfusion 1. Blood loss 2. Blood disorders, Hemophilia, Purpura, Clotting effect, 3. Blood disease severe anemia, Leukemia 4. Poisoning eg. carbon monoxide 5. Shocks

8. BLOOD GROUP TYPES  Four main blood groups A, B, O, and AB types 8 blood group types

9. THANK YOU

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