FS III Ass2, Fabric Science-3, Assignment 2

1. ASSIGNMENT - 2
FABRIC SCIENCE
FOR
APPAREL -III
SUBMITTED TO :
MR. B. BANERJEE
SUBMITTED BY:-
VAIBHAV RAJ
BFT/21/272

2. Textile finishing determines the final appearance and
aesthetic qualities of a textile. Textile finishing is the final
stage in changing the quality of a fabric in terms of
appearance, handling, and functionality by mechanical
and chemical means. It has evolved through time into the
process by which textile resources are converted into
technical textiles. Developing multifunctional fabrics that
are highly efficient, durable, cost effective, and made in
an ecologically sustainable manner is undoubtedly the
future trend in textile finishing.
Sustainability is a critical aspect that must be addressed
to address the many problems provided by the textile
industry in terms of regulating the use of water, electricity
hazardous chemicals, and so on. Textile finishing in a
sustainable manner may be accomplished using
environmentally friendly techniques.
Eco-friendly approaches adopted in Textile finishing methods
and eco-friendly practices adopted by manufacturers

3. Textile finishing techniques that are
eco friendly and practices adopted by
manufacturers

4. Plasma treatment is a physicochemical
approach for surface modification that
changes the surface both physically and
chemically while leaving the material’s
bulk characteristics intact.
The Concept :
The plasma atmosphere is made up of free
electrons, radicals, ions, atoms, molecules,
and different excited particles, depending
on the plasma gas involved. The
interaction of these excited species with
solid surfaces placed in plasma reactors
causes chemical and physical change of
the material surface.
All the active species react with the
surface of the substrate, resulting in
chemical functionality on the surface.
Furthermore, the reactive particles
produced react directly with the surface
of the treated substrates without altering
their bulk characteristics
Plasma completing
process

5. Cold plasmas, also known as non-thermal plasmas, are
used extensively in a wide range of textile applications.
Cold plasma is used to cure textiles either under vacuum or
at atmospheric pressure. Without a doubt, plasmas are the
most effective surface treatment treatments
The features differentiate plasma:
Because plasma is utilized at a low temperature, the
possibility of fabric damage is reduced.
The ability to apply plasma over a wide range of
thermal, physical, and chemical temperatures enables
fine-tuning of fabric surface treatments.
Because of its dry treatment procedures, plasma is an
ecologically friendly alternative.
Application of plasma in textiles:
The plasma modified polymeric materials
can be used as textiles, membranes, foils non-
wovens, composites and so on .

6. Sandblasting
Blasting Silica sand used in denim sandblasting can often
contain 90-95% crystalline silica.
Sandblasting is one of the most popular finishing
techniques
used to give a worn look to denim fabrics. It is a
mechanical
and abrasive process where sand particles are forced at
denim fabrics under controlled pressure settings. This
technique is used to give the fabric a faded look, and is
more
in style.
This is the process that also applied for removing the
color
and it is done at the dry condition of the garments.
·This process is done by air flow gun with the help of sand.
·The high pressure sand is applied on the specific area of
the
garments and eventually the color will reduce. However,
this
process has some disadvantages ,so that this process is
banned now.
What is sandblasting used for?
Sandblasting can remove paint, rust, and residue from
oxidation from materials quickly and efficiently.
Sandblasting
can also be used to change the condition of a metal'
s
surface, such as through removing scratches or casting
marks. Sandblasting as a cleaning method has been widely
used for over a hundred years

7. What material is used for sandblasting?
Although many sand blasting used in blasting rooms are
not hazardous in themselves, (steel shot and grit, cast
iron, aluminum oxide and glass bead), other abrasives
(silica sand, copper slag, nickel slag) have varying
degrees of hazard (typically free silica or heavy metals).
A process of Sand Blasting on
Denim/Canvas/Twill/Corduroy Garments :
·Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is used for Sand Blasting.
·These aluminum oxides through by gun with dry air to
perform sand blasting action.
·The garments to be Sand Blasting are placed on the bed
of a closed chamber.
·The garments are instantly faded by the frictional affect
of aluminum oxide.
·Sand Blasting area is isolated from other production
area.
·The flow of aluminum oxide on fabric surface is done at
10-20° angles.
Higher the blowing angle higher the fading affect &
higher the risk of fabric damage.
·The operators should have protective standard musk,
helmet, gloves, ear plug and uniform.
·Production/hour/gun varies from 25-50 pcs garments
depend on the area, extent of fading.

8. Advantages of sandblasting
·It is a purely mechanical process that uses no
chemicals.
·It is a water-free process; therefore no drying is
required.
·A variety of distressed or abraded looks is
possible.
·Any number of designs can be created by special
techniques.
·Send blasting is better for industrial applications
·Quicker cleaning in comparison to soda blasting
·Sand Blasting
·It is more effective at removing rust

9. Another physical surface treatment method to create the
hydrophilic groups on hydrophobic fibers and enhance the
dyeing process is laser treatment. Extensive research has
been carried out into the possibility of surface finishing of
synthetic fiber fabrics by laser irradiation. A laser type must
be selected which irradiates in a strongly absorbing spectral
region of the high polymers. It is possible to obtain surface
structuring without affecting the thermal and mechanical
properties of the body of the fiber. Surface properties
affected include particle adhesion, wettability and optical
properties
Laser treatment

10. Textile industries use various chemical agents in their
different
processes like denim washing, silk degumming, etc. these
chemicals after their use, cause pollution in the effluents;
some of them are corrosive which could damage equipment
and the fabric itself. With the introduction of enzymatic
processes in textiles, the scenario has changed in ensuring
eco-friendly production .
Enzymes being natural products are completely
biodegradable and accomplish their work efficiently without
leaving any pollutant behind. Also, the process would operate
at relatively low temperatures and atmospheric pressure with
little by-product formation14-16 .
Application :
Crease resistance of cotton garments can be improved by
enzyme catalysed cross-linking reactions at room
temperature, e.g. lipase class of enzymes can be used to
promote cross-linking reactions
Enzymatic action
(Bio-Technology)

11. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term covering a wide
range of technologies concerned with structures and
processes on the nanometre scale. Because of its
potential to change fundamentally whole fields of
technology, nanotechnology is regarded as a key
technology, which will not only influence
technological
development in the near future, but will also have
economic, social and ecological implications .
The technology can be used in engineering desired
textile attributes, such as fabric softness, durability,
and breath ability and in developing advanced
performance characteristics, namely, water
repellency, fire retardancy, antimicrobial resistance,
etc,, in fibres, yarns and fabrics
Nanotechnology

12. STONEWASH EFFECT
In traditional washing process, volcanic rocks or pumice
stones are added to the garments during washing as
abradant. Due to ring dyeing and heavy abrasion fading is
more apparent but less uniform. The degree of color fading
depends on the garment to stone ratio, washing time, size
of stones, material to liquor ratio and load of garments.
Normally after desizing, stone wash process starts with
pumice stone addition in rotary drum type garment washer.
Process time varies from 60-120 mins. Stone wash effect is
one of the oldest but highly demanded washing effects.
ADVANTAGE :
Stone wash process gives“used” look or“vintage”on the
garments, because of varying degree of abrasion in the
area such as waistband, pocket, seam and body.

13. Microencapsulation
Microencapsulation is one of the novel methods of
getting functional finishes on textiles.
Microencapsulation is a micro-packaging technique
involving deposition of thin polymeric coating on
small particles of solid or liquid. This process is more
advantageous to conventional process in terms of
economy, energy saving, eco-friendliness and
controlled release of substances. The anti-bacterial
agents reside in colloidal suspension with the
amorphous zone of the polymeric binder so that a
reservoir of agent is present in solid/ solution within
the polymer matrix.

14. Ultrasonic wet processing
Ultrasonic frequencies lie between 20 kHz and 500 MHz
.The occurrence of sound presupposes the existence of
material it can present itself in solid, liquid or gaseous
media. Wet processing of textiles uses large quantities of
water, and electrical and thermal energy. Most of these
processes involves the use of chemicals for assisting,
accelerating or retarding their rates and carried out at
elevated temperatures to transfer mass from processing
liquid medium across the surface of the textile material in a
reasonable time. Scaling up from lab scale trials to pilot
plant trials have been difficult. In order for ultrasound to
provide its beneficial results during dyeing, high intensities
are required. Producing high intensity, uniform ultrasound in
a large vessel is difficult.

15. Ultrasonic frequencies lie between 20 kHz
and 500 MHz
.The occurrence of sound presupposes the
existence of
material it can present itself in solid, liquid or
gaseous
media. Wet processing of textiles uses large
quantities of
water, and electrical and thermal energy.
Most of these
processes involves the use of chemicals for
assisting,
accelerating or retarding their rates and
carried out at
elevated temperatures to transfer mass from
processing
liquid medium across the surface of the
textile material in a
reasonable time. Scaling up from lab scale
trials to pilot
plant trials have been difficult. In order for
ultrasound to
provide its beneficial results during dyeing,
high intensities
are required. Producing high intensity,
uniform ultrasound in
a large vessel is difficult.

16. SOIL RELEASE FINISH
Soil release finish facilitate removal of waterborne
and oil stains from fabrics such as polyester and
cotton blends and fabrics treated for durable
press, which usually show some resistance to stain
removal by normal cleaning processes. This finish is
especially suitable for sportswear, underwear,
uniforms and work wear etc. These finishes are
provided by nano-particles which have a high
surface energy, the finish being durable upto 50
washes

17. UV PROTECTION
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes
deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun, reducing a
person’s UVR exposure and protecting the skinfrom
potential damage. The extent of skin protection required
by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity and geographical location, time of day, and
season. This protection is expressed as SPF (Sun
Protection Factor), higher the SPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation.
The SPF value of textile depends on fiber type, the fabric
construction (porosity and thickness), and the finish. It
means that transmission, absorption and reflectance
nature of textile influences SPF value. By using UV
absorbers, exposure of the textile to UV lights is reduced
on the one hand as well as the intensity of the transmitted
UV light on the other.

18. This finish gives hydrophobic features to the substrate.
There are three main product groups for this finish
1.Metal salt paraffin dispersion
2.Polysiloxane
PROCESS :
When finishing with these products, the surface of the
goods must be covered with molecules in such a way that
their hydrophobic radicals are ideally positioned as
parallel as possible facing outwards. Aluminium salt
paraffin dispersions are positively charged products due
to the trivalent aluminium salt. This produces a counter
polar charge on the fiber surface which is significant for
the adsorption of the product.
After drying, the fat radicals form a so-called “brush”
perpendicular to the fiber surface which prevents water
drops from penetrating into the fiber. Polysiloxanes form
a fiber-encircling silicone film with methyl group
’
s
perpendicular to the surface. The oxygen atoms are
facing towards the fiber. The film formation and direction
of the methyl groups are responsible for the hydrophobic
properties of the finish
WATER / OIL REPELLANT FINISH