A Primary presentation about soil and climate

1. CLIMATE AND
ITS EFFECTS
ON SOIL

2. What is Climate?
• Climate is the average weather in a place over many
years
• While the weather can change in just a few hours,
climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of
years to change

3. What is Weather?
The state of the atmosphere at a given time an
d place, with respect
to variables such as temperature, moisture ,
wind velocity, and
 barometric pressure etc

4. What is soil?
Soil is one of the world’s most important natural
resources
Together with air and water it is the basis for life on
planet earth
Soil consist of a mixer of mineral grains that come
from the rock deposits and sediments beneath them

5. Soil also contains organic matter mainly in the
top 20 cm
This mixture gives the overall texture of the
soil, namely whether the soil is mainly; sandy
loamy
clayey
Soil contains varying amounts of water
depending on the climate and the water
holding capacity of the soil

6. What is Climate Change?
• Climate change is any significant long term
change in the expected patterns of average
weather of a region over a significant period of
time

7. • The relative influence of each factor varies from place to
place, but the combination of all five factors normally
determines the kind of soil developing in any given
place.
• Temperature and precipitation are the two main
climatic factors responsible for soil formation.

8. Does Climate change affect
soils?
• Along with changes in temperature, climate change
will bring changes in global rainfall amounts and
distribution patterns
• Since temperature and water are two factors that have
a large influence on the processes that take place in
soils, climate change will therefore course changes in
the soil

9. Climatic Factors That Effect
On Soil
• Temperature
• Rainfall
• Relative humidity
• Wind
• Solar radiation
• Snow and winter processes

10. Temperature
• Soil temperature varies seasonally and daily.
• Environmental factors affect soil temperature by
controlling;
o the amount of heat supply to the soil surface
o amount of heat dissipated from the soil surface

11. • Soil organisms commonly active in 0-600 C range, but there
are some microorganisms which can survive around 4000 C
• But has been reduced to around 1210C

12. How temperature affects the
soil?
Temperature governs the soil physical,chemical and
biological processes
High soil temperature
 leads to heat induced cracks in the sand sized particles
 lowest the clay sand content and increase the silk content
 Increase the rate of organic matter decomposition by
microorganisms
 Decrease the cation exchange capacity

13.  Increase Nitrogen availability
 Increase carbon sequestration
 Increase Soil respiration
Temperature will govern the rate of chemical and physical
weathering of the soil

14. 1) Temperature directly affects :
 Chemical and biological reaction
2) Temperature indirectly affects:
 Mineral weathering
 Diffusion
 Solubility of nutrients
 Evaporation rates

15. Effects 0f soil temperature on root development

16. Rainfall
 Rainfall helps to keep all the micronutrients in the soil alive
and active,rain also helps pull things like oxygen into the
ground
 As the silicon dioxide of sand doesn’t dissolve easily there is
little change after the rain drains away.
 When it rains in the hilly areas ,the soil gets washed away
toward the plains

17. The running water deposite the mineral - rich soil in
the river bed and over the years this deposition of soil
can change the cause of the river
This can leads to floods which cause the destruction
of life and property
 water erosion leads to loss of minerals and nutrients

18. Soil pH-
rain leaches alkaline elements from the soil
into runoff water leaving acidic elements
−areas of high rainfall have more acidic
soil than arid regions
−if parent rocks contain more acidic
materials, soil created from them will be
acidic
largely determines wheather a plant can survive in
a specific area

19.  Most plant prefer pH 7 for their well growth
 Where there is a acidic rains it will converts the
neutralized soil to acidic ones.it will reduce the
acceptability for more nutrients
Rain splash-
Impact of rain drops on soil surface in high intensity rainfall
causes increased soil particle detachment

20. Soil runoff-
− run off may occur for two reasons
I. High intensity rainfall for a short duration
– infiltration excess runoff
II. Low intensity rainfall for a long duration –
saturation excess runoff

21. • Soil formation-
• Rainfall intensity and distribution greatly influences
the extent of soil weathering
 higher rainfall intensity results
− soil to splash
− clogging of soil pores
− low infiltration rates
− excess runoff
− greater transport of suspended sediment load

22. • Soil organic matter-
• Soil organic matter level increase as mean annual
precepitation increase
• elevated levels of soil moisture results in
−greater biomass production
−provides more residues
−thus more potential food for soil biota

23. SOILS IN THE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
• Water reaches the soil principally in the form of rainfall
though in some colder regions the main form of precipitation
is snow.
• The role the soil plays in the hydrological cycle is crucial for
the maintenance of the biosphere,
• because it is provides water for plants, animals and humans

25. Wind
 When strong winds blow, the top soil along with the organic
matters is the carried by the wind
 This happens more often when the land is not covered with
grass or plants
 Such conditions are very common in desert and semi-desert
regions where strong winds blow very frequently
 Course sand soil, clayey soil and rocky soils are more
resistant since the particles are too heavy to be remove by
wind erosion

26. wind erosion?
• What is the wind erosion?
Wind erosion involves the erosion transpotation and deposition
of soli by the wind
• Winds may occur wind erosion

27.  It is caused by the transportation and deposition
of soil by the wind
 This will reduce the soil quality
 Damage to the crops
 Reduce the capacity of the soil to store nutrients and water
Effects of wind erosion
• Winnowing of light particles
• The most spectacular forms are dunes
• Degradation of sedimentation crusts on the surface of stripped
soils

28. • To control wind erosion;
o Increase soil cohesion

29. • Increase roughness of the soil surface
• Increase plant cover

30. • Wind breaks
• Examples for wind break plants
• Bamboo
• Mahogany
• Gliricidia

31. Snow
 Snow play dual role in term of soil
temperature regulation
o Reduces net radiations
As heat sink
 Efficient insulator
Snow helps preserve moisture in the soil
during winter and provides water to the soil
as it melts in the spring
The process of freezing and thawing has
been said to improve soil structure

32. Snow and winter process
• Snow fall effects on soil like,
o Deform and break soil structure effect on soil nitrogen
availability

33. • Force on the soil

34. Effect on mineralization and immobilization

35. • Heterogeneity of abiotic factors and biotic factors of
soil

36. • Distribution of plant communities on soil surface

37. CLIMATE CHANGE
EFFECTS ON SOIL
RESOURCES
1. Nutrient cycling and delivery of nutrients for food
and fiber production
• The natural cycle of elemental nutrients in soil, such
as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous, could be
disrupted by increased aridity brought on by climate
change

39. 2. Food mitigation through filtration and water
reservoir
3. Structure to support plant – multi elements
4. Carbon dioxide sequestration and uptake of green
house gases in surface and organic layers

40. Reference
• https://www.fao.org/Effects of wind erosion-EAQ
(viewed on 19.11.2019)
• https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/methods-of-
soil-conservation.php
(Viewed on 20.11.2019)
• https://www.quora.com/How does rain affect soil?-Quora
( viewed on 20.11.2019)
• https://scienceinternational.com/fulltext/?doi=sciintl.2016.
51.73
(Viewed on 20.11.2019)