4. Content
Introduction
What is Reassertion Of Russia?
Recent history
Before Cold War How Russia was as an Empire
During Cold War Era Russia as an Empire
Events Between US and USSR during Cold War
End of Cold War (1989)
Fall of USSR (1991)
Reasons of fall of USSR
End Of History According To Francis Fukuyama
New World Order
Economic and military condition of Russia after fall of USSR
How again Russia Started gaining Power?
Russian annexation of Crimean Peninsula (2014)
Russian Invasion in Ukraine
Russia as an emerging great power in Global Power Politics
Futuristic Approach
Conclusion
5. What is “Reassertion of Russia in GPP”?
The word resurgence is defined as “an increase or
revival after a period of little activity, popularity, or
occurrence.”
The idea of a “Resurgent Russia” is quite
prominent now, as Russia dominates more and
more of the daily news. And, how it has utilized its
newfound power to extrapolate on the current
situations occurring around its borders.
6. Russia’s economic and political influence has
grown over the last few decades. And once again
its regaining that power which it lost in past.
Reassertion of Russia in global power politics
means it “resurge” or return as a player in the
international system, or it reasserts as a great
power in global power politics.
“resurgence of Russia” referred to how Russia
as a great powers return from periods of ruin.
7. In Past there was a time when Russia was the Part of Soviet
Empire. It was the great power along with USA dominating the
whole world. But afterward, due to few reasons USSR as an
Empire got collapsed and was divided into many different
states including Russia. It was the downfall of Russia as a great
power. Militarily, economically got very week but after few
years focused on enhancing its Military and economic
capability. And showed it several times while annexing
different states which were once part of Soviet union.
They sought to concentrate power in their hands to create
strategic depth and to assert that Russia is a great power with
special privileges.
8. Russian Revolution and the birth of
Soviet Union
After overthrowing the centuries-old Romanov
monarchy, The Soviet Union had its origins in
the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Russia emerged from a civil war in 1921 as the newly
formed Soviet Union.
A 1922 treaty between Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and
Transcaucasia (modern Georgia, Armenia and
Azerbaijan) formed the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). The newly established Communist
Party, led by Marxist revolutionary Vladmir Lenin
took control of the government. At its peak, the USSR
growed to contain 15 Soviet Socialist Republics
9. The world’s first Marxist-Communist
empire(USSR) became one of the biggest and
most powerful nations in the world, occupying
nearly one-sixth of Earth’s land surface, before its
fall and ultimate dissolution in 1991. The United
Socialist Soviet Republic, or U.S.S.R., was made
up of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
10. Before Cold War , How Russia was as
an Empire
Preceding World War 1, the world was seen as a
multipolar system, as many countries were
constantly influencing the international system
Russian state has been instrumental in international
history. Its vast geography, in addition to its sizable
population and economic stature marked Russia as a
main competitor in international politics up until the
collapse of the Soviet Union.
11. Georgian-born revolutionary Joseph
Stalin rose to power upon Lenin’s death
in 1924. The dictator ruled by terror
with a series of brutal policies, which
left millions of his own citizens dead.
During his reign which lasted until his
death in 1953 Stalin transformed the
Soviet Union from an agrarian society to
an industrial and military superpower.
12. During Cold War, How Russia was as an Empire
The beginning of Cold War ushered in a period of
bipolarity, in which countries gravitated to the United
States and the ideals of liberal democracy or to the
USSR and the ideology of Communism.
”During the 1970s, the Soviet Union became the main
supplier of modern weapons systems, offering training
courses in Russian military academies. By the time the
Soviet Union collapsed, it “was the single largest
supplier of conventional weapons to other countries.
13. The importance of these arms transfers was that they helped
to shape the balance of forces in regional areas, while also
functioning as an element of military assistance programs
which could help to achieve strategic objectives.
Khrushchev initiated a series of political reforms that made
Soviet society less repressive. During this period, later
known as de-Stalinization, Khrushchev criticized Stalin for
arresting and deporting opponents, took steps to raise living
conditions, freed many political prisoners, loosened artistic
censorship, and closed the Gulag labor camps.
Deteriorating relations between the Soviet Union and
neighboring China and food shortages across the USSR
eroded Khrushchev’s legitimacy in the eyes of the
Communist party leadership. Members of his own political
party removed Khrushchev from office in 1964.
14. Cold War
Following the surrender of Nazi Germany at the end of WWII, the
uncomfortable wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the United
States and Great Britain began to crumble.
The Soviet Union by 1948 had installed communist-leaning governments in
Eastern European countries that the USSR had liberated from Nazi control
during the war. The Americans and British feared the spread of communism
into Western Europe and worldwide.
In 1949, the U.S., Canada and its European allies formed the NATO. The
alliance between countries of the Western bloc was a political show of force
against the USSR and its allies.
In response to NATO, the Soviet Union in 1955 formed a rival alliance called
the Warsaw Pact, among with Eastern bloc countries setting off the Cold
War. The Cold War power struggle waged on political, economic and
propaganda fronts between the Eastern and Western blocs persist persist in
various forms until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
15. Major Events
Emergence Of Nuclear Weapons
The Cold War Extends to Space
Sputnik and the Soviet Space Program
On October 4, 1957, the USSR publicly launched Sputnik 1—the first-ever
artificial satellite—into low Earth orbit. The success of Sputnik made
Americans fear that the U.S. was falling behind its Cold War rival in
technology.
The ensuing “Space Race” heated up further in 1961 when Soviet cosmonaut
Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space.
U.S. President John F. Kennedy responded to Gagarin’s feat by making the
bold claim that the U.S. would put a man on the moon by the end of the
decade. The U.S. succeeded on July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil
Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.
Proxies : Korean War , Vietnam war
16. Cuban Missile Crises (1962)
Another intense stage of the Cold War was in 1958–62. The United States and the
Soviet Union began developing intercontinental ballistic missiles, and in 1962 the
Soviets began secretly installing missiles in Cuba that could be used to launch
nuclear attacks on U.S. cities. This sparked the Cuban missile crisis (1962), a
confrontation that brought the two superpowers to the brink of war before an
agreement was reached to withdraw the missiles. The two superpowers soon
signed the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty of 1963, which banned aboveground nuclear
weapons testing.
Russian Invasion In Afghanistan (Soviet Afghan War)
Russia’s involvement has become its biggest combat employment since the Soviet-
Afghan War, ambitiously launched despite not sharing a common border or having
any kind of large independent support . While there was some vested national
security interest involved, specifically in preventing “battle hardened Russian
jihadists” from returning home if the state failed, it is apparent to most in the
international system that Russia’s involvement was entirely meant to demonstrate
their renewed power. This marks the first direct intervention by both the United
States and Russia in a military conflict with both countries putting troops on the
ground, heightening tensions to a level that has been noticeably absent for several
dcades.
17. End Of Cold War
Soviet influence in Eastern Europe waned. In 1989,
every other communist state in the region replaced its
government with a noncommunist one. In November
of that year, the Berlin Wall–the most visible symbol
of the decades-long Cold War–was finally destroyed,
just over two years after Reagan had challenged the
Soviet premier in a speech at Brandenburg gate in
berlin and this is fall of Russia.
18. Fall of USSR
The great Communist state had finally collapsed,
divided into fifteen states, making way for a new
world order in which Russia was all but irrelevant.
Their political system was overthrown, their ideology
was defeated, and their economy was in shambles.
The outcome in 1991 was the end of an empire and
the death of an ideology.
The international bipolar system had ended and the
balance of power shifted to the United States which
then stood alone as the singular hegemon remaining.
19. Russia’s fall was perhaps more unique than
others, as it was the endgame of an
ideological war that had existed for decades.
An unsuccessful coup by Communist Party
hard-liners in August 1991 sealed the Soviet
Union’s fate by diminishing Gorbachev’s
power and propelling democratic forces, led
by Boris Yeltsin, to the forefront of Russian
politics.
On December 25, Gorbachev resigned as
leader of the USSR. The Soviet Union
ceased to exist on December 31, 1991.
20. Reasons of Fall of USSR.
Exploring 5 Reasons for the Collapse of the Soviet Union
1. Perestroika and Glasnost
Gorbachev’s glasnost plan called for political openness and eliminated remaining traces of
Stalinist repression, such as the secret police. Newspapers could criticize the government, and
parties other than the Communist Party could participate in elections.
Perestroika was Gorbachev’s plan for economic restructuring toward a hybrid communist-
capitalist system.
2. Aging Politburo Was Less Ideologically Pure
The Soviet Union founders were driven by an ideological purity tied to Marxism that could never
be replicated by future generations.
The removal of Nikita Khrushchev in 1963 signaled a fundamental change in Soviet politics.
The Politburo began to move away from Lenin’s vision.
21. Continue
The 1960s and 1970s saw a rapid increase in the wealth and power of the
Party elite. While average citizens died from starvation, the Politburo enjoyed
luxuries. The younger generation saw this and refused to adopt the Party
ideology.
3. Western Aggression
Ronald Reagan entered the White House in 1981 making his intentions towards
the Soviet Union’s “evil empire” clear.
Reagan’s leadership led to a massive increase in American military spending,
as well as research into new and better weapons. The United States isolated
the Soviets from the rest of the world economy, and helped drive down oil
prices. Without oil revenue to support the economy, the Soviet Union began to
crumble.
22. Continue
4. Guns and Butter
Every economy has a limited number of resources with which to make
capital/strategic goods guns or consumer goods butter for the nation. If a nation
focuses too heavily on guns, the people are left without the consumable goods
they need. On the other hand, if the country produces too much butter, there
are not enough resources to grow the economic capacity of the nation or
protect it.
5. Nationalist Movements
The fall of the Soviet Union can also be linked to the structure of the nation
itself. The Soviet Union was a nation composed of 15 radically different
republics.
Across the nation there were dozens of ethnicities, languages, and cultures,
many of which were incompatible with each other. Bullying of ethnic minorities
by the Russian majority created tensions along the outlying provinces.
In 1989, nationalist movements in Eastern Europe brought regime change in
Poland, and the movement soon spread to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and
the Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe. As these Soviet republics pulled away
from the Soviet Union, the power of the central state weakened.
23. “In 1988, Time magazine selected Mikhail Gorbachev to be its
“Man of the Year” for his work toward ending the Cold War.
The next year, it named him its “Man of the Decade.” In 1990,
Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize”.
24. New World Order
The term "new world order" refers to a
new period of history evidencing
dramatic change in world political
thought and the balance of power in
international relations. The phrase
"new world order" or similar language
was used in the period toward the end
of the First World War in relation to
Woodrow Wilson's vision for
international peace; Wilson called for a
League of Nations to prevent aggression
and conflict.
25. End Of History According To Francis
Fukuyama
The End Of history was firstly an article which was Published in
1989 when the cold war entered into its final phase.
This Article tranformed into full fledge book in 1992 with the title
THE END OF HISTORY AND THE LAST MAN .
This work was done by an American political Scentist Francis
Fukuyama.
26. Main Point Of The End Of The History
Fukuyama declared ultimate victory Of liberal democracy
He argued that it may constitute the end point of mankind
ideological evolution and the final form of human government and
such as constitute the end of history
Evolutionary struggle of different idelogies have come to its end.
Countries will prefer only liberal democratic government setup
from now.
27. Thoughts of fukuyama
Liberal democracy comes much closer to fitting human nature than
any form of government or political organization.
In the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , communism was undermined
by the fact that people did not believe that was a viable form of
government.
28. Fukuyama’s prediction about future
The end of history will be very sad.
The struggle for recognition will be replaced with economic aims.
There will not be a phase in the world history which would be totally peaceful
and without any contradictions and challenges.
29. The end of history and criticism on it.
Fukuyama’s thesis is often misinterpreted and mis understood.
For example, it is frequently believes that history ended in 1989( with the fall
of the berlin wall and the end of the cold war).
The French revolution of 1789, democracy has repeatedly proven to be
fundamentally a better system, ethically, politically, and economically.
He admitted that there is poverty, racism and sexism in the present day
democracy
He argus that there is no sign of major revolution movement developing that
would actually overthrow capitalism.
30. Economic condition of Russia after
collapse of USSR
The U.S.S.R. legally ceased to exist on December 31, 1991. The new state,
called the Russian Federation, set off on the road to democracy and a market
economy without any clear conception of how to complete such a
transformation in the world’s largest country.
Economic reforms Upon independence, Russia faced economic collapse. The
new Russian government not only had to deal with the consequences of the
mistakes in economic policy of the Gorbachev period, but it also had to find a
way to transform the entire Russian economy. In 1991 alone, gross domestic
product (GDP) dropped by about one-sixth, and the budget deficit was
approximately one-fourth of GDP.
31. The Gorbachev government had resorted to printing huge amounts of money
to finance both the budget and the large subsidies to factories and on food at
a time when the tax system was collapsing. In 1995 the government, through
loans secured from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and through income
from the sale of oil and natural gas, succeeded in stabilizing the national
currency by establishing a ruble corridor.
Another element of economic reform was the privatization of Russian
industries. Reformists in the Yeltsin government sought to speed privatization,
hoping that the threat of a return to communism would be more remote once
a Russian capitalist class had developed. The reformists, like many Western
economists, believed that only by privatizing factories and enterprises and
letting them fight for survival would the economy have any hope of
recovering.
32. How again Russia start gaining power
Three factors are applicable in defining the power of great nations. These
include political influence, military strength and economy. Current day
ventures of Russia in North Africa reflect its pursuit of a three-dimensional
global strategy that would serve to strengthen it politically, supplement its
economy and enable it to contest in the changing security scenario.
Since 2012, Russia has been conducting a sophisticated, well-resourced, and,
successful campaign to expand its global influence at the expense of the
United States and other Western countries. Economically Russia also saw a
marked shift under the Putin regime. From a debt defaulter to the largest
creditor of US debt, Russia saw a significant macroeconomic boom. In 2008,
Russian foreign currency reserves reached $588.9 billion and with
international oil prices hiking to $147.27 per barrel, Russian banks managed
to assimilate foreign debt amounting to almost $500 billion.
33. Continuation;
Russia is the 2nd largest producer of oil and gas. Russia export gas to Europe
according to a survey in 2021 Russia export gas to 40% of Europe. Despite
being blessed with one of the highest reserve of oil and gas Russia is
geologically and geographically also important. Russia is the largest state in
the world its area is about 17.1 million km. sq.
Russian coastline is larger than American coastline, Russian coastline is about
37,650 km. Russia has also reserve of Gold, Diamond and Uranium on large
scale. Russian economy is structurally problematic. Its scattered population,
vast territory, lack of navigable transportation and difficulty to access ocean
trading routes, acts as direct impediments to economic growth and
development as well as security.
34. Russia annexation of Crimean peninsula
(2014)
Crimea, Ukrainian , autonomous republic, southern Ukraine. The republic
is coterminous with the Crimean Peninsula, lying between the Black Sea and
the Sea of Azov.
A popular referendum on the matter was held in Crimea on March 16, 2014,
although the interim government in Kiev characterized the proposal as
Unconstitutional.
Crimean Tatar leaders called for a boycott of the vote. The result was an overwhelming 97
percent in favor of joining Russia, although numerous irregularities were reported. The poll was
not recognized by Kiev, and the United States and the European Union immediately moved to
impose sanctions on a list of high-ranking Russian officials and members of the self-declared
Crimean government.
35. On March 18 Putin signed a treaty incorporating Crimea into the Russian
Federation, a move that was formalized days later after the treaty’s
ratification by both houses of the Russian parliament. Only a handful of
countries recognized the legitimacy of the Russian annexation, and the United
Nations repeatedly affirmed that Crimea remained an integral part of
Ukraine. In the eyes of international law, Russia was designated the
“occupying power” in Crimea, and Moscow was not regarded as having any
legal claim to the peninsula.
Although the Ukrainian government continued to assert that Crimea was
Ukrainian territory. In May 2014 a report from the Russian Presidential Council
for Civil Society and Human Rights estimated that the actual turnout for the
Crimean independence referendum may have been as low as 30 percent and
that, of those voters, between 50 and 60 percent chose union with Russia.
36. Russia’s covert military operation in Crimea would provide the model for its
thrust into eastern Ukraine, where Russian troops and pro-Russian militia
asserted control of Donetsk and Luhansk in April 2014. Tensions remained high
between Ukraine and Russia, which continued to deny that it was waging a
proxy war against its neighbor despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary.
In May 2018 Russia opened a bridge spanning the Kerch Strait, providing a
direct link between Russia and Crimea. Western countries responded to its
construction by imposing sanctions on companies associated with the project.
In November 2018 a clash between Russian and Ukrainian naval vessels left
several Ukrainian sailors injured. Russia captured three Ukrainian ships and
their crews and effectively closed the Sea of Azov by parking a tanker under
the Kerch Strait Bridge.
37. Russian Invasion in Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, Putin announced a full scale land, sea and air attack on
Ukraine.
Ukrainian president declared marital law in Ukraine.
Russian and Ukrainian delegates meets in Belarus to find a solution.
President Zelensky urged the world leaders to stop Russia before it gets
converted into
nuclear war.
Western leaders have frozen the assets of Russia and banned trade with EU, UK
and US.
In march, Kyiv capital of Ukraine is being under control of Russia.
In April Russian troops withdraw from kyiv.
More than 5 million Ukrainian citizens have fled Ukraine.
The Russian general says that they want to take full control over eastern and
southern
Ukraine.
UN secretary general Antonio Guterres meets president of Russia and Ukraine in
person to
discuss the situation of the crisis.
38. Russia as an emerging great power in
Global Power Politics
The Russia-Ukraine conflict did not begin the transition to a multipolar world, but
rather has accelerated a process that has long been underway.
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has served as an example of not only the increased
number of players that are important in shaping the global system, but also the
diverse and complex manner in which they are able to influence it.
Russia is not acting alone in challenging the US and the West in Ukraine. Russia’s
ally, Belarus.
The role of China has also been crucial to Russia’s efforts to intensify the multi-
polar world order. Like Belarus, China has also backed Russia diplomatically in the
Ukraine conflict.
Such conflicts and military interventions contributed to the rise of a multipolar
world, they also taught the US a valuable lesson on the limitations of hard military
power (something that Russia is also likely to experience as the Ukrainian conflict
continues to drag out).
39. Futuristic approach
The future of Russia in global power politics is important, it may lead
Russia to be again the global power and world may convert to
multipolarity.
The small circle of men who rule Russia demand to be recognized as
leaders of a great power—mostly on the strength of its past, not its
present. Russia’s rebuilt military tools have been on display in Syria,
Ukraine, Libya, and even farther afield.
Russia has again challenged the global power politics by invading
Ukraine and showed the world that they a confident enough to protect
their sovereignty and integrity.
40. Assumption or scenario for future
Ukrainian victory
Long and bloody occupation regime. Russian opposition
crushed.(failure of us and NATO on international forum)
Defection among Putin's generals and top advisors.
Popular uprising in Russia.(sanctions).
41. What Russia wants
Russia’s rise in such a lens. These authors argue that Russia is not a
dangerous revisionist state, rather that it is working well within the
international framework to develop as a nation without objectives to
destabilize the international order.
42. Conclusion
The federation of Russia has a vast history.
The emergence of Russia as soviet union start of Cold War and its
dissolution in 1991 gave birth to 15 states.
After dissolution Russia went through economic crisis through which
Russia went through food crisis.
Russia again started its economic struggle and build its military to be
strong.
43. Russia annexation of Crimean peninsula in 2014 and Russia’s covert
military operation in Crimea would provide the model for its thrust
into eastern Ukraine, where Russian troops and pro-Russian militia
asserted control of Donetsk and Luhansk in April 2014.
In 2018 the clash between Russia and Ukraine again started and it led
to massive war in February 2022.
This has shown that Russia has again paved its way towards being part
of global power politics.
