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Why multilevel governance and halting Eurozone crisis response
- 1. Why multilevel governance (and why the halting response to the Eurozone crisis)? Gary Marks
- 2. Some Puzzles • Why the sovereign debt crisis? • Why status quo problem solving? • Where does support for fiscal union come from? Incomplete explanations Moral hazard Economic interest Historical memory
- 3. Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus A) Functional pressure B) Community C) Populism
- 4. Functional pressure “Only a stronger and more integrated Europe will be able to exercise political and economic leadership on a global scale in the period ahead”. Council on Foreign Relations, February 1, 1999 • Economies of scale Internal market; international negotiation; reserve currency • Externalities National bank policies; fiscal policy • Spillover Market EMU Fiscal Union
- 6. Community • Setting for good governance • Heterogeneity of preferences • Desire for self-rule “Centralize where necessary; decentralize where possible”
- 7. The world . . . . . . Europe Länder in Germany Regierungsbezirke in Bayern Kreise in Oberbayern MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE Bezirke in München
- 8. IDENTITY 50 45 national only 40 35 national first, 30 european second 25 20 european first, 15 national second 10 5 european only 0 Public Opinion Source: Public Opinion (Eurobarometer June 2010)
- 9. Public opinion on Europe FIGURE 1: EFFECTS OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IDENTITY 80 SUPPORT FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 70 Education National Type of Personal Attachment Capitalism Economic Fiscal Prospects Transfer Multiculturalism Exclusive National Identity 60 ECONOMIC INTEREST 1 Source: Hooghe/Marks (EUP, 2005)
- 10. 10 POPULISM! 0 8 6 4 WON 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LOST -1 -1 -2 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 EU Accession referendum EU treaty referendum
- 11. 2010
- 14. Identity construction! national and European national identity only weak strong Populist right political party Source: Edwards and De Vries 2007
- 18. • Why the sovereign debt crisis? Failure of neofunctionalism • Why status quo problem solving? Intergovernmental procrastination ECB into the vacuum • Where does support for fiscal union come from? Non-elected EU institutions Anti-populist parties
- 19. Lessons for theories of the EU • Neo-functionalism? • Liberal intergovernmentalism? • Conceptions of community-not just economic interest • Populism not elite/interest group politics • Identities are politically constructed • Multi-level politics!
- 22. This image cannot currently be displayed.
- 24. Non-intersecting 26 Régions jurisdictions . . . 100 Départements . . . at a limited number of levels . . . across vastly 342 Arrondissements different 4,032 Cantons scales 36,680 Communes
- 26. Different structure -- East