Carbohydrates classidications and examples isomersims and types of isomerisms Ketoses aldoses chain isomer position isomer structural isomer chiral reducing sugars monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide

1. Carbohydrates

2. Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate literary means hydrated carbon. Carbohydrates are
composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and the ratio of hydrogen
and oxygen is the same as in water.
• Carbohydrates polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or complex
substances that on hydrolysis yield polyhdroxy aldehydes or ketones
subunits.

3. Carbohybrates or Saccharides (Sugars)
Poly hydroxy (OH) ketones orAldehydes
Hydrates of Carb on: Cm (H2O)n
C(H2O): formaldehyde
C2(H2O)2: ddiose: glycolaldehyde
C3(H2O)3: Triose
C4(H2O)4: Tetrose
C5(H2O)5: Pentose
C6(H2O)6: Hexose
• Aldose: Glucose Ketose: Fructose

4. Exceptions
• General formula: Cm (H2O)n
• Carbohydrates with different formula
• Uronic acids: C6H9O7
• Fucose: C6H12O5
• Noncarbohydrates with formula of carbohydrates
• Formaldehyde: CH2O
• Inositol: C6(H2O)6

5. Examples of Carbohydrates
• Glucose: major metabolic fuel of mammals
• Glycogen: storage; in animals
• Starch: Storage; in plants
• Cellulose: structure; in plants; in paper
• Chitin: stucture; in Arthropods
• Ribose: RNA, ATP, NAD
• Deoxyribose: DNA
• lactose: Milk

6. Foods high in carbohydrates
• Sweets
• Soft drinks
• Breads
• Beans, peas
• Cereals, Rice, maize, barley, wheat, corn
• apricot, dates, blueberry, banana, fig, grapes, apple, orange, pear,
pineapple, strawberry, watermelon and raisins
• macaroni, spaghetti, potato, carrot

8. Classification

9. Class Test
• Define matter, mass, chemistry, nursing.
• Define Bohr’s and Rutherford’s model of atom.
• Define types of chemical reactions.
• Define acids and bases.
• Draw structure for: 4, 5-diethyl-5-methylocta-3-ene-1-yne
• Write IUPAC name for:

10. Monosaccharides (simplest, colorless, water
soluble, sweet, crystaline solids)
• They can be classified according to three different ways
• 1. Placement of C=O group (Aldo, Keto)
• 2. The number of Carbon atoms (tri, tetra, penta)
• 3. Chiral Carbon handedness (D, L)
• 4. rotation of plane polarized light (d, l)

11. Placement of CO group
• 1. Aldoses: Aldehyde group
• 2. Ketoses: Ketone group

12. Number of carbon atoms
• Trioses
• Tetroses
• Pentoses
• Hexoses
• Heptoses
• Octoses
• Nonoses

13. Aldoses (ose)
Aldotriose: Triose
Aldotetrose:Tetroses
Alodpentose: Pentoses
Aldohexose: Hexoses

14. Ketoses (ulose)
Ketotriose: Triulose
Ketotetrose: Tetrulose
Ketopentose: Pentulose
Keto Hexose: Hexulose

15. • Water + CO2 Carbohybrates (Plants) Animals

16. Mono and di ends in (ose)
• Mono and di also called sugars
• Blood sugar: glucose
• Table sugar: sucrose= Glucose+fructose
• Milk sugar: lactose=Galactose+glucose
• Maltose: Glucose+glucose

17. Isomerism
• In chemistry, isomers (isos = "equal", méros = "part") are compounds
with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
• Structural Isomerism
• Stereoisomerism

23. Chain isomers

24. Position isomers

25. Functional isomers

26. Metamers

27. Tautomers

28. Ring chain isomers

29. Anomers

30. Geometric isomers

31. Stereoisomerism

32. Stereoisomerism
• Same structural formula
• but differ in spatial configuration
• With respect to the Penultimate Carbon atom
• glucose has 2 stereoisomers D-glucose and
• L-glucose

33. Chiral carbon

34. Optical activity (d, l)

37. Enantiomers
• Mirror images, non superimposible

40. Diastereomers
• Non mirror images and non superimposible

42. Epimers
• Change in conformation around only one carbon

43. Fischer projection

44. Fischer projection
• The Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a three-
dimensional organic molecule by projection.

45. • All bonds: horizontal or vertical lines.
• carbon chain: vertical (carbon atoms in center)
• C1: top.
• In an aldose, carbon of the aldehyde: C1
• ketose the carbon of the ketone: lowest number
• horizontal bonds: toward the viewer
• vertical bonds away from the viewer.

46. Haworth projections
A Haworth projection is a common way of representing the cyclic structure of
monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective.

47. A Haworth projection has the following characteristics
• atoms numbered 1 to 6: carbon atoms.
• Carbon 1: Anomeric Carbon.
• atoms 1 to 6 have extra hydrogen atoms not depicted.
• A thicker line: closer to the observer. 2 and 3 ( OH)
• atoms 1 and 4: farther from the observer.
• 5: farthest.
• groups below the plane of the ring: equivalent to right-hand side of a
Fischer projection.

48. Cyclic isomers
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
H H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
OH
-D-glucose -D-glucose
23
4
5
6
1 1
6
5
4
3 2
H
CHO
C OH
C HHO
C OHH
C OHH
CH2OH
1
5
2
3
4
6
D-glucose
(linear form)

49. Anomers
Alpha Beta

50. Reducing sugars
• Having an aldehyde group in open chain form
• Mono: Glucose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, galactose
• Di: Lactose, Maltose
• Di: Non reducing: Sucrose, trehalose

52. Functions
• Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose
• Sparing the use of proteins for energy
• Prevent breakdown of fatty acids
• Biological recognition processes
• Flavor and Sweeteners
• Dietary fiber which helps prevent constipation
• Carbohydrate is necessary for the regulation of nerve tissue and is
the source of energy for the brain.
• Polysaccharides: storage of energy (e.g., starch and glycogen),
• structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants and chitin in
arthropods).
• ribose in coenzymes (e.g., ATP, FAD, and NAD) and the backbone
of RNA.
• Deoxyribose: component of DNA.
• Heparin is used to treat and prevent blood clots from forming,
especially in the lungs and legs.

53. Chemical Properties
• Osazone formation with phenlyhydrazine
• Oxidation to carboxylic acid.
• oxidation of an aldehyde (aldose) to an aldonic acid,
• oxidation of the alcohol on the highest-numbered carbon atom to a uronic acid.
• Reduction to Alcohols
• Many aldoses, because of the aldehyde group, are reducing sugars. A number of tests for
reducing sugars, include using Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution. These tests are
useful to check for glucose in the urine of a diabetics
• Monosaccharides, like all alcohols, may react with acids to form esters.
• Any of the alcohol groups may react to a phosphoric acid (phosphate sugar)
• D-ribose-1-phosphate.
• The joining of two or more monosaccharides forms an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide.
• Cyanohydrin reaction
• Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
• Amadori rearrangement
• Wohl degradation

54. • Osazone formation with phenlyhydrazine

55. Oxidation 1: aldonic acid formation

56. Oxidation 2: uronic acid formation

57. Reduction

58. Benedict’s test

59. Ester formation

60. Alcohol + Phosphate group

61. Self Study

62. Cyanohydrin reaction

63. Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
• Base or acid catalyzed transformation of an aldose into the ketose
isomer or vice versa,

64. Amadori rearrangement

65. Wohl degredation

66. Other Reactions

67. Glycosidic bond formation

68. Disaccharides (Examples)
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O H
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
HH
1
23
5
4
6
1
23
4
5
6
maltose
sucrose

69. Polysaccharides
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
HH H O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
HH O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
1
6
5
4
3
1
2
amylose
cellulose
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H H O
O H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
OHH O
O H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H H H H
1
6
5
4
3
1
2

70. H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
HH H O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2
H
H H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
HH O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
O
1 4
6
H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
O
1
OH
3
4
5
2
amylopectin
Glycogen is similar to amylopectin except more branching

72. Diseases (Assignment)
• Diabetes mellitus
• Galactosemia
• Glycogen storage disease
• Lactose intolerance
• Dental carries
• Hypoglycemia