2. Dual Language Programs
◦ Bilingual education act of 1968-Title VII of the improving Americas schools act moved away from bilingualism as a deficit and set in
motion models of schooling that promoted dual-language acquisition and support for primary languages. (Diaz-Rico, L.
(2004). Strategies for teaching English learner's 3rd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson)
◦ Dual language programs use the partner language(Spanish, Chinese, French, etc.) for at least half of the instructional day. These
programs generally start in kindergarten or first grade and extend for 5 years.(Dual language education of new Mexico.
https://www.dlenm.org/who-we-are/what-is-dual-language-education/)
◦ According to an academic journal put together by Maria E. Franquez and Alba A. Ortiz with research conducted by Wayne Thomas and
Virginia Collier, “a growing body of research shows that dual language programs, both one way and two way models are effective in
closing achievement gaps between English learners and their non-EL peers”(Thomas, W., & Collier, V. (2002). A national study of
school effectiveness for language minority students’long-term academic achievement. Santa Cruz, CA: Center for Research on
Education, Diversity & Excellence)
◦ I feel that the dual language program is important to ELS learners because it allows students to be confident when it comes to whatever
language they may be learning, and it allows for their communication skills to be better. I suppose the dual language programs affects
teachers in that they must know 2 languages as well since the courses are split half in half. The program relates to elps and teks because
it is vital in helping students achieve social and academic language proficiency.
3. Types of bilingual students
◦ Perform well in a language and has limited exposure to the English language.(Diaz-Rico, L. (2004). Strategies for teaching English
learner's 3rd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson)
◦ Bilinguals are students who speak more than one language and demonstrate awareness in language, communication skills, memory,
decision making and analytical skills. (lexia Learning. A Rosetta stone company, https://www.lexialearning.com/blog/what-emerging-
bilingual-and-why-does-new-label-matter)
◦ According to a journal article composed by Mary Ann Zehr in 2003 stated that Governor rick perry was overruled by legislators after he
vetoed several amendments for the states budget bill that would change the new English immersion law.( Zehr, Ann Mary. “Mass
legislators override anti-bilingual –ed law vetoes.” Education Week, Volume 22,issue 43,2003.) If legislators had not made that call,
then students would not be able to enroll in bilingual programs unless they already knew English or were 10 years of age.
◦ Bilingual education is important in that it helps students develop their memory skills, logic skills and critical thinking. It also opens
opportunities for them. This would effect me if I wanted to be an instructor to bilingual students. I would need to know English and a
foreign language. Teks and elps make sure that students stay on track and effectively meet and exceed state requirements.
4. Language transfer
◦ English learners from a single language background in the same classroom learning two languages. (Diaz-Rico, L.
(2004). Strategies for teaching English learner's 3rd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson)
◦ Language transfer explains different accents and what mistakes people make. Also It can predict how quickly we can acquire a
second language, considering similarities , and differences between the two languages. ("Language Transfer: Definition, Types
& Effects." Study.com, 18 June 2018, study.com/academy/lesson/language-transfer-definition-types-effects.html)
◦ In a journal article written by authors Giang Pham, Danaee Donovan, Quynh Dam, and Amy constant states that “For bilingual
children, the transference of skills from one language to the other can facilitate overall vocabulary development. The present
study examined the influence of L1‐L2 similarity and proficiency level on cross‐language transfer using a vocabulary training
paradigm.”
◦ Language transfer helps students build their speaking and listening skills. Knowing their first language really well will help
students catch on to another language. Language transfer will affect me as a teacher in that I have to make sure that my
students understand the concepts and teks of ELA. This relates to teks and elps in that is in integral in the curriculum for
second languages.
5. Bi-literacy
◦ Sites are used by youths to network with others whom they share the same interests with. (Diaz-Rico, L. (2004). Strategies
for teaching English learner's 3rd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson)
◦ According to Montebello intermediate school, a person who is biliterate can fluently speak two languages. (Montebello
Intermediate School. (https://moi-montebellousd-
ca.schoolloop.com/pf4/cms2/view_page?d=x&group_id=1531974133369&vdid=iy18a1xveog21s#:~:text=A%20person%20w
ho%20is%20biliterate,bilingual%20is%20not%20necessarily%20biliterate.)
◦ In a journal article written by lliana reyes she states through research that bilingual individuals develop theories and concepts
about language and literacy from a young age. (Reyes, Iliana. “Exploring Connections between Emergent Biliteracy and
Bilingualism.” Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, vol. 6, no. 3, Dec. 2006, pp. 267–292, doi:10.1177/1468798406069801.)
◦ Just as mentioned in a previous slide being biliterate gives students an advantage such as with job opportunities and helps with
their literacy. Biliteracy would affect me as a teacher in that for example, If I was teaching in a bilingual classroom, I would
need to be familiar with not only English language arts but Spanish language arts as well. This would relate to teks and elps in
that it mixes in with the bilingual curriculum.
6. Bi-culturally
◦ Being diverse in more than one culture and establishing, maintaining and valuing their own language.(Diaz-Rico, L.
(2004). Strategies for teaching English learner's 3rd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson)
◦ Bicultural means combining the cultural attitudes and customs of two nations, peoples, or ethnic groups. ( Bicultural. Lexico Powered By
Oxford. Oxford English Dictionary. (https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/bicultural)
◦ Bicultural people can change their attitude or behaviors based on the language they are speaking at that moment. Bicultural bilinguals
are not simply the sum of two (or more) different languages, or of two (or more) distinct cultures. They have their
own linguistic and cultural competence that is different from that of bilinguals who are not bicultural and from that of
biculturals who are not bilingual.(Grosjean, François. “Bicultural Bilinguals.” International Journal of Bilingualism,
vol. 19, no. 5, Oct. 2015, pp. 572–586, doi:10.1177/1367006914526297.)
◦ Bicultural or being bi-cultural is able important to English learners in that it allows them to be diverse in their own
culture and others as well. They are to adapt to the culture they are around. This term/concept would affect me as
a teacher in that would need to develop my bicultural literacy. This relates to teks and epls in that it is also integral
in the curriculum.
