1. LONG TERM CHALLENGES IN
POST CONFLICT REHABILITATION
DR TUGHRAL YAMIN
ASSOCIATE DEAN
CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE &
STABILITY (CIPS)
2. CHALLENGES IN THE CONFLICT CYCLE
PRE
CONFLICT
CONFLICT
POST
CONFLICT
REHAB
SHORT
TERM
REHAB
LONG
TERM
3. EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON CONFLICT
PREVENTION, PEACEBUILDING &
DEVELOPMENT 15 NOVEMBER 2004 UN
HEADQUARTERS NEW YORK
THE ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY VIOLENT CONFLICTS
ARE FREQUENTLY TRACED TO SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
FACTORS:
• A LOW OR DECLINING PER CAPITA INCOME
• UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE REWARDS OF THE
EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
• MARGINALIZATION AND EXCLUSION ETC.
POST-CONFLICT PEACE BUILDING & DEVELOPMENT
MUST ADDRESS THOSE THREATS TO SECURITY THAT
GAVE RISE TO THE CONFLICTS IN THE FIRST PLACE TO
ENSURE THAT THEY DO NOT RECUR
4. AREAS OF FOCUS IN POST-CONFLICT
PEACEBUILDING
• RESTORATION OF LAW & ORDER, SECURITY &
PACIFICATION OF HOSTILE TERRITORIES;
• ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERIM GOVERNANCE INCLUDING
LAW-MAKING, ADJUDICATION, ENFORCEMENT, AS WELL
AS POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION INSTITUTIONS;
• RE-INTEGRATION & RESETTLEMENT OF REFUGEES & IDPs;
• RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED
INFRASTRUCTURE;
• RE-IGNITION OF THE ECONOMIC ENGINE TO FACILITATE
RESUSCITATION OF FULL-SCALE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES &
SETTING THE COUNTRY ON A PATH TO PEACEFUL &
INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT.
5. MULTI DIMENSIONAL APPROACH
• WITH THE GROWING RECOGNITION OF THE
MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE OF POST-CONFLICT PEACE
BUILDING, THERE HAS BEEN A PROGRESSIVE MOVE TO
BUILD MULTIDISCIPLINARY, COMPREHENSIVE AND
INTEGRATED APPROACHES THAT NOT ONLY ENSURE A
SMOOTH TRANSITION FROM EMERGENCY RELIEF TO LONG-
TERM DEVELOPMENT BUT ALSO PUTS IN PLACE A LONG
TERM DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK.
• AS THE GROUNDWORK FOR LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT
BEGINS AT THE EARLIEST STAGES FOLLOWING A CONFLICT,
UN DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL AFFAIRS (DESA)
COULD, IN CLOSE COOPERATION WITH OTHER PARTS OF
THE UN SYSTEM CONTRIBUTE TO EFFORTS AT DEVELOPING
SUCH FRAMEWORKS AND PROMOTE A LONG TERM
DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE.
6. RESTORATION OF ORDER & SECURITY
• PACIFICATION MEASURES GENERALLY COMMENCE
WITH THE DEPLOYMENT OF SUBSTANTIAL MILITARY
FORCE, THE CAUSE OF PEACE AND ORDER CAN ONLY
BE FULLY SERVED IF ATTENTION FOCUSES ON THE
STRENGTHENING OF THE CAPACITY FOR LONG-TERM,
ROUTINE LAW ENFORCEMENT BY NATIONALS OF THE
COUNTRY.
• DEMOBILIZATION AND DISARMAMENT OF FORMER
COMBATANTS AND THE ATTEMPT TO REINTEGRATE
(DDR) THEM INTO SOCIETY IS PART OF THE PROCESS
OF RESTORING ORDER AND SECURITY.
7. ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERIM
GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS
• IMPROVING CIVIL SERVICE EFFECTIVENESS I.E. ABILITY TO DELIVERY
BASIC SERVICES;
• ENHANCING THE CAPACITY OF LINE MINISTRIES AND SUB-
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS TO IMPLEMENT BASIC DECISIONS;
• REVITALIZING THE BUDGET PREPARATION, BOOK-KEEPING, AND
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROCESSES;
• MOBILIZING TAX REVENUE, AND ENSURING PROMPT LODGMENT
OF PROCEEDS IN THE NATIONAL TREASURY;
• RESTORING THE PUBLIC SERVICE’S INSTITUTIONAL MEMORY
THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OPERATIONAL RECORD-
KEEPING AND ARCHIVING SYSTEMS; AND
• ENACTING A NEW TAX AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT LAW, AND
THE ANCILLARY RULES AND REGULATIONS.
8. RE-INTEGRATION & RESETTLEMENT OF
REFUGEES AND IDPS & MANAGEMENT OF
EMERGENCY RELIEF OPERATIONS
• AS TERRITORIES ARE SECURED, & THE BASIC GOVERNANCE
INSTITUTIONS ARE IN PLACE TO PERFORM ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS,
ATTENTION CAN BE SHIFTED TO SUCH PRESSING ISSUES AS THE
RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION OF REFUGEES AND IDPs,
INCLUDING VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE & OF PROVISION OF
EMERGENCY RELIEF ASSISTANCE
• CRITICAL TO THE GOAL OF REINTEGRATION ARE EFFORTS TOWARDS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT & YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
• THE KEY CHALLENGE IN HANDLING EMERGENCY RELIEF
OPERATIONS IS DEVELOPING THE CAPACITY OF DOMESTIC &
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES NOT ONLY TO WORK IN TANDEM, BUT
TO PLAN, SEQUENCE, AND COORDINATE THE OPERATIONS FOR THE
BENEFIT OF ALL STAKEHOLDERS, PARTICULARLY, THE REFUGEES,
THE REFUGEES’ FORMER HOST-COMMUNITIES, & THEIR HOME
GOVERNMENTS
9. RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION OF
DAMAGED INFRASTRUCTURE &
RESTORATION OF SOCIAL SERVICES
• RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED
INFRASTRUCTURE ARE CRITICAL TO THE SUCCESS OF POST-
CONFLICT STABILIZATION EFFORTS
• MANY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, DO NOT HAVE THE
WHEREWITHAL TO ENERGIZE THEIR ECONOMIES AND TO
REDUCE THE CHANCES OF BACKSLIDING INTO CONFLICT
• IF SOCIAL SERVICES, SUCH AS HEALTH AND EDUCATION,
ARE INSTITUTED OR RESTORED AT AN EARLY STAGE THIS
CAN MAKE A VITAL CONTRIBUTION TO PEOPLE’S LIVES AS
WELL AS FOSTERING GREATER SUPPORT FOR THE PROCESS
OF NATIONAL RECONCILIATION
• IT IS DURING THE FIRST FEW YEARS THAT THE ROOTS OF
PEACE CAN BE FIRMLY IMPLANTED
• SOMETIMES INTERNATIONAL AID BECOMES ESSENTIAL
10. RE-IGNITION OF THE ECONOMIC
ENGINE
AMONG THE MEASURES THAT SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN IN PURSUIT OF
CONFIDENCE-BUILDING & ECONOMIC NORMALIZATION ARE:
• FORMULATION OF SOUND GENDER-SENSITIVE MACRO-ECONOMIC,
FISCAL, MONETARY (INCLUDING COMMERCIAL BANKING) POLICIES;
• STRENGTHENING OF THE CAPACITY OF LAW-ENFORCEMENT AND JUDICIAL
AGENCIES;
• IMPLEMENTATION OF TRADE POLICIES AIMED AT THE INTEGRATION OF
THE COUNTRY INTO THE GLOBAL ECONOMY;
• INCULCATION OF SERVICE-DELIVERY, “CUSTOMER-CARING”, AND
INVESTOR-FRIENDLY ATTITUDES IN ALL CADRES OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE;
• PROVISION OF FINANCIAL, TECHNICAL ADVISORY, AND INFORMATION
SERVICES TO SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SCALE ENTERPRISE, INCLUDING
ENTERPRISES RUN BY WOMEN; AND
• PROVISION OF SUNDRY “MATCH-MAKING” SERVICES TO LINK DOMESTIC
WITH FOREIGN INVESTORS, & LOCAL PRODUCERS, INCLUDING WOMEN
PRODUCERS, WITH THE WORLD MARKET
11. POST CONFLICT REHABILITATION
CHALLENGES IN PAKISTAN
• ONGOING COUNTER INSURGENCY CAMPAIGN ZARB-I-AZAB
• LARGE REFUGEE POPULATION
– PAKISTAN HOSTS ALMOST 1.5 MILLION REGISTERED AFGHAN
REFUGEES - STILL THE LARGEST PROTRACTED REFUGEE POPULATION
GLOBALLY
– ACCORDING TO UNHCR, IN AUGUST 2014, THERE WERE 714,548
REGISTERED INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE (IDPS) IN NEED OF
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE DUE TO THE ONGOING SECURITY
OPERATIONS IN THE FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA)
AND KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
– THE NORTH WAZIRISTAN EMERGENCY HAS FURTHER DISPLACED
APPROXIMATELY 500,000 PEOPLE
– ACCORDING TO INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT MONITORING CENTER
(IDMC) AS OF JULY 2015, THERE WERE MORE THAN 1.8 MILLION
PEOPLE DISPLACED BY INSURGENCY, COUNTER-INSURGENCY AND
OTHER RELATED VIOLENCE IN PAKISTAN
12. PAKISTANI AGENCIES INVOLVED IN
POST CONFLICT REHABILITATION
• NATIONAL & PROVINCIAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA & PDMA)
• MINISTRY OF STATES & FRONTIER REGIONS
(SAFRON)
• CHIEF COMMISSIONERATE FOR AFGHAN
REFUGEES
• MINISTRY OF INTERIOR & NARCOTICS CONTROL
• MINISTRY OF DEFENCE
• ARMED FORCES OF PAKISTAN
14. PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE
• RESTORING LAW & ORDER
• THE RETURN OF THE REFUGEES & IDPs TO
THEIR HOME & HEARTH
• RECREATING THE CIVILIAN ADMINISTRATION
• RECREATING CIVIC SERVICES
• CREATING JOBS
• ENSURING THAT THE SITUATION REMAINS
STABLE
15. COST OF REHAB AS OF 2014
• PAKISTAN WILL PAY EIGHT OUT OF EVERY HUNDRED DOLLARS AS COST OF “CREDIBILITY” ON MONEY
THAT IT IS LOBBYING TO OBTAIN FROM DONORS FOR REHABILITATION OF POPULATION AFFECTED BY THE
ONGOING OPERATION ZARB-E-AZB IN NORTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY
• THE INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE THAT PAK GOVET SEEKS WILL BE CHANNELED THROUGH THEMULTI-
DONOR TRUST FUND (MDTF), WHICH IS ADMINISTRATED BY THE WORLD BANK (WB).
• WB IS CHARGING 7.5% OF THE TOTAL COMMITMENTS AS ADMINISTRATION COST, WHICH IS TOO HIGH BY
ALL STANDARDS
• THE MDTF WAS ESTABLISHED IN AUGUST 2010 TO REBUILD WAR-RAVAGED AREAS, FOLLOWING THE 2009
MALAKAND OPERATION.
• FOUR YEARS DOWN THE LINE, PAKISTAN IS AGAIN NEEDS $2 TO $2.5 BILLION FOR REHABILITATION OF
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) FROM NORTH WAZIRISTAN AND TO COMPENSATE ITS FLOOD-
AFFECTED POPULATION.
• THE GOVERNMENT HAS HELD TWO DONOR MEETINGS TO SEEK INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE AND TO
SENSITISE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE WORLD AID COMMUNITY ABOUT ITS NEEDS.
• THE PURPOSE OF DONORS MEETING IS TO CREATE A PERMANENT VEHICLE TO CHANNEL BILATERAL AND
MULTILATERAL DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS IN CASE OF UNFORESEEN EVENTS, MAINLY NATURAL DISASTERS.
• ACCORDING TO AN ASSESSMENT CARRIED OUT BY THE ARMY, AT LEAST $1.5 BILLION WOULD BE
REQUIRED FOR REHABILITATION OF IDPS AND RECONSTRUCTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE.THE FATA
SECRETARIAT AND MINISTRY OF STATES AND FRONTIER REGIONS HAVE ALSO SHARED THEIR ESTIMATES
WITH THE DONORS.
• THE STEERING COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL REHAB FUNDS IS CO-CHAIRED BY ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
DIVISION’S SECRETARY AND WB’S COUNTRY DIRECTOR. AT PRESENT THERE ARE ELEVEN DONORS
CONTRIBUTING TO THE MDTF, WITH THE UNITED STATES AS THE MAIN DONOR.
