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Confined Spaces
- 1. Graves Construction Safety Training Presentations Permit-required Confined Spaces 29 CFR 1910.146
- 2. Why Comply???? Confined space entry is a leading cause of occupational fatalities in this country.
- 3. Statistics Standard covers 240,000 workplaces and 12.2 million workers Workers make 4.8 million entries/year Standard may prevent 85% of fatalities and nearly 11,000 injuries
- 4. Definition of a Confined Space Limited means of egress Can be bodily entered Not designed for continuous occupancy
- 5. Definition of Permit-required Confined Spaces All graves confined spaces are permit required, safety department must be notified Contains or has potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere Contains the potential for engulfment Internal configuration that can trap or asphyxiate entrant Any other serious safety or health hazards
- 6. Typical Permit-required Spaces Chemical storage tanks Waste or storage pits Grain bins Underground tunnels Railroad cars under construction
- 7. Typical Permit-Required Spaces Utility closets Below-grade trenches Storage vaults Utility subbasements Inside of Monopole Inside stairway of water tank (Mushroom Tank)
- 8. Potential Confined Space Hazards Engulfment Oxygen deficiency (19.5% or less) Oxygen enrichment (23.5% or higher) Flammable gases or vapors Combustible dusts Toxic substances IDLH atmospheres Physical hazards
- 9. Atmospheric Testing Hazards must be tested in this order: Oxygen content Combustibility/flammability Toxic atmospheres Entrants must be allowed to observe monitoring
- 10. Reasons for Space Ventilation Maintain oxygen levels above 19.5% Maintain toxic gases and vapors at acceptable levels
- 11. Types of Personal Protective Equipment Harnesses Retrieval lines Chemical protective clothing Welding apron/sleeves Respirators Gloves Safety glasses
- 12. Safety Department Responsibilities Formulate and manage the confined spaces program Maintain a space inventory Maintain a list of “Authorized Personnel” Maintain copies of space permits Direct the confined space training program Maintain rescue equipment Coordinate contractor activities
- 13. Supervisor Responsibilities Conduct a pre-entry briefing Ensure that personnel are evacuated when necessary Ensure that permits are complete and removed when work is finished Ensure that all necessary equipment is returned to its proper location Oversee all necessary confined space activities
- 14. Attendant Responsibilities Attend pre-entry briefing Know the hazards of the space Control access to the space Maintain communication with entrants Not to enter the space for rescue Summon emergency services Assist rescue efforts from outside the space
- 15. Attendant Responsibilities (Cont.) Remain at the site while entrants are inside Order a space evacuation when conditions warrant such an action Maintain an accurate count of the number of entrants
- 16. Entrant Responsibilities Attend the pre-entry briefing Know the hazards of the space Use appropriate equipment properly Exit the space if: An alarm is activated Communication is lost Unknown exposures are encountered Ordered to do so
- 17. Authorized Person Responsibilities Familiarize themselves with characteristics of spaces Verify that all hazards and sources of energy have been controlled in the space Ensure that confined space permit is posted Rescind any permit for noncompliance with permit requirements
- 18. Rescuer Responsibilities Understand the hazards of the space Be certified in emergency first aid and CPR Understand appropriate entry procedures Know how to use rescue equipment Practice confined space rescues at least annually
Editor's Notes
- I. Background for the Trainer: If a current written confined space program is available, show it to the attendees. II.Speaker’s Notes: Confined space entry is a dangerous activity and requires a very thorough program to avoid serious incidents.
- I.Background for the Trainer: If you, as a trainer, have a particular story to share relative to confined space accidents, describe it to hit home with the audience. II.Speaker’s Notes: Entering confined spaces without taking the proper precautions is a leading cause of on-the-job fatalities in the United States.
- I.Speaker’s Notes: As you can see, this standard covers a significant portion of the industrial workforce in this country. Nearly 5 million confined space entries every year certainly increase the potential for catastrophe. The standard’s success is evident in the reduction of injuries and fatalities.
- I. Speaker’s Notes: Limited egress does not necessarily mean just one way in and out. Breaking the plane of the space opening with any part of your body is considered entry. If work is not routine in a space, it is tough to classify it as designed for continuous occupancy. A space designed for continuous occupancy should have its own environmental controls, such as an HVAC system. All three of these must be met to deem a space “confined.”
- I. Speaker’s Notes: If any of these four elements is met, the space is permit-required. Hazardous atmospheres include oxygen-deficient, toxic, etc. Engulfment hazards include grain, sand, water, etc. Inwardly converging walls are a perfect example of configurations that can trap the entrant. “Any other serious safety or health hazard” is the “catch-all” of the standard that prevents any dangerous confined spaces from slipping through unintended regulatory loopholes.
- I. Background for the Trainer: If you have photos of these types of spaces, show them to the class. Include any permit-required spaces specific to your operation that are not explicit on this list. II. Speaker’s Notes: Permit-required spaces include: Chemical storage tanks Waste storage pits Grain bins Underground tunnels Railroad cars under construction.
- I.Background for the Trainer: Include any non-permit-required spaces common at your facility. II.Speaker’s Notes: Non-permit-required spaces include: Utility closets Below-grade trenches Storage vaults Utility subbasements
- I. Speaker’s Notes: Engulfment hazards are those that can envelope the entrant and cause suffocation. Oxygen deficiency or enrichment makes it impossible to survive without atmosphere-supplying respiratory protection. Flammable gases and dusts can lead to an explosion or fire. Combustible dusts can also be quite explosive (e.g., grain dusts). If entrants are exposed to toxic substances, they can suffer irreparable health effects, such as chemical burns, cancer, or death. Spaces with conditions immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) cannot be entered without the use of atmosphere-supplying respirators. Physical hazards include such items as noise, light, and repetitive motion.
- I.Background for the Trainer: If monitoring equipment is available, demonstrate its use while reviewing this slide. II. Speaker’s Notes: Before entering a confined space, it is necessary to test the atmosphere. Testing for hazards must occur in the following order: Oxygen content Combustibility/flammability Toxic atmospheres Entrants are given the opportunity to view the atmospheric testing.
- I. Speaker’s Notes: Without proper oxygen levels in the atmosphere, entrants cannot survive in confined spaces. Monitoring will determine the levels of toxic gases and vapors within a confined space. Ventilation will keep those levels within acceptable ranges.
- I.Background for the Trainer: If PPE is readily available, demonstrate it during presentation of this slide. II.Speaker’s Notes: Personal protective equipment will protect entrants of confined spaces only if it is used and maintained properly. PPE includes: Harnesses Retrieval lines Chemical protective equipment Welding apron/sleeves Respirators Gloves Safety glasses
- I.Background for the Trainer: If you have entry permits available, show them during this slide. II.Speaker’s Notes: Someone must be accountable for the written program. All confined spaces must be identified. Only authorized personnel should be allowed to work in a confined space. It is a good idea to print permits so that several copies of each are available for documentation purposes. Anyone involved with confined space entry must receive training. If on-site rescue is planned without the use of outside agencies, then an employer must have all the necessary equipment on the premises. Contractors entering a confined space must follow specific requirements for entry. The host employer should oversee the contractor’s entry into a confined space.
- I.Speaker’s Notes: Pre-entry briefings are important to ensure that all parties involved in the confined space entry understand the job as well as the potential hazards. Supervisors must be able to make the decision when to evacuate the space. Supervisors must sign the permit and keep records of each permitted entry for future reference. Once the entry is complete, the equipment must be returned to the proper location so that it is available the next time it is needed. Ultimately, the supervisor is responsible for all confined space entry activities.
- I.Speaker’s Notes: Attendants must be at the pre-entry briefing. They should also be trained to recognize any potential hazards and know where to get the information relative to those hazards. The attendant should act as security for space entry. There are several ways to communicate with the entrants, including radio, voice, hand, rope, etc. Attendants should never enter the space for rescue unless someone else is available who is qualified to stay outside the space to replace the attendant. Attendants must know whom to call and the proper chain of command in the event of an emergency. The most important function for the attendant during an emergency is to provide up-to-the-minute information about the situation from outside the confined space.
- I.Speaker’s Notes: Attendants must remain in constant communication and be on the property at all times during the permitted entry. The attendant should be the first available person to recognize a problem within the space that warrants an evacuation. Just as with an emergency evacuation, a count of all individuals in the space must be maintained and should be documented on the permit.
- I.Speaker’s Notes: The entrant must also attend the pre-entry briefing for discussions of hazards and work planning. Entrants must be able to easily recognize when something goes wrong. As is the case with any job, if you are expected to perform it, you must possess the skills to carry it out. Evacuate the space immediately if: You hear an alarm. You lose communication. You encounter unknown hazards. You are ordered out.
- I.Speaker’s Notes: Since authorizing individuals are ones who can issue a permit, they must first be familiar with all hazards associated with the space. It is important that lines are purged of hazardous materials, lockout/tagout is performed, and any other activity necessary to ensure that the safety of the entrants is done. The permit must be posted during the entire time that entrants are in the space. If the permit is violated, entrants must be removed from the space, and the space must be retested and a permit reissued.
- I.Speaker’s Notes: The rescuers must know the hazards of the space so that they are not injured during the rescue attempt. Because confined space rescue is very serious and often difficult, all rescuers must have emergency first aid and CPR training. It is important that the attendant make sure that rescuers are familiar with entry procedures so that their entry can be performed safely. Appropriate training for rescue equipment is a necessity to minimize the potential for failure during the rescue attempt. A recent revision to the confined space standard requires that emergency rescue drills be conducted at least once annually.