This document describes a case of salmonellosis in a flock of 576 laying hens and 700 broilers on a farm. The owner had been administering various antibiotics without veterinary oversight, leading to antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella bacteria isolated from the sick birds. Laboratory testing showed the Salmonella was resistant to all the misused antibiotics. The hens and broilers were treated with different antibiotics according to susceptibility testing, but the owner failed to observe withdrawal periods before selling contaminated poultry products. This highlights the risks of antimicrobial resistance developing from misuse and overuse of antibiotics in food animals.

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SALMONELLOSIS IN A FLOCK OF 576 TWENTY-WEEK-OLD
LAYERS AND700 SIX-WEEKS-OLDBROILERS CONCURRENT
WITH ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND THEIR PUBLIC
HEALTHIMPACT
OJODARE TIMOTHY A. 14/32TA056
CLINICIAN: Dr. (Mrs.) Balogun r.b., Dr. Kadir R.A
ADVISERS: Dr. amid s.a, dr Kadir r.a, dr(mrs) balogun R.B

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CASE PRESENTATION
• DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSION
• SELECTED REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
• Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease that affect poultry
characterized by high morbidity and mortality rate. The
major clinical signs are yellowish-greenish diarrhea,
somnolence, anorexia, death. It is treated by the
administration of antibiotics. (Ezema, Onuoha, & Chah,
2009)
• Because of the failure to go by standard diagnostic
procedures e.g. sending samples to laboratory for
culture and sensitivity test, a lot of people have abused
antibiotics leading to eventual resistance.

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INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED)
• Antimicrobial/Antibiotic resistance is usually a
result from abuse of antibiotics

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Remember…
Antibiotics are a limited, precious resource
• Antibiotics are a precious resource that could be lost
• Antibiotic resistance is happening now – it is a worldwide problem
that affects human and animal health
• Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria stop an antibiotic from
working effectively – meaning some infections may be impossible to
treat
• Misuse of antibiotics contributes to antibiotic resistance
• Few new antibiotics are being developed to help solve this problem
Be part of the solution. Whenever you use antibiotics, use
them with care.
INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED)

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A SOUP OF POISON
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Top reasons for
inappropriate use of
antibiotics – National
Antimicrobial
Prescribing Survey
2014
INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED)

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CASE PRESENTATION

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CASE PRESENTATION
Signalment
CASE 1
Breed: Layer(Isa brown)
Specie: Avian
Age: 20weeks
Purpose: Commercial
Management: Deep Liter
CASE 2
Breed: Broiler
Specie: Avian
Age: 6weeks
Purpose: Commercial
Management: Deep Liter

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CASE PRESENTATION
• The birds were acquired at day old
• The birds were raised for commercial purpose
• They are being fed adlibitum daily with self formulated feed
and their water source was borehole
• Birds were said to have been vaccinated between their day 8
and 15 of age
• For case 1, morbidity and mortality was not stated but mortality
was ongoing for 2 weeks prior to presentation. While for case 2,
morbidity rate was 26% and mortality rate was11%.
History

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CASE PRESENTATION
• In Case 2 drugs were administered without Vet prescription
before presentation within 6 weeks and the drugs were:
Antibiotics: Erythromycin, Floxinor®, Coryl – sp®
Anticoccidial: Embazin forte®, Embacox®
Others: Desogen®, Vitamins, Viratop®
.
History

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CASE PRESENTATION
• The cases were presented on the 27th August and 11th
November 2019, respectively.
• Yellowish-greenish feaces were observed in some birds.
• Cuddling and sleeping
• Off feed
• Weakness and death
Chief complaint

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CASE PRESENTATION
• Severe emaciation
• Lethargy
• Diarrhoea (Yellowish – greenish)
• Cuddling
• Somnolence
Clinical findings

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CASE PRESENTATION
• Enteritis
• Hemorrhagic caeca-tonsils
• Caeca tonsilitis
• Empty intestine
• Congested and enlarged liver
Postmortem findings

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CASE PRESENTATION
Postmortem findings
ENTERITIS; EMPTY
INTESTINE
HEMORRHAGIC CAECA
TONSILS; CAECA
TONSILITIS

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CASE PRESENTATION
• Liver
• Heart
• Caecal tonsil
• Intestine
Tissue Samples

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CASE PRESENTATION
• Enteric bacteria infections (salmonella spp and E. coli)
• New castle disease
Differential diagnoses
Tentative diagnosis
• Enteric bacteria infections (salmonella spp and E. coli)

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CASE PRESENTATION
• Salmonellosis
Confirmatory diagnosis

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CASE PRESENTATION
Laboratory: Kirby-Bauer (disc diffusion) test
• Antibiotic-impregnated discs placed on an agar plate at the interface
between test organism and susceptible control organism
• Resulting zones of inhibition compared, use of controls
• Susceptibility is inferred (standard tables)

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CASE PRESENTATION
Case 1 sensitivity test

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CASE PRESENTATION
Case 2 sensitivity test

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CASE PRESENTATION
Case 1 Management
Rx – Colistin 100g per 1000 litres PO q12-24h
Withdrawal Period
Meat – 2 days
Eggs – 5 days

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CASE PRESENTATION
Case 2 Management
Rx – Enrofloxacin 15mg/kg bw PO q12-24h
Withdrawal Period
Meat – 9 days
Eggs – 9 days

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DISCUSSION

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DISCUSSION
• The clinical signs such as lethargy, somnolence,
yellowsih-greenish diarrhea, as well as the PM
finding such as enteritis, haemorrhagic caecal
tonsils observed were consistent with our
tentative diagnosis-Salmonellosis.
• This is in consonance with the published article
of Ezema in 2009 (Ezema, Onuoha, & Chah,
2009)

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DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)
• Samples collected were first cultured in Blood
and Mc Conkey agar, after which the organisms
that grew on the agars were then sub-cultured in
salmonella shigella agar.
• This method of confirmatory diagnosis of
Salmonellosis is in consonance with the
published article of Wain et al (Wain et al., 2008)

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DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)
• The reliability of Kirby-Bauer disc test in
Antibiotic sensitivity test has been reported by
Richland (Richland College, 2011).
• This same method was used in our present case
to confirm the effective antibiotics.

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DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)
• Case 1: Out of 9 antibiotics tested, Salmonella
was sensitive to ONLY Colisitin, Intermediate for
Ciprofloxacin & Leufloxacin but resistant to
others
• Case 2: Out of 8 antibiotics tested, Salmonella
was intermediate for Colisitin and Ciprofloxacin,
but resistant to others

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DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)
• Case 1 was treated with Colistin Sulphate,
administered at the rate of 100g per 1000 litres
of water.
• Case 2, Enrofloxacin was administered at
15mg/kg body weight orally.
• These treatment regimens were consistent with
the outcome of Kirby-Bauer disc test, which is in
agreement with (Richland College, 2011)

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DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)

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ARE WE IN TROUBLE YET CONSIDERING CASES 1 & 2?
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DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)

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DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)

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THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE DRUG ABUSE
SN ANTIBIOTICS
USED
ACTIVE
COMPOUND
SPECTRUM BACTERIAL
EFFECT
1
FLOXINOR
Fluoroquinolones:
Enrofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Broad
Antibiotics
Bacteriocidal
2 ERYTHROMYCIN
(macrolide)
Erythromycin Broad
Antibiotics
Bacteriocidal
3
CORYL – SP
(Macrolide,
Tetracyclines,
Aminoglycosides)
Erythromycin,
Chlortetracycline,
Neomycin,
Streptomycin
Broad and
Extended
Antibiotics
Bacteriocidal
4 Embazin - forte Sulphaquinoxaline Broad
anticoccidial
5 Embacox Decoquinate Broad
anticoccidial
6 Viratop
7 Desogen Desogestrel,
DISCUSSION (CONTINUED)

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CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION
• Owner had abused various antibiotics
• All antibiotics misused and abused by the owner were not effective
• According to manufacturer’s instructions on the drug labels, the
withdrawal periods for all the antibiotics misused and abused were
between 6 - 9 days respectively.
• However, owner did not observe these withdrawal periods
• Laboratory test confirmed that Salmonella was resistant to all
antibiotics misused and abused
• Poultry products being sold by the owner were not screened of
resistant Salmonella organism

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CONCLUSION
• There should be no use of any drug without the prescription of a
Veterinarian.
• Client should religiously follow drug usage istructions from the
Veterinarian.
• Client should ensure proper biosecurity as a good measure of
prevention and ensure to get their flock from a reliable source which
are not carriers of salmonellosis.
• Client must observe withdrawal period before sale of animal product.
Advice to client

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SELECTED REFERENCES

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SELECTED REFERENCES
1. Cosby, D. E., Cox, N. A., Harrison, M. A., Wilson, J. L., Jeff Buhr, R., & Fedorka-Cray, P. J. (2015).
Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in broilers: A review. Journal of Applied Poultry Research.
https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv038
2. Ezema, W. S., Onuoha, E., & Chah, K. F. (2009). Observations on an outbreak of fowl typhoid in
commercial laying birds in Udi, South Eastern Nigeria. Comparative Clinical Pathology.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-009-0812-0
3. Richland College. (2011). Kirby-Bauer Test for Antibiotic Susceptibility. Kirby-Bauer Test for Antibiotic
Susceptibility.
4. Wain, J., Diep, T. S., Bay, P. V. B., Walsh, A. L., Vinh, H., Duong, N. M., … Day, N. P. J. (2008).
Specimens and culture media for the laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever. The Journal of Infection in
Developing Countries, 2(06). https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.164
5. Beth E. Karp, Heather Tate, … Patrick F. McDermott (2013). National Antimicrobial Monitoring System:
Two decades of advancing public health through integrated surveillance of antimicrobial Resistance.
6. Manual for the laboratory Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Pathogens of
Public Health Importance in the Developing World
WHO/CDS/CSR/RMD/2003.6
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/WHO_CDS_CSR_RMD_2003_6/en/