2. INTRODUCTION
• The research article was realized in Iran, in which scientist collected 68
blood samples to identify the presence of Candida in patients with
cancer, in order to understand the resistance pattern to Amphotericin B
for further investigations and treatments.
• Candida has become in great concern because of the capacity to infect
human hosts.
3. OBJECTIVE
• The candida is a fungus that in the middle
of the last few years has given a
significant increase since several people in
the world are affected by it. In this study
we will talk about patients with cancer in
which the probability of being infected with
the fungus is very high.
4. Generalidades- Candida
• Candida yeast species
are aproximately 196
species but only 20 of
them are asociated with
human being.
• Size cells of 2-4 µm.
• Cilindric, globose and
ovoid.
6. Candida non albicans
Candida non albicans
causes less virulence
candidiasis.
They lack, totally or
partially, some virulence
factors:
• Ability to form hyphae.
•Ability to perform
phenotypic switching.
•Lower adherence to
ephitelium
7. Anfotericina B
• Antibiotics y antifungal.
• Streptomyces nodusos.
• Amphipathic.
• Nephrotoxic.
• Intravenous.
• Adverse reaction.
15. MÉTODOS
• Los estudios se realizaron en el instituto nacional de cáncer
afiliado a la universidad de ciencias medicas de Tehram y el
hospital de kasra.
• Se realizaron muestras de 68 pacientes.
• Se utilizó la extracción de ADN y la PCR múltiple.
16. MÉTODOS
• EXTRACCIÓN DE ADN
1. Lisis de las células – detergentes
2. Separación de la fracción proteica del ADN
18. MÉTODOS
• Se hace para obtener un ADN puro y así poder clonarlo,
introducir genes en otras especies, estudiarlo. Se puede
amplificar.
19. MÉTODOS
PCR MÚLTIPLE
• La PCR es una técnica de amplificación enzimática de
secuencias
específicas de ADN.
• Se refiere a múltiple porque amplifica en un mismo tubo
diferentes secuencias lo que permite la distinción de varios
genes.
24. MÉTODOS
LA PCR SE UTILIZA PARA:
• La PCR se utiliza para clonar fragmentos de ADN.
• Establecimientos de polimorfismos.
• Rastreo de mutaciones.
• Tipificación de DNA para trasplantes.
• Diagnostico de enfermedades genéticas.
• Detección de microorganismos infecciosos .
25. RESULTADOS
• Presencia de células por
examinación directa,
cultivo y extracción de
ADN.
• 68 muestras de sangre.
• Candida spp, cinco
(7.35%)
• Candida albicans, dos
(40%)
• Candida non albicans,
tres (60%)
30. DISCUSSION
SR. CONCLUSION YES OR NOT
(Naghavi, 2003) Although a variety of
drugs are now available
for the treatment of
cancer but in Iran
cancer related deaths
accounted for 30000 of
the 300000 deaths in
2003 .
YES
(Blumberg,2013),
(Fridkin,2005)
Usually cancer patients
experience a high
incidence of a variety of
infections particularly
blood stream infections
and eventually many of
these patients die due to
infection .
YES
31. DISCUSSION
Badie et al.,2011 This study demonstrated
that C. non - albicans
was the predominant
species of Candidemia
in patients with cancer
which is in agreement
with other reports from
Iran.
YES
Badiee et al., 2011 These isolates showed
high amphotricin
resistance pattern which
is similar Frederick et al.
observation and also
Badiee et al. study from
Iran.
YES
32. DISCUSSION
Badiee et al, 2009 As other study from Iran
observed and believed
that the great
importance of non -
albicans Candida as a
pathogen in clinical
samples.
YES
33. CONCLUSIONS
• With the article we could with a PCR method for the other
species of Candida albicans, a fungus that seriously affects the
patient with cancer, this case the non Candida albicans.
• The people affected by this type of fungus are more than all
those who are immunosuppressed, or have any serious illness,
in the study we were able to prove that many people die
because of the infection.
34. CONCLUSIONS
• Investigations about Candida would
allow people to understand how
frecuent and dangerous could be a
candidemia if it is not treated correctly
and in a short period of time.
• Understanding resistance patterns of
antibiotics, will give scientist the
opportunity to create new mecanisms
in order to avoid resistance.
