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Final Project II
Final Project Part II – The Organizational Leadership of Ralph Lauren and Self-Assessment of
Leadership Skills
Thomas McDonald
Southern New Hampshire University
Final Project II
Final Project Part II – The Organizational Leadership of Ralph Lauren and Self-Assessment of
Leadership Skills
Abstract
In the nearly 50-year career of Fashion Designer and Entrepreneur Ralph Lauren, it is
well noted is passion for the fashion world. He started working for various clothing stores and
makers until he created his own lines of ties in 1967. His career became the visionary career for
many American designers to follow built on creating the vision of the “Ultimate American
Lifestyle.” Lauren then assembled a team to right his business ship and turn it into a nearly 18
billion dollar a year business. From his original start-up, we will capture his leadership style and
how you can create two divergent leadership views to make one successful company.
Meanwhile, we look to analyze what my leadership strengths were and compare what similarities
there are in how we see how a fashion organization is maintained.
When we look at the professional life in the fashion retail environment we first must look
at the various styles of conflict management and the behavior patterns associated with them.
Then I will address how they are related to the retail world. This paper will look at how Ralph
Lauren responds to conflict and resolves it. Often the emphasis that Lauren towards is based on
the creative processes that take place inside his offices. Meanwhile, I also self-reflect, through
self-assessments, on my strengths and weaknesses when it come to the creative leadership
process and conflict resolution. The result of which will provide a comparison of leadership
skills needed in Fashion Industry from an Executive such as Lauren and a Retail Sales Associate
like myself.
Team Building
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When we look at Ralph Lauren’s Leadership strategy, there is mix of charisma,
authoritarianism, vision and emotional intelligence that is pervasive in his work. Ralph Lauren
first of all is very passionate about those things that interest and inspire him. Couple that with a
bondless need to provide the Great American Lifestyle with his brands and have the most
creative design teams in the industry lead him to be a demanding task master. This however
fosters the Leader-Member Exchange team leadership environment Laurens seeks to achieve
(DuBrin, 2015). The reinforcement of high demand and high personal achievement reward
structures spurred on a natural conflicting environment amongst teams. However, the setting up
of teams that focused on creating brand images for the individual brands, focused on enhancing
business in general minimized such conflicts, (Ohlendorf, 2015, Nov 3,). Though there are some
conflicts This makes Lauren to be a highly demanding leader that despite his demands cultivates
a very highly motivated workforce to follow him (Ohlendorf, 2015, Nov 3,). This allows Lauren
to create the lifestyle vision he sees in his clothing lines. However, it is important to note that
Lauren historically and recently has augmented to different team leadership philosophies. For his
creative teams the charismatic visionary leader who builds his creative teams to achieve his
design visions and beyond. For his organization teams, it is a more consolatory style of
leadership where they advise him on his business and organizational plans to get the most of the
creative concepts and market, finance and control the logistics of a still growing fashion label.
Ralph Lauren University - Creative Team Structure
Often it is well known in the industry that working with Ralph Lauren is often considered
to be known in the Fashion industry as “Ralph Lauren University.” Those who join and become
immersed in a culture fostered by Lauren of highest level of competency of creativity
(Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Those proposed designs He and his seniors team members could
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spot what designs were a copycat from either a prior design of his or even from another
competitor. So yes, even in a fashion designer based on creating the signature American lifestyle
there was overriding passion for originality as well (Karimzadeh, M., 2010). However, the perks
of working for Ralph Lauren, like at other similar companies such as Apple, is boundless. Many
of today’s top American Designers received on the job training with Ralph Lauren; these
designers include John Varvatos, Joseph Abboud and Vera Wang among many others.
Organizational Team Leadership Structure
It is important to note at this the key hypothesis of this paper. That Ralph Lauren had a
creative and visionary skills to become a great leader from the outset. However, the area of the
business that he needed guidance in order to make the company ultimately successful was on the
company’s financial and organizational structures. For the business and retail teams the attention
to detail was a bit different for Lauren, mainly due to the fact that creative skills did not translate
into the financial side of the business. However, he had his team building skills as a designer
translate well into finding the people he needed to grow the business. The best example of this
took place in 2000 when Lauren appointed Roger Farah as his Chief Operations Officer. At this
time Lauren was having difficulty due to inefficiencies in Lauren’s Supply chain which caused
the financial help from Goldman Sachs. To improve the profitability of the company, Ralph
needed a supportive but objective operations team in order to make his visions and concepts
more financially successful. Under Farah’s Guidance, Ralph Lauren was able to streamline their
logistical operations, simplify their supply chain and the other logistical process. At Farah’s’
retirement in 2014, Ralph Lauren went from being a 1.8-billion-dollar company in 2000, to an
18-billion-dollar company, an impressive feat (Manufacturing Close Up, 2014). In the retail
operations, Ralph really showed an even greater consolatory management style as he early on
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received advice and opinion from the retailers that he already worked with. The ability though to
grow the business by creating brands that reaches most of the consumer buying public was a
diverse strategy which the Lauren vision was helped by Companies like Macy’s, Kohl’s and
Nordstrom (Truong, Y., 2008). Customer experience management is a consistent business
strategy as it pertains to Ralph Lauren’s retail and ecommerce operations designed to manage the
customer experience to get customers to make Ralph Lauren’s vision theirs (Grewal, D., et al.,
2009). Even the recent appointment of a new CEO shows Lauren’s continued attention to retail
and vision in finding the most creative talents to create his designs and find the organizational
minds to keep his company growing even after the end of his days (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.).
The result of this is a shows the more consolatory form team leadership that Ralph Lauren
learned to develop which increased the success of the company as far as the financial and
industry markets were concerned.
Case Scenarios-Sid Mashburn: Sid Mashburn worked for Ralph Lauren as Senior
Design Director from 1991 to 1994 as Senior Design Director in Accessories. During this period
was when the advent of the prewashed fabrications for garments took place. Sid currently runs
his own clothing line and competes directly with Lauren’s Polo label. This is an example of both
the nature of working for Ralph Lauren and the potential conflicts and outcomes for working
with Ralph Lauren.
“It was a daily competition for outfits. All the creatives dressing very creatively were really just
doing so because they liked it. But on a more serious note, Ralph and Jerry and the team
demanded real excellence and the very best from us. It required a lot of hours and total
commitment—not a job for the faint of heart. At the time, I had quite a bit of reign as a Design
Director for J. Crew. It was an enviable position—laying down the DNA for the future of the
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brand. It would have been very easy to keep on doing what I was doing. But, going to work at
RL was like going to play for the Yankees—it was the top (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.).”
Case Scenario - From plan to revision to patent. An excellent example of the Ralph
Leadership approach in general comes from Eric Goldstein who was director of Fabric and
Finishing in the early Nineties. He was the innovator of acid and dry washes. Currently Eric is
an Entrepreneur, Designer, owner of Jean Shop. What Eric describes here is about the process
behind the antiquing process he developed for Ralph Lauren now commonly used in the industry
and found in Ralph’s RRL and Denim and Supply labels.
“As we were starting RRL, we talked about how we needed to make a very authentic
looking jean. One that you couldn't tell apart from a true vintage jean. I spent months working on
a stone washing process in our lab in North Carolina and our production facility in Texas. We
developed a double tinting and washing process that produced impressive results. I made a bunch
of jeans in different fabrics using this process and was so excited to show them to the team back
in New York. We all reviewed them and thought they were great—ready to show Ralph. I was
23 years old at this point. We rigged the room with mannequins fully dressed. We put a few in
our new jeans and a few in vintage. Once we were ready, I called in Ralph. He looked around
and was impressed. He commended me on the work and it was clear we were all happy with the
results. But a few weeks later, I got a phone call from Ralph's office. He wanted to see me in the
showroom. When I went into the room, there were a bunch of jeans on the floor and Ralph
simply said, "We can't launch a new denim line with these. The jeans just don't look authentic.
You can do better Eric." I was devastated and not sure what to do. After much thought, I ended
up in an old dry cleaning facility in Kansas City, where we processed leather in the past. I had
the idea of running denim jeans in a dry cleaning process to impart color—something that was
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never done before. After many tests and hundreds of jeans later, I had a few that I felt were nice
enough to show to Ralph. Once again, I set up the showroom with the new jeans and called him
in. He loved it, really loved it this time and a few weeks later, he called me back to his office and
said he wanted to patent the process (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). He felt strongly that we
needed to own it and protect it. Well, it's now registered with the US government as patent
#5,653,770 (Goldstein, E., Finley, R., 1997, Aug 5).”
Assessment
Looking at these two testimonies to Lauren’s leadership one thing is clear. Like with
most Entrepreneurial companies, the ultimate Quality Control is Ralph Lauren himself. He
expects the best from their employees in their creative and innovative efforts. Pleasing the boss
here was the ultimate goal and satisfaction as Sid Mashburn referred to in his recollection.
Competition and desire to please Ralph was the key motivational force and conflict in the
organization with Ralph’s critique being the deciding factor. Conflicts in the creative stem from
the competitive nature that arises from the need to create products for Ralph Lauren. The results
in the short term prove the success of Ralph Lauren’s brands on a global scale and in the long
term for many of Ralph Lauren current and especially former employees.
Organizational Power
Any person that leads an organization must due to their level of leadership be able to
display to their members and to their customers the vision that they are in charge of the company
and have the ability to transform the company to reflect how well the business is operating as
well as how the business will be run. We will examine the Entrepreneurial form of
Organizational Power created by Ralph Lauren and how that has changed over the years.
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Position Power
When it to the types of power Ralph Lauren utilizes in the leadership of his business the
most obvious is legitimate power. As an entrepreneur, the business carries his name and
regardless of the titles in the company he may hold. As long as the business has his name on it
and he makes most of the major decisions. His power in the organization remains most legitimate
(DuBrin, 2013). With the result being enhancing the brand image (Cervellon, M., & Coudriet,
R., 2013). Often the ability just by being Ralph Lauren allows him to attract the best talent and
give them the mentorship with his legitimate power to develop them into team leaders in their
own right. In actuality though Lauren seems like an Authoritarian to some extent there is actually
more of the mentor in him. By setting the standards he set for his business and how to treat
everything you do in your business with a hands-on approach, Lauren trained numerous
employees to operate their own companies or take a greater stake in others. Often, having Ralph
Lauren on a resume can often be the greatest reward to new entrepreneur or someone trying to
become a leader in another organization (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Though giving
employees free breakfast or taking them out for a burger after a long day of creating a new shirt
can be a great perk. Creating with a multitude of labels that allow Lauren on create several
different types of themes within his general theme and retail it with each label hitting a different
demographic (Yang, W., & Mattila, A., S., 2014).
Personal Power
When it comes to ability of a leader like Ralph Lauren to utilize personal power, Ralph
Lauren may well have the personal power that few leaders in their fields business can possibly
possess. As an expert in the fashion business with over 50 years in the business, Ralph has seen
all the trends and how to incorporate them into the lifestyle he has projected a knowledge that
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may seem intimidating. However, due to the prestige, Lauren maintains. Ralph inspires his
creative and his business staffs to be even more innovative and creative. This leads Ralph as the
creative authority to exude Referent Power or the ability to influence both the staff and those
who purchase his products (Gross, M., 2005). This creates the Prestige power that gives Lauren
that he can only voluntarily relinquish. Even with a new CEO to help run the business, Lauren is
still the principal leader of the company based on the ability to utilize the personal, and visionary
power in the charismatic manner in which he has display this over nearly 50 years to transform
his leadership from a tie maker to global enterprise. But relinquishing his CEO role in the
company, and show an internal as well as the external leadership succession that Ralph Lauren
has had many of his protégés create their own companies. This proves that he is more willing to
power share, especially after the restructured his C-level Executive as long time executives
moved into different roles, like Roger Farah, his longtime Chief Operating Officer to Executive
Vice President, in 2013. Farah since has left the company and in 2015 joined former Lauren
Marketing Executive, Tory Burch, as Co-CEO of her company.
Political Power
Ralph Lauren has been one of the most fortunate leader in that having been able to grow
his business by having been able utilize the strategic contingencies to able to make the necessity
changes to his organization when situations required him to do so (Reid, W., 2009). He was
able to avoid many of the political blunders due able to obtain adoration from many of his
followers in the organization by means of reaching out to his employees at all levels of the
organization even getting feedback on product and even concepts (Spreitzer, G. M., 1999).
However, this is not the organizational encouraging admiration you see in some organization
where the admiration would be used to gain unethical favor. This is due to the motivation of the
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members of his organization to excel for their mutual benefit. The following case examples
provide a picture of Ralph Lauren’s organizational processes.
Organizational Vision and Strategic Development
As is with Charismatic, Visionary leaders like Ralph Lauren. The key to the vision of
Ralph Lauren is based on his perception of what his consumer has in the description of the
“Great American Lifestyle.” The original concept of the basic label is based on fitting the Polo
brand to fit one type of targeted customer. This is demonstrated by Ralph Lauren living that life
as well, Lauren’s other love is Cars, antique cars are his love and driving around in a 1950
Mercedes (Foley, B., 2007). Lauren is a style maker in that he can exercise great inspiration and
drive in his employees. The further development of the Ralph Lauren as a fashion designer was
creating labels that expanded on that description to different types of American Lifestyle and
even expanding the market share based on Customer Demographics not previously considered in
the late 60’s and early 70’s such as Chaps in the 80’s and Denim Supply, today.
Case Examples
Case Study-I, Creating the Impression. There are numerous cases we can utilize to
provide evidence of how Ralph Lauren utilizes his power to create the products that create the
image of Ralph Lauren and the business sense to make that company successful. In this country,
he is considered the grand master of American fashion. “Polo U” has many stories to tell about it
famous president and dean of students (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Lauren is praised by Polo
grads for both his business acumen and devotion to all phases of the design process, advertising
and promotion. "It fascinated me that this man would still sit and hand-pick every swatch for
every clothing and dress shirt collection," remembers Crit Rawlings, president and CEO of
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Oxxford Clothes, and who worked at Polo for 7 years in the mid 80's and early 90's (Lipke, D.,
2002). The key result of this is in the end Ralph Lauren in part created his success by being
building relationships with those who worked with him using many tried and true methods like
managing his impression, flattering others sensibly displaying loyalty, even when his former
employees become competitors. This is what brings the best and brightest in fashion to him.
Case Study II, Creating the Culture Through the Leaders Vision. Prestige power
presides all around at Ralph Lauren. Imagine walking into your office and there is a fireplace to
provide atmosphere as John Varvatos remembered while working there (Yi, D., 2014). One of
the stipulations was that those who worked for Ralph dressed like Ralph so to speak. If not, it
better be vintage. The idea is being able to capture the American Lifestyle image that Lauren
creates. The best case for this comes from probably his most celebrated alumni. That world is
largely immune from fickle fashion trends, a fact that has helped Polo steer a steady course of
growth for 35 years. "Ralph has always been so true to himself," notes designer Joseph Abboud,
who joined Polo in 1980 as New England sales rep and left in 1984 as associate director of men's
design. "If there were trends that seemed to be happening, he didn't care about them. If he
wanted tweed jackets, he didn't care if the rest of the market was going to lighter weights. That
taught me to really believe in your own concept. (Lipke, D., 2002). The key component of
prestige power for any designer is being able to focus on their vision and to be able to do so and
become the trend setter in themselves. For Ralph Lauren, that vision is the definition of Prestige
Power.
Case Study III - How to best utilize political power to get the absolute excellence. For
those who work at Ralph Lauren understand that if there is any type of coercive power at Ralph
Lauren it is likely only the pursuit of excellence and the vision created by Ralph Lauren.
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However, due to the professionalism of Ralph Lauren this coercive power became the driving
force to make his employees succeed. This is where Lauren shined at. Then he would turn
around and take his employees out to dinner and get to know them (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov
3.). Another thing Lauren was well known for was asking anyone and everyone that work for
him in the boardroom and in the workshops and offices. He even asked his contemporaries what
they thought about practically everything. A major key for success for someone is never to be
afraid to learn about the things that interest and what interests’ others cause the genus of an idea
or even a clothing line can come from the simplest conversation (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.).
This gives his followers the ability to absorb the Lauren culture and feel compelled to provide
him with near absolute loyalty (Spreitzer, G. M., et al., 1999). Numerous Alumni of Ralph
Lauren note this in all their recollections. This allowed Lauren to be to utilize strategic initiatives
in order to execute all of his business now and into the future.
Hypothesis of Power Leadership
Eric Goldstein creates a new washing process and shows Lauren the results. He first gets
approval from Lauren for a process. If you take into account Lauren’s consolatory style, Lauren
likely shows others and they detect something that is not right with the process and convince
Lauren that process was not right. Lauren then tells Goldstein it needs improvement. The
reaction however to not meeting Lauren’s approval proved to be the empowerment to Goldstein
eventually creating a process to which Lauren bestowed on him full credit and the filing of his
own patent. This is a case example of proper use of his political power throughout this process
(Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.).
Conflict Management and Resolution
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Ralph Lauren’s Conflict Management
It is important for an executive in any organization whether it is Ralph Lauren, resolving
whether an issue with what pattern of dress shirts he needs this year (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov
3.) or just us trying to negotiate a possible raise. It is essential for us to be utilize each of five
style of conflict management in order for us to become successful leaders in both business and in
life. Those of us who take part in the fashion industry understand the importance of Creative
Leadership is in the success of the Fashion and Apparel industry (Moore, C. M., 2004), It is
creation and changes to them even in the slightest, and the role the conflict resolution plays in the
creative leadership process that makes the fashion industry. Ralph Lauren is no exception to this
maxim.
Conflict Resolution, by Ralph Lauren. In Lauren, you witness all aspects of the conflict
resolution and the creative approaches utilized towards that resolution. His knowledge of the
industry is well versed in the nearly 60 years he has been a part of the fashion business. From the
earliest days Ralph has had a cognitive ability to sense how to take a lifestyle and make fashion
with it often give him an assertive approach. With this take a personality that draws the best to
work for him and sells the image of his clothing (DuBrin, A., 2013). Then you have a passion for
the task that may well be unparalleled in Fashion, he oversees processes to create the Polo image
that it can get him into trouble with financiers and with his operational teams (Gross, M., 2005).
However, in recent years he found the right people inside the organization and licensees from the
outside to help him parts of the business to build a collaborative resolute group for parts of the
business he has difficulty with in the past (Reid, W., 2009). The result of Lauren's creative
leadership was being able to create a broader vision of their companies; in turn, providing
customers with that vision regardless of price, and even particular style.
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Conflict Resolution in my retail work place.
To understand retail sales floor environment, you need to understand some of the
workplace dynamics with a company. Competitive style conflict resolution occurs with
individual associates especially with especially commission associates competing to work with a
potentially large big ticket sale. (Bradford, K. D., 2004). Accommodative style is basically used
to appease. This most often occurs in two places when associates need a vacation and the
manager can only give one time off. But the biggest is when a sales person or cashier gives a
customer a price adjustment on an item that was on sale yesterday, but more expensive now.
Sharing or splitting the difference or our management negotiating a settlement or an associate
needing time off (DuBrin, 2013). The most common form of Conflict management resolution is
collaborative. In many cases it’s the customer-salesperson interchange that generates a sale.
Collaboration can also be the leader-member coaching experience where both set goals to
improve the business for mutual benefit (Moore, C. M., 2004). The key is in both examples the
ability to resolve a conflict in terms that benefit all parties involved. Avoidance is also common
in the workplace. This often occurs when Managers fail to resolve conflicts between associates
or a manager that avoids work with a customer and assist the associate that is facing conflict with
a customer or any other entity (DuBrin, 2013). Part of the practice of empowerment is utilize
more avoidance conflict style situations to allow associates to utilize their competitive and
collaborative conflict resolution styles.
Comparison between Ralph Lauren and my personal conflict resolution skills. It is with
great understanding that when you work in retail or sales in general. You often find yourself in
the midst of resolving many issues including resolving external conflicts between you,
customers, fellow workers, supervisors and followers by utilizing your sales resolution skills to
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resolve internal conflicts that occur throughout your retail workplace (Bradford, K. D., 2004).
Standardly the five major types of conflict handling styles based on the combination of satisfying
others (Cooperation) and satisfying yourself (Assertiveness) (DuBrin, 2013).
It not just the difference between leader and follower this important to note but that there
are many similarities as well. His ability to utilize his authoritative skills as a foundation for his
initial assertive resolution skills then switch to a more collaborative approach. Though I do not
have the ability to use that approach within the organization, I can utilize that same approach
with customers using the expert power I have, as a sales person, in a similar approach Lauren
uses with his customers and his members of his organization. If there is one thing I would
possibly to some avoid more of the competitive approaches that do take place within the various
design teams. We do have some competitive conflict in our store. But the primary approach is
the collaborative approach to create the best customer service environment to bring about the
most productive sales (DuBrin, 2013).
Leadership and Self-Assessment
Personal Leadership Strengths
When I completed my Self-assessment on December 21st, I recognized several key
strengths that the Self-assessment already picked up on several themes I felt I naturally knew
existed. Learner, the process of learning is as important to us as the knowledge we gain and
sharing it with others, the highest theme on my self-assessment (Rath, T., 2007). Futuristic,
loving to peer over the horizon and share a fascination of the future. Also a theme that has a
visionary view of life followed Learner. Learners naturally like to keep and hold pieces of
information makes the input theme essential as a follow up strength to Learner. Strategic is an
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essential skill to have if you are input and learning oriented, being to sort out information to find
the best solution to a situation is typical of someone with a Strategic skill set. When facing
complex situations involving many factors, Arrangers, an executive skill, enjoy managing all of
the variables, aligning and realigning them until they are sure they have arranged them in the
most productive configuration possible and then demonstrate that capacity (Schenck, P. M.,
2009). After Arranger on this list as a leadership trait, Maximizer is someone who see the skills
they and others utilize and promotes the strengths of others and then putting people where they
best skilled to do any task offered. Positivity, my best relationship skill typically means I’m
generous with praise, quick to smile, and always on the lookout for the upside of the situation.
Take these seven skills together and there a lot of positives that I can bring to an organization
and any team within that organization that can provide progressive even charismatic tendencies
into my leadership style (Farrington, E. L., 2011, 05). The skills of Arranger and Maximizer
stress making necessary changes to enhance the organization showing a transformative
leadership style with solid communication skills, (Rath, T., 2007).
Challenges for improvement.
This being said while having several excellent team building capabilities there are things
to which I need to develop better skills in. First is to where I’m have strong strategic skills I must
be better able to carefully deliberate in my decision making process (Rath, T., 2007). I also need
to identify situations in which repeatedly I was as effective as I wanted to be and ask for advice.
This might help me be able to see the bigger picture due to the fact I will have several different
mindsets in order to solve a problem. If I find myself facing opposition, I need to better
understand why certain people see things differently than me. Knowing the answers as to why
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will help me address their concerns and move them closer to agreement and taking command of
a situation.
Assessment of Ralph Lauren
Born in 1939 in a working class section of the Bronx, Ralph Lifshitz faced not being able
to be an athlete or could excel in academics. What Ralph did want to do was create a new vision
of himself. First, he accepted his brother’s idea of changing his name to Lauren. Then he would
find himself working at Brooks Brothers in New York in the early 1960’s, where he learned the
fashion trade (Tungate, M., 2012). He looked at the comparisons between the modern fashions
he was seeing as compared to the traditional fashion he sold at Brooks Brothers from there he
gathered his inspiration. In 1967, Lauren designed ties much different from the skinny modern
looking ties he saw modern icons like the Beatles through the mid 60’s he even made them an
inch wider than the convention. Many stores rejected him. However, one store said yes,
Bloomingdales’ (Aurik, J., C., et al., 2003). From that initial success, Lauren was able to start his
business and vision of the great American fashion designer. His first show was a year later in
1968. Then Hollywood called, first to dress Robert Redford in “The Great Gatsby” to dressing
Diane Keaton in “Annie Hall.” After that Lauren vision of traditional men’s and women’s wear
with a bit of self-indulgence and flair becomes an iconic label and as a symbol of the ultimate
American lifestyle.
As an entrepreneur he successfully transitioned from that role to fashion designer to an
organization that developed nearly 20 different individual brands. Each of these give the wearer
an ability to express themselves in several themes at several price ranges from extravagantly
wealthy in the Purple Label to working class buyers with Chaps, this is an indicator Lauren has
the abilities of another important skill that of an Arranger being able to bring more pieces of the
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fashion business based of both type of fashion and the demographics of the target customer of
each label (Aurik, J. C., 2003). Instead of changing the look of his primary label like some
designers, he creates a whole new label then segments to fit a certain customer using input
received by his creative and business teams, this is an indicator having competency in using a
strategic process. This also demonstrates another skill Lauren has, one is that an arranger, by
making sure that all of the pieces fit whether it is how a pants and a sweater go together or
creating a global fashion network that included subcontracting companies to make his products
Leavy, B. (2013).
Transformational Leadership Skills of Ralph Lauren. Lauren’s primary skill is that of being a
visionary and futuristic cognitive that creating an initial vision and then adapting that general
vision based on business condition. Lauren takes a vision and setting himself apart from others
from that vision even though it seems like a throwback to the past but it is the sense of creating a
look at looks traditional but is placed in the present (Morris, G. B., 1985). The other is control
being able to get business people, fashion designers, sales people and logistical personnel all to
work together and share his vision. Ralph and I share several leadership traits that are essential to
being a part of the fashion business. Having a vision and sensing a futuristic approach in that
Lauren was able to see himself and where he wanted to be (DuBrin, 2013). As a designer the
ability to arrange products and the personnel that make them are essential in our business.
Another skill we share is that of the learner, having learned the business of fashion inside and
out, and becoming a master. Even today. he still is learning. Then Lauren adapts some of the
processes that allows expansion to those companies that work for Lauren. Lauren also
encouraged his designers to create looks within looks to allow Polo to create theme based
seasonal fashion (Kompella, K., 2015). A key ability to take input and create new looks and
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concepts in fashion is key to long term success. Now imaging doing this over 20 brands and
providing different themes along with the basic design themes in each brand every season. It
takes a great team effort to create the Polo look (Lawlor, K. B., 2015).
Ralph also has leadership skills to which I feel need further development. Ralph also has
great abilities in being able to take control of a situation. This includes being able to begin the
process of reducing his role in the organization (Lawlor, K. B., 2015). He was able to control the
point of time in which he began to give others responsibility for various parts of the organization,
especially corporate leadership. Another skill I admire that Ralph Lauren has is adaptability, the
ability to expand his creative and business vision. This is one most daunting judgments that any
leader can face, and bringing it through successfully is a multi-year, adaptive leadership
challenge that calls for courage and conviction (Leavy, B., 2013). Lauren has also developed
over the developed an appreciation for achievement of his creation. First by giving his creative
teams the ability to assess trends and recreate styles within his labels. Then, allowing his
business teams to examine results and provide analysis to allow Ralph Lauren to grow and
expand to newer markets in developing countries, like China (Kim, H., 2012).
Leader Problem Solving - How to create a new brand “Denim and Supply”.
The key reason to notice Lauren’s conflict resolution skills come when he starts to utilize
his creative leadership styles. When you look at the five stages of creativity as it means to Ralph
Lauren, you take the process into the creation of a Lauren brand. A good example of this is the
Denim and Supply Brand. Regularly, the fashion industry addresses the issue of making their
brands respond to a new and growing audience, namely the urban and suburban millennial (Karr,
A. J., 2013). Ralph Lauren had brands Polo Jeans Company and Rugby, that had some success
but its style duplicated what denim swatches they we may see in Polo itself.
Final Project II
The process of creating the new line begins with the immersion stage, you could see the
image boards Lauren uses filled with denim influenced street style from around New York City
and the boroughs giving the line a New York feel (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.) This is the
assertive style of resolution in Lauren when he sets the vision of the new label. Incubation takes
place for Lauren while his design teams try to create in garment based from what Lauren's vision
is; therefore, collaboration begins to take place as Laurens design teams begin to competitively
work together in creating the various pieces in the collections. Then when the insight moment
happen is when the leader likes what he sees. Then Lauren will pass ideas to other departments,
employees that work in other parts of the business and so forth as part of the verification process
in the creative cycle and the sharing process begins in conflict resolution (DuBrin, A., 2013).
This does not mean that everything is ready as Eric Goldstein remembered with his weatherizing
process (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). However, once the look, design, and in this case the label,
fit the image and meet design and quality that Lauren requires then it is merchandised and even
is placed in several of its own stores. This shows the collaborative results of the vision Ralph
Lauren has for his company and the products he and design teams create.
Assessment of Problem Solving in our Workplaces.
Essentially, Ralph Lauren utilizes his creative leadership as the basis of his conflict
resolution with negotiation and cooperation as basis to finalize projects and process in his
organization. Essentially, the customer I work with plays the role not too different from what
Ralph Lauren they express their needs to which I, the salesperson creates the outfits for them
then the negotiation and cooperation take place (DuBrin, 2013). However, Ralph Lauren only
requires accommodative resolution skills when working with the organizational processes of his
business. As a salesperson, myself, I have display a greater range and be able to use each type of
Final Project II
conflict resolution in order to maximize the customer shopping experience and work
successfully.
Conclusion
As far as the fashion industry in North America is concerned, today there is no one more
impressive as a designer on the world fashion stage than Ralph Lauren. The charismatic look of
the affluent, confident, figurehead designer that Lauren displays to the consumer, belies the
visionary approach to transformational and creative leadership started when he presented ties to
Bloomingdale's that were wider than commonly used in 1967. Lauren encouraged his designers
to create looks within looks to allow Polo to create theme based fashion. When assessing my
own leadership strengths through self-assessment tests, I recognized that I shared traits that my
chosen leader profiled was able to utilize to take an idea such as creating a great American
fashion designer and making much more. Other similarities include Conflict Resolution
techniques between Ralph Lauren and his day to day business and what I do in my daily life in
that we utilize collaboration and competitive resolution technique we use on the sales floor.
Though as a retail sales person we are required to appease and share in conflicts and occasionally
we have avoidant forms of conflict resolution. These cases are where the supervisor has the
associate utilize empowerment techniques in a positive manner of conflict resolution or as
avoidance when the manger cannot resolve the conflict themselves. The results from both the
associate and the CEO show that conflict resolution at all level of leadership allows the creative
process to make an organization be a long term success.
Upon the examination, of the leadership process, it is apparent that in general, Ralph
Lauren uses two different general leadership approaches. For the creative parts of the business
such as product development, design and merchandising his vision is the ruling force. This vision
Final Project II
needs a task-oriented leader but when the member makes the right garment or the designer
creates the right visual image it makes it all worth the effort. For the business side of the business
it becomes a more consolatory style of leadership as Lauren grew to trust a small group
immediate followers to lead the operational part of the business and now with Stefan Larsson as
CEO. This will allow Lauren to delegate more of his time to the creative vision of his company
and allow others to manage the business effectively. But remember, it is his name on company
and that means everything to Ralph Lauren. Being a long time entrepreneur that strives for
perfection and excellence in everything you do does not necessarily mean that you are a
complete ogre and a beast to work. This especially in the case of Ralph Lauren. Ralph Lauren’s
is able to utilize the prestige of his personal brand to create an atmosphere that motivates his
employees to do their very best to obtain organizational structure. Though being an expert, he
asks for advice constantly. The rare combination of mixing authoritative with consolatory power
has allowed Lauren in the end to be able to create Strategic Initiatives that are to this day the text
book example to build, grow and even plan for an even greater future.
Sources:
DuBrin, A., (2013). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills (8th ed.). Boston,
MACengage Learning.
Karr, A. J. (2013). Denim & supply opens first U.S. stores. Wwd, 205(106), 2.
Final Project II
Moore, C. M., Birtwistle, G., & Burt, S. (2004). Channel power, conflict and conflict resolution
in international fashion retailing. European Journal of Marketing, 38(7), 749-769.
doi:10.1108/03090560410539230
Bradford, K. D., Stringfellow, A., & Weitz, B. A. (2004). Managing conflict to improve the
effectiveness of retail networks. Journal of Retailing, 80(3), 181-195.
doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2003.12.002
Ohlendorf, C., (2015, Nov 3.). Ralph Lauren University. Valet Magazine retrieved January 14,
2016 from http://www.valetmag.com/style/profiles-features/2015/ralph-lauren-university-
2015.php
Gross, M. (2005). Ralph Lauren. In V. Steele (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Foley, B. (2007). saturday in the park with ralph; ralph lauren is the man of the moment. with
his 40th anniversary fete set for this weekend, he talks about glamour, staying power and his
decision to take fashion way uptown. Wwd, 194(49), 10.
Cervellon, M., & Coudriet, R. (2013). Brand social power in luxury retail: Manifestations of
brand dominance over clients in the store. International Journal of Retail & Distribution
Management, 41(11/12), 869-884. doi:10.1108/IJRDM-01-2013-0016
Yang, W., & Mattila, A., S., (2014). Do affluent customers care when luxury brands go mass?
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(4), 526. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1660172753?accountid=3
783
Final Project II
Riot, E., Chamaret, C., & Rigaud, E. (2013). Murakami on the bag: Louis Vuitton ' s
decommoditization strategy. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 41(11),
919-939. Retrieved from
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783
Lipke, D. (2002). polo u; there are no classrooms, no professors and no ivy on the walls, but
Polo Ralph Lauren has long been a training ground for the men's wear industry. here's what its
distinguished alumni -- from Joseph Abboud to John Varvatos -- learned before graduation.
Daily News Record, 16. Retrieved from
http://bi.galegroup.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/essentials/article/GALE%7CA91269156?u=nhc_main
&sid=summon&userGroup=nhc_main
Rath, Tom. (2007). Strengths finder 2.0. [Books24x7 version] Available from
http://common.books24x7.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/toc.aspx?bookid=68890.
Farrington, E. L. (2011, 05). How to use your innate strengths to excel as a leader. Women in
Higher Education, 20, 1-2. Retrieved from
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Schenck, P. M. (2009). Analyzing the relationship of strengths to personality preferences and
vocational interests utilizing Clifton StrengthsFinder, myers-briggs type indicator, and strong
interest inventory (Order No. 3401033). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest
Dissertations & Theses Global. (304862735). Retrieved from
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Tungate, M. (2012). Fashion brands: Branding style from Armani to Zara (3rd ed.). London;
Philadelphia; Kogan Page.
Leavy, B. (2013). Updating a classic formula for strategic success: Focus, alignment,
repeatability and leadership. Strategy & Leadership, 41(1), 18-28.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1087857131129004
Som, Ashok, and Blanckaert. C., (2015). Chapter 14 - The Future and Questions to Ponder".
The Road to Luxury: The Evolution, Markets, and Strategies of Luxury Brand Management. John
Wiley & Sons. Books24x7.
Aurik, Johan C. & Jonk, Gillis J. & Willen, Robert E. (2003). Rebuilding the corporate genome:
unlocking the real value of your business. [Books24x7 version] Available from
http://common.books24x7.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/toc.aspx?bookid=5401
Lawlor, K. B., Batchelor, J. H., & Abston, K. (2015). The moderating role of time on the
relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied
Management and Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 28-48. Retrieved from
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783
Morris, G. B. (1985). A futuristic cognitive view of leadership. Educational Administration
Quarterly, 21(1), 7-27. doi:10.1177/0013161X85021001003
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Kompella, K., (2015). The brand challenge: adapting branding to sectorial imperatives.
[Books24x7 version] Available from http://common.books24x7.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/toc
Proactive investors: Ralph Lauren’s founder CEO to step aside; old navy exec to replace him
(2015). Chatham: Newstex.
Kim, H. (2012). The dimensionality of fashion-brand experience. Journal of Fashion Marketing
and Management, 16(4), 418-441. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612021211265827
Spreitzer, G. M., De Janasz, S.,C., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Empowered to lead: The role of
psychological empowerment in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(4), 511-526.
Retrieved from
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Yi, D. (2014). Varvatos talks ralph and calvin. Wwd, 207(69), 8.
Ralph Lauren corporation: Retail - company profile, SWOT & financial report. (2014). ().
Basingstoke: Progressive Digital Media. Retrieved from
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783
Welters, L. (2008). The Natural Look: American Style in the 1970s. Fashion Theory: The Journal
of Dress, Body & Culture, 12(4), 489-510. DOI: 10.2752/175174108X346959.
Karimzadeh, M. (2010). Ralph Lauren. WWD, 200(94), 6-n/a. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/788027718?accountid=37
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Final Project II
Ralph Lauren reports retirement of roger Farah, executive vice chairman. (2014).
Manufacturing Close - Up, Retrieved from
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783
Truong, Y., Simmons, G., McColl, R., & Kitchen, P. J. (2008). Status and Conspicuousness -
Are They Related? Strategic Marketing Implications for Luxury Brands. Journal of Strategic
Marketing, 16(3), 189-203. doi:10.1080/09652540802117124
Grewal, D., Levy, M., & Kumar, V. (2009). Customer experience management in retailing: An
organizing framework. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 1-14.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.01.001
Goldstein, E., Finley, R., (1997, Aug 5). Patent for antiquing garments. Washington, U.S. Patent
Office retrieved from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-
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3,770"&RS="#5,653,770"

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Final Project Part II - Final Paper MBA-620

  • 1. Final Project II Final Project Part II – The Organizational Leadership of Ralph Lauren and Self-Assessment of Leadership Skills Thomas McDonald Southern New Hampshire University
  • 2. Final Project II Final Project Part II – The Organizational Leadership of Ralph Lauren and Self-Assessment of Leadership Skills Abstract In the nearly 50-year career of Fashion Designer and Entrepreneur Ralph Lauren, it is well noted is passion for the fashion world. He started working for various clothing stores and makers until he created his own lines of ties in 1967. His career became the visionary career for many American designers to follow built on creating the vision of the “Ultimate American Lifestyle.” Lauren then assembled a team to right his business ship and turn it into a nearly 18 billion dollar a year business. From his original start-up, we will capture his leadership style and how you can create two divergent leadership views to make one successful company. Meanwhile, we look to analyze what my leadership strengths were and compare what similarities there are in how we see how a fashion organization is maintained. When we look at the professional life in the fashion retail environment we first must look at the various styles of conflict management and the behavior patterns associated with them. Then I will address how they are related to the retail world. This paper will look at how Ralph Lauren responds to conflict and resolves it. Often the emphasis that Lauren towards is based on the creative processes that take place inside his offices. Meanwhile, I also self-reflect, through self-assessments, on my strengths and weaknesses when it come to the creative leadership process and conflict resolution. The result of which will provide a comparison of leadership skills needed in Fashion Industry from an Executive such as Lauren and a Retail Sales Associate like myself. Team Building
  • 3. Final Project II When we look at Ralph Lauren’s Leadership strategy, there is mix of charisma, authoritarianism, vision and emotional intelligence that is pervasive in his work. Ralph Lauren first of all is very passionate about those things that interest and inspire him. Couple that with a bondless need to provide the Great American Lifestyle with his brands and have the most creative design teams in the industry lead him to be a demanding task master. This however fosters the Leader-Member Exchange team leadership environment Laurens seeks to achieve (DuBrin, 2015). The reinforcement of high demand and high personal achievement reward structures spurred on a natural conflicting environment amongst teams. However, the setting up of teams that focused on creating brand images for the individual brands, focused on enhancing business in general minimized such conflicts, (Ohlendorf, 2015, Nov 3,). Though there are some conflicts This makes Lauren to be a highly demanding leader that despite his demands cultivates a very highly motivated workforce to follow him (Ohlendorf, 2015, Nov 3,). This allows Lauren to create the lifestyle vision he sees in his clothing lines. However, it is important to note that Lauren historically and recently has augmented to different team leadership philosophies. For his creative teams the charismatic visionary leader who builds his creative teams to achieve his design visions and beyond. For his organization teams, it is a more consolatory style of leadership where they advise him on his business and organizational plans to get the most of the creative concepts and market, finance and control the logistics of a still growing fashion label. Ralph Lauren University - Creative Team Structure Often it is well known in the industry that working with Ralph Lauren is often considered to be known in the Fashion industry as “Ralph Lauren University.” Those who join and become immersed in a culture fostered by Lauren of highest level of competency of creativity (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Those proposed designs He and his seniors team members could
  • 4. Final Project II spot what designs were a copycat from either a prior design of his or even from another competitor. So yes, even in a fashion designer based on creating the signature American lifestyle there was overriding passion for originality as well (Karimzadeh, M., 2010). However, the perks of working for Ralph Lauren, like at other similar companies such as Apple, is boundless. Many of today’s top American Designers received on the job training with Ralph Lauren; these designers include John Varvatos, Joseph Abboud and Vera Wang among many others. Organizational Team Leadership Structure It is important to note at this the key hypothesis of this paper. That Ralph Lauren had a creative and visionary skills to become a great leader from the outset. However, the area of the business that he needed guidance in order to make the company ultimately successful was on the company’s financial and organizational structures. For the business and retail teams the attention to detail was a bit different for Lauren, mainly due to the fact that creative skills did not translate into the financial side of the business. However, he had his team building skills as a designer translate well into finding the people he needed to grow the business. The best example of this took place in 2000 when Lauren appointed Roger Farah as his Chief Operations Officer. At this time Lauren was having difficulty due to inefficiencies in Lauren’s Supply chain which caused the financial help from Goldman Sachs. To improve the profitability of the company, Ralph needed a supportive but objective operations team in order to make his visions and concepts more financially successful. Under Farah’s Guidance, Ralph Lauren was able to streamline their logistical operations, simplify their supply chain and the other logistical process. At Farah’s’ retirement in 2014, Ralph Lauren went from being a 1.8-billion-dollar company in 2000, to an 18-billion-dollar company, an impressive feat (Manufacturing Close Up, 2014). In the retail operations, Ralph really showed an even greater consolatory management style as he early on
  • 5. Final Project II received advice and opinion from the retailers that he already worked with. The ability though to grow the business by creating brands that reaches most of the consumer buying public was a diverse strategy which the Lauren vision was helped by Companies like Macy’s, Kohl’s and Nordstrom (Truong, Y., 2008). Customer experience management is a consistent business strategy as it pertains to Ralph Lauren’s retail and ecommerce operations designed to manage the customer experience to get customers to make Ralph Lauren’s vision theirs (Grewal, D., et al., 2009). Even the recent appointment of a new CEO shows Lauren’s continued attention to retail and vision in finding the most creative talents to create his designs and find the organizational minds to keep his company growing even after the end of his days (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). The result of this is a shows the more consolatory form team leadership that Ralph Lauren learned to develop which increased the success of the company as far as the financial and industry markets were concerned. Case Scenarios-Sid Mashburn: Sid Mashburn worked for Ralph Lauren as Senior Design Director from 1991 to 1994 as Senior Design Director in Accessories. During this period was when the advent of the prewashed fabrications for garments took place. Sid currently runs his own clothing line and competes directly with Lauren’s Polo label. This is an example of both the nature of working for Ralph Lauren and the potential conflicts and outcomes for working with Ralph Lauren. “It was a daily competition for outfits. All the creatives dressing very creatively were really just doing so because they liked it. But on a more serious note, Ralph and Jerry and the team demanded real excellence and the very best from us. It required a lot of hours and total commitment—not a job for the faint of heart. At the time, I had quite a bit of reign as a Design Director for J. Crew. It was an enviable position—laying down the DNA for the future of the
  • 6. Final Project II brand. It would have been very easy to keep on doing what I was doing. But, going to work at RL was like going to play for the Yankees—it was the top (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.).” Case Scenario - From plan to revision to patent. An excellent example of the Ralph Leadership approach in general comes from Eric Goldstein who was director of Fabric and Finishing in the early Nineties. He was the innovator of acid and dry washes. Currently Eric is an Entrepreneur, Designer, owner of Jean Shop. What Eric describes here is about the process behind the antiquing process he developed for Ralph Lauren now commonly used in the industry and found in Ralph’s RRL and Denim and Supply labels. “As we were starting RRL, we talked about how we needed to make a very authentic looking jean. One that you couldn't tell apart from a true vintage jean. I spent months working on a stone washing process in our lab in North Carolina and our production facility in Texas. We developed a double tinting and washing process that produced impressive results. I made a bunch of jeans in different fabrics using this process and was so excited to show them to the team back in New York. We all reviewed them and thought they were great—ready to show Ralph. I was 23 years old at this point. We rigged the room with mannequins fully dressed. We put a few in our new jeans and a few in vintage. Once we were ready, I called in Ralph. He looked around and was impressed. He commended me on the work and it was clear we were all happy with the results. But a few weeks later, I got a phone call from Ralph's office. He wanted to see me in the showroom. When I went into the room, there were a bunch of jeans on the floor and Ralph simply said, "We can't launch a new denim line with these. The jeans just don't look authentic. You can do better Eric." I was devastated and not sure what to do. After much thought, I ended up in an old dry cleaning facility in Kansas City, where we processed leather in the past. I had the idea of running denim jeans in a dry cleaning process to impart color—something that was
  • 7. Final Project II never done before. After many tests and hundreds of jeans later, I had a few that I felt were nice enough to show to Ralph. Once again, I set up the showroom with the new jeans and called him in. He loved it, really loved it this time and a few weeks later, he called me back to his office and said he wanted to patent the process (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). He felt strongly that we needed to own it and protect it. Well, it's now registered with the US government as patent #5,653,770 (Goldstein, E., Finley, R., 1997, Aug 5).” Assessment Looking at these two testimonies to Lauren’s leadership one thing is clear. Like with most Entrepreneurial companies, the ultimate Quality Control is Ralph Lauren himself. He expects the best from their employees in their creative and innovative efforts. Pleasing the boss here was the ultimate goal and satisfaction as Sid Mashburn referred to in his recollection. Competition and desire to please Ralph was the key motivational force and conflict in the organization with Ralph’s critique being the deciding factor. Conflicts in the creative stem from the competitive nature that arises from the need to create products for Ralph Lauren. The results in the short term prove the success of Ralph Lauren’s brands on a global scale and in the long term for many of Ralph Lauren current and especially former employees. Organizational Power Any person that leads an organization must due to their level of leadership be able to display to their members and to their customers the vision that they are in charge of the company and have the ability to transform the company to reflect how well the business is operating as well as how the business will be run. We will examine the Entrepreneurial form of Organizational Power created by Ralph Lauren and how that has changed over the years.
  • 8. Final Project II Position Power When it to the types of power Ralph Lauren utilizes in the leadership of his business the most obvious is legitimate power. As an entrepreneur, the business carries his name and regardless of the titles in the company he may hold. As long as the business has his name on it and he makes most of the major decisions. His power in the organization remains most legitimate (DuBrin, 2013). With the result being enhancing the brand image (Cervellon, M., & Coudriet, R., 2013). Often the ability just by being Ralph Lauren allows him to attract the best talent and give them the mentorship with his legitimate power to develop them into team leaders in their own right. In actuality though Lauren seems like an Authoritarian to some extent there is actually more of the mentor in him. By setting the standards he set for his business and how to treat everything you do in your business with a hands-on approach, Lauren trained numerous employees to operate their own companies or take a greater stake in others. Often, having Ralph Lauren on a resume can often be the greatest reward to new entrepreneur or someone trying to become a leader in another organization (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Though giving employees free breakfast or taking them out for a burger after a long day of creating a new shirt can be a great perk. Creating with a multitude of labels that allow Lauren on create several different types of themes within his general theme and retail it with each label hitting a different demographic (Yang, W., & Mattila, A., S., 2014). Personal Power When it comes to ability of a leader like Ralph Lauren to utilize personal power, Ralph Lauren may well have the personal power that few leaders in their fields business can possibly possess. As an expert in the fashion business with over 50 years in the business, Ralph has seen all the trends and how to incorporate them into the lifestyle he has projected a knowledge that
  • 9. Final Project II may seem intimidating. However, due to the prestige, Lauren maintains. Ralph inspires his creative and his business staffs to be even more innovative and creative. This leads Ralph as the creative authority to exude Referent Power or the ability to influence both the staff and those who purchase his products (Gross, M., 2005). This creates the Prestige power that gives Lauren that he can only voluntarily relinquish. Even with a new CEO to help run the business, Lauren is still the principal leader of the company based on the ability to utilize the personal, and visionary power in the charismatic manner in which he has display this over nearly 50 years to transform his leadership from a tie maker to global enterprise. But relinquishing his CEO role in the company, and show an internal as well as the external leadership succession that Ralph Lauren has had many of his protégés create their own companies. This proves that he is more willing to power share, especially after the restructured his C-level Executive as long time executives moved into different roles, like Roger Farah, his longtime Chief Operating Officer to Executive Vice President, in 2013. Farah since has left the company and in 2015 joined former Lauren Marketing Executive, Tory Burch, as Co-CEO of her company. Political Power Ralph Lauren has been one of the most fortunate leader in that having been able to grow his business by having been able utilize the strategic contingencies to able to make the necessity changes to his organization when situations required him to do so (Reid, W., 2009). He was able to avoid many of the political blunders due able to obtain adoration from many of his followers in the organization by means of reaching out to his employees at all levels of the organization even getting feedback on product and even concepts (Spreitzer, G. M., 1999). However, this is not the organizational encouraging admiration you see in some organization where the admiration would be used to gain unethical favor. This is due to the motivation of the
  • 10. Final Project II members of his organization to excel for their mutual benefit. The following case examples provide a picture of Ralph Lauren’s organizational processes. Organizational Vision and Strategic Development As is with Charismatic, Visionary leaders like Ralph Lauren. The key to the vision of Ralph Lauren is based on his perception of what his consumer has in the description of the “Great American Lifestyle.” The original concept of the basic label is based on fitting the Polo brand to fit one type of targeted customer. This is demonstrated by Ralph Lauren living that life as well, Lauren’s other love is Cars, antique cars are his love and driving around in a 1950 Mercedes (Foley, B., 2007). Lauren is a style maker in that he can exercise great inspiration and drive in his employees. The further development of the Ralph Lauren as a fashion designer was creating labels that expanded on that description to different types of American Lifestyle and even expanding the market share based on Customer Demographics not previously considered in the late 60’s and early 70’s such as Chaps in the 80’s and Denim Supply, today. Case Examples Case Study-I, Creating the Impression. There are numerous cases we can utilize to provide evidence of how Ralph Lauren utilizes his power to create the products that create the image of Ralph Lauren and the business sense to make that company successful. In this country, he is considered the grand master of American fashion. “Polo U” has many stories to tell about it famous president and dean of students (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Lauren is praised by Polo grads for both his business acumen and devotion to all phases of the design process, advertising and promotion. "It fascinated me that this man would still sit and hand-pick every swatch for every clothing and dress shirt collection," remembers Crit Rawlings, president and CEO of
  • 11. Final Project II Oxxford Clothes, and who worked at Polo for 7 years in the mid 80's and early 90's (Lipke, D., 2002). The key result of this is in the end Ralph Lauren in part created his success by being building relationships with those who worked with him using many tried and true methods like managing his impression, flattering others sensibly displaying loyalty, even when his former employees become competitors. This is what brings the best and brightest in fashion to him. Case Study II, Creating the Culture Through the Leaders Vision. Prestige power presides all around at Ralph Lauren. Imagine walking into your office and there is a fireplace to provide atmosphere as John Varvatos remembered while working there (Yi, D., 2014). One of the stipulations was that those who worked for Ralph dressed like Ralph so to speak. If not, it better be vintage. The idea is being able to capture the American Lifestyle image that Lauren creates. The best case for this comes from probably his most celebrated alumni. That world is largely immune from fickle fashion trends, a fact that has helped Polo steer a steady course of growth for 35 years. "Ralph has always been so true to himself," notes designer Joseph Abboud, who joined Polo in 1980 as New England sales rep and left in 1984 as associate director of men's design. "If there were trends that seemed to be happening, he didn't care about them. If he wanted tweed jackets, he didn't care if the rest of the market was going to lighter weights. That taught me to really believe in your own concept. (Lipke, D., 2002). The key component of prestige power for any designer is being able to focus on their vision and to be able to do so and become the trend setter in themselves. For Ralph Lauren, that vision is the definition of Prestige Power. Case Study III - How to best utilize political power to get the absolute excellence. For those who work at Ralph Lauren understand that if there is any type of coercive power at Ralph Lauren it is likely only the pursuit of excellence and the vision created by Ralph Lauren.
  • 12. Final Project II However, due to the professionalism of Ralph Lauren this coercive power became the driving force to make his employees succeed. This is where Lauren shined at. Then he would turn around and take his employees out to dinner and get to know them (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Another thing Lauren was well known for was asking anyone and everyone that work for him in the boardroom and in the workshops and offices. He even asked his contemporaries what they thought about practically everything. A major key for success for someone is never to be afraid to learn about the things that interest and what interests’ others cause the genus of an idea or even a clothing line can come from the simplest conversation (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). This gives his followers the ability to absorb the Lauren culture and feel compelled to provide him with near absolute loyalty (Spreitzer, G. M., et al., 1999). Numerous Alumni of Ralph Lauren note this in all their recollections. This allowed Lauren to be to utilize strategic initiatives in order to execute all of his business now and into the future. Hypothesis of Power Leadership Eric Goldstein creates a new washing process and shows Lauren the results. He first gets approval from Lauren for a process. If you take into account Lauren’s consolatory style, Lauren likely shows others and they detect something that is not right with the process and convince Lauren that process was not right. Lauren then tells Goldstein it needs improvement. The reaction however to not meeting Lauren’s approval proved to be the empowerment to Goldstein eventually creating a process to which Lauren bestowed on him full credit and the filing of his own patent. This is a case example of proper use of his political power throughout this process (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). Conflict Management and Resolution
  • 13. Final Project II Ralph Lauren’s Conflict Management It is important for an executive in any organization whether it is Ralph Lauren, resolving whether an issue with what pattern of dress shirts he needs this year (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.) or just us trying to negotiate a possible raise. It is essential for us to be utilize each of five style of conflict management in order for us to become successful leaders in both business and in life. Those of us who take part in the fashion industry understand the importance of Creative Leadership is in the success of the Fashion and Apparel industry (Moore, C. M., 2004), It is creation and changes to them even in the slightest, and the role the conflict resolution plays in the creative leadership process that makes the fashion industry. Ralph Lauren is no exception to this maxim. Conflict Resolution, by Ralph Lauren. In Lauren, you witness all aspects of the conflict resolution and the creative approaches utilized towards that resolution. His knowledge of the industry is well versed in the nearly 60 years he has been a part of the fashion business. From the earliest days Ralph has had a cognitive ability to sense how to take a lifestyle and make fashion with it often give him an assertive approach. With this take a personality that draws the best to work for him and sells the image of his clothing (DuBrin, A., 2013). Then you have a passion for the task that may well be unparalleled in Fashion, he oversees processes to create the Polo image that it can get him into trouble with financiers and with his operational teams (Gross, M., 2005). However, in recent years he found the right people inside the organization and licensees from the outside to help him parts of the business to build a collaborative resolute group for parts of the business he has difficulty with in the past (Reid, W., 2009). The result of Lauren's creative leadership was being able to create a broader vision of their companies; in turn, providing customers with that vision regardless of price, and even particular style.
  • 14. Final Project II Conflict Resolution in my retail work place. To understand retail sales floor environment, you need to understand some of the workplace dynamics with a company. Competitive style conflict resolution occurs with individual associates especially with especially commission associates competing to work with a potentially large big ticket sale. (Bradford, K. D., 2004). Accommodative style is basically used to appease. This most often occurs in two places when associates need a vacation and the manager can only give one time off. But the biggest is when a sales person or cashier gives a customer a price adjustment on an item that was on sale yesterday, but more expensive now. Sharing or splitting the difference or our management negotiating a settlement or an associate needing time off (DuBrin, 2013). The most common form of Conflict management resolution is collaborative. In many cases it’s the customer-salesperson interchange that generates a sale. Collaboration can also be the leader-member coaching experience where both set goals to improve the business for mutual benefit (Moore, C. M., 2004). The key is in both examples the ability to resolve a conflict in terms that benefit all parties involved. Avoidance is also common in the workplace. This often occurs when Managers fail to resolve conflicts between associates or a manager that avoids work with a customer and assist the associate that is facing conflict with a customer or any other entity (DuBrin, 2013). Part of the practice of empowerment is utilize more avoidance conflict style situations to allow associates to utilize their competitive and collaborative conflict resolution styles. Comparison between Ralph Lauren and my personal conflict resolution skills. It is with great understanding that when you work in retail or sales in general. You often find yourself in the midst of resolving many issues including resolving external conflicts between you, customers, fellow workers, supervisors and followers by utilizing your sales resolution skills to
  • 15. Final Project II resolve internal conflicts that occur throughout your retail workplace (Bradford, K. D., 2004). Standardly the five major types of conflict handling styles based on the combination of satisfying others (Cooperation) and satisfying yourself (Assertiveness) (DuBrin, 2013). It not just the difference between leader and follower this important to note but that there are many similarities as well. His ability to utilize his authoritative skills as a foundation for his initial assertive resolution skills then switch to a more collaborative approach. Though I do not have the ability to use that approach within the organization, I can utilize that same approach with customers using the expert power I have, as a sales person, in a similar approach Lauren uses with his customers and his members of his organization. If there is one thing I would possibly to some avoid more of the competitive approaches that do take place within the various design teams. We do have some competitive conflict in our store. But the primary approach is the collaborative approach to create the best customer service environment to bring about the most productive sales (DuBrin, 2013). Leadership and Self-Assessment Personal Leadership Strengths When I completed my Self-assessment on December 21st, I recognized several key strengths that the Self-assessment already picked up on several themes I felt I naturally knew existed. Learner, the process of learning is as important to us as the knowledge we gain and sharing it with others, the highest theme on my self-assessment (Rath, T., 2007). Futuristic, loving to peer over the horizon and share a fascination of the future. Also a theme that has a visionary view of life followed Learner. Learners naturally like to keep and hold pieces of information makes the input theme essential as a follow up strength to Learner. Strategic is an
  • 16. Final Project II essential skill to have if you are input and learning oriented, being to sort out information to find the best solution to a situation is typical of someone with a Strategic skill set. When facing complex situations involving many factors, Arrangers, an executive skill, enjoy managing all of the variables, aligning and realigning them until they are sure they have arranged them in the most productive configuration possible and then demonstrate that capacity (Schenck, P. M., 2009). After Arranger on this list as a leadership trait, Maximizer is someone who see the skills they and others utilize and promotes the strengths of others and then putting people where they best skilled to do any task offered. Positivity, my best relationship skill typically means I’m generous with praise, quick to smile, and always on the lookout for the upside of the situation. Take these seven skills together and there a lot of positives that I can bring to an organization and any team within that organization that can provide progressive even charismatic tendencies into my leadership style (Farrington, E. L., 2011, 05). The skills of Arranger and Maximizer stress making necessary changes to enhance the organization showing a transformative leadership style with solid communication skills, (Rath, T., 2007). Challenges for improvement. This being said while having several excellent team building capabilities there are things to which I need to develop better skills in. First is to where I’m have strong strategic skills I must be better able to carefully deliberate in my decision making process (Rath, T., 2007). I also need to identify situations in which repeatedly I was as effective as I wanted to be and ask for advice. This might help me be able to see the bigger picture due to the fact I will have several different mindsets in order to solve a problem. If I find myself facing opposition, I need to better understand why certain people see things differently than me. Knowing the answers as to why
  • 17. Final Project II will help me address their concerns and move them closer to agreement and taking command of a situation. Assessment of Ralph Lauren Born in 1939 in a working class section of the Bronx, Ralph Lifshitz faced not being able to be an athlete or could excel in academics. What Ralph did want to do was create a new vision of himself. First, he accepted his brother’s idea of changing his name to Lauren. Then he would find himself working at Brooks Brothers in New York in the early 1960’s, where he learned the fashion trade (Tungate, M., 2012). He looked at the comparisons between the modern fashions he was seeing as compared to the traditional fashion he sold at Brooks Brothers from there he gathered his inspiration. In 1967, Lauren designed ties much different from the skinny modern looking ties he saw modern icons like the Beatles through the mid 60’s he even made them an inch wider than the convention. Many stores rejected him. However, one store said yes, Bloomingdales’ (Aurik, J., C., et al., 2003). From that initial success, Lauren was able to start his business and vision of the great American fashion designer. His first show was a year later in 1968. Then Hollywood called, first to dress Robert Redford in “The Great Gatsby” to dressing Diane Keaton in “Annie Hall.” After that Lauren vision of traditional men’s and women’s wear with a bit of self-indulgence and flair becomes an iconic label and as a symbol of the ultimate American lifestyle. As an entrepreneur he successfully transitioned from that role to fashion designer to an organization that developed nearly 20 different individual brands. Each of these give the wearer an ability to express themselves in several themes at several price ranges from extravagantly wealthy in the Purple Label to working class buyers with Chaps, this is an indicator Lauren has the abilities of another important skill that of an Arranger being able to bring more pieces of the
  • 18. Final Project II fashion business based of both type of fashion and the demographics of the target customer of each label (Aurik, J. C., 2003). Instead of changing the look of his primary label like some designers, he creates a whole new label then segments to fit a certain customer using input received by his creative and business teams, this is an indicator having competency in using a strategic process. This also demonstrates another skill Lauren has, one is that an arranger, by making sure that all of the pieces fit whether it is how a pants and a sweater go together or creating a global fashion network that included subcontracting companies to make his products Leavy, B. (2013). Transformational Leadership Skills of Ralph Lauren. Lauren’s primary skill is that of being a visionary and futuristic cognitive that creating an initial vision and then adapting that general vision based on business condition. Lauren takes a vision and setting himself apart from others from that vision even though it seems like a throwback to the past but it is the sense of creating a look at looks traditional but is placed in the present (Morris, G. B., 1985). The other is control being able to get business people, fashion designers, sales people and logistical personnel all to work together and share his vision. Ralph and I share several leadership traits that are essential to being a part of the fashion business. Having a vision and sensing a futuristic approach in that Lauren was able to see himself and where he wanted to be (DuBrin, 2013). As a designer the ability to arrange products and the personnel that make them are essential in our business. Another skill we share is that of the learner, having learned the business of fashion inside and out, and becoming a master. Even today. he still is learning. Then Lauren adapts some of the processes that allows expansion to those companies that work for Lauren. Lauren also encouraged his designers to create looks within looks to allow Polo to create theme based seasonal fashion (Kompella, K., 2015). A key ability to take input and create new looks and
  • 19. Final Project II concepts in fashion is key to long term success. Now imaging doing this over 20 brands and providing different themes along with the basic design themes in each brand every season. It takes a great team effort to create the Polo look (Lawlor, K. B., 2015). Ralph also has leadership skills to which I feel need further development. Ralph also has great abilities in being able to take control of a situation. This includes being able to begin the process of reducing his role in the organization (Lawlor, K. B., 2015). He was able to control the point of time in which he began to give others responsibility for various parts of the organization, especially corporate leadership. Another skill I admire that Ralph Lauren has is adaptability, the ability to expand his creative and business vision. This is one most daunting judgments that any leader can face, and bringing it through successfully is a multi-year, adaptive leadership challenge that calls for courage and conviction (Leavy, B., 2013). Lauren has also developed over the developed an appreciation for achievement of his creation. First by giving his creative teams the ability to assess trends and recreate styles within his labels. Then, allowing his business teams to examine results and provide analysis to allow Ralph Lauren to grow and expand to newer markets in developing countries, like China (Kim, H., 2012). Leader Problem Solving - How to create a new brand “Denim and Supply”. The key reason to notice Lauren’s conflict resolution skills come when he starts to utilize his creative leadership styles. When you look at the five stages of creativity as it means to Ralph Lauren, you take the process into the creation of a Lauren brand. A good example of this is the Denim and Supply Brand. Regularly, the fashion industry addresses the issue of making their brands respond to a new and growing audience, namely the urban and suburban millennial (Karr, A. J., 2013). Ralph Lauren had brands Polo Jeans Company and Rugby, that had some success but its style duplicated what denim swatches they we may see in Polo itself.
  • 20. Final Project II The process of creating the new line begins with the immersion stage, you could see the image boards Lauren uses filled with denim influenced street style from around New York City and the boroughs giving the line a New York feel (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.) This is the assertive style of resolution in Lauren when he sets the vision of the new label. Incubation takes place for Lauren while his design teams try to create in garment based from what Lauren's vision is; therefore, collaboration begins to take place as Laurens design teams begin to competitively work together in creating the various pieces in the collections. Then when the insight moment happen is when the leader likes what he sees. Then Lauren will pass ideas to other departments, employees that work in other parts of the business and so forth as part of the verification process in the creative cycle and the sharing process begins in conflict resolution (DuBrin, A., 2013). This does not mean that everything is ready as Eric Goldstein remembered with his weatherizing process (Ohlendorf, C., 2015, Nov 3.). However, once the look, design, and in this case the label, fit the image and meet design and quality that Lauren requires then it is merchandised and even is placed in several of its own stores. This shows the collaborative results of the vision Ralph Lauren has for his company and the products he and design teams create. Assessment of Problem Solving in our Workplaces. Essentially, Ralph Lauren utilizes his creative leadership as the basis of his conflict resolution with negotiation and cooperation as basis to finalize projects and process in his organization. Essentially, the customer I work with plays the role not too different from what Ralph Lauren they express their needs to which I, the salesperson creates the outfits for them then the negotiation and cooperation take place (DuBrin, 2013). However, Ralph Lauren only requires accommodative resolution skills when working with the organizational processes of his business. As a salesperson, myself, I have display a greater range and be able to use each type of
  • 21. Final Project II conflict resolution in order to maximize the customer shopping experience and work successfully. Conclusion As far as the fashion industry in North America is concerned, today there is no one more impressive as a designer on the world fashion stage than Ralph Lauren. The charismatic look of the affluent, confident, figurehead designer that Lauren displays to the consumer, belies the visionary approach to transformational and creative leadership started when he presented ties to Bloomingdale's that were wider than commonly used in 1967. Lauren encouraged his designers to create looks within looks to allow Polo to create theme based fashion. When assessing my own leadership strengths through self-assessment tests, I recognized that I shared traits that my chosen leader profiled was able to utilize to take an idea such as creating a great American fashion designer and making much more. Other similarities include Conflict Resolution techniques between Ralph Lauren and his day to day business and what I do in my daily life in that we utilize collaboration and competitive resolution technique we use on the sales floor. Though as a retail sales person we are required to appease and share in conflicts and occasionally we have avoidant forms of conflict resolution. These cases are where the supervisor has the associate utilize empowerment techniques in a positive manner of conflict resolution or as avoidance when the manger cannot resolve the conflict themselves. The results from both the associate and the CEO show that conflict resolution at all level of leadership allows the creative process to make an organization be a long term success. Upon the examination, of the leadership process, it is apparent that in general, Ralph Lauren uses two different general leadership approaches. For the creative parts of the business such as product development, design and merchandising his vision is the ruling force. This vision
  • 22. Final Project II needs a task-oriented leader but when the member makes the right garment or the designer creates the right visual image it makes it all worth the effort. For the business side of the business it becomes a more consolatory style of leadership as Lauren grew to trust a small group immediate followers to lead the operational part of the business and now with Stefan Larsson as CEO. This will allow Lauren to delegate more of his time to the creative vision of his company and allow others to manage the business effectively. But remember, it is his name on company and that means everything to Ralph Lauren. Being a long time entrepreneur that strives for perfection and excellence in everything you do does not necessarily mean that you are a complete ogre and a beast to work. This especially in the case of Ralph Lauren. Ralph Lauren’s is able to utilize the prestige of his personal brand to create an atmosphere that motivates his employees to do their very best to obtain organizational structure. Though being an expert, he asks for advice constantly. The rare combination of mixing authoritative with consolatory power has allowed Lauren in the end to be able to create Strategic Initiatives that are to this day the text book example to build, grow and even plan for an even greater future. Sources: DuBrin, A., (2013). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills (8th ed.). Boston, MACengage Learning. Karr, A. J. (2013). Denim & supply opens first U.S. stores. Wwd, 205(106), 2.
  • 23. Final Project II Moore, C. M., Birtwistle, G., & Burt, S. (2004). Channel power, conflict and conflict resolution in international fashion retailing. European Journal of Marketing, 38(7), 749-769. doi:10.1108/03090560410539230 Bradford, K. D., Stringfellow, A., & Weitz, B. A. (2004). Managing conflict to improve the effectiveness of retail networks. Journal of Retailing, 80(3), 181-195. doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2003.12.002 Ohlendorf, C., (2015, Nov 3.). Ralph Lauren University. Valet Magazine retrieved January 14, 2016 from http://www.valetmag.com/style/profiles-features/2015/ralph-lauren-university- 2015.php Gross, M. (2005). Ralph Lauren. In V. Steele (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. Foley, B. (2007). saturday in the park with ralph; ralph lauren is the man of the moment. with his 40th anniversary fete set for this weekend, he talks about glamour, staying power and his decision to take fashion way uptown. Wwd, 194(49), 10. Cervellon, M., & Coudriet, R. (2013). Brand social power in luxury retail: Manifestations of brand dominance over clients in the store. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 41(11/12), 869-884. doi:10.1108/IJRDM-01-2013-0016 Yang, W., & Mattila, A., S., (2014). Do affluent customers care when luxury brands go mass? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(4), 526. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1660172753?accountid=3 783
  • 24. Final Project II Riot, E., Chamaret, C., & Rigaud, E. (2013). Murakami on the bag: Louis Vuitton ' s decommoditization strategy. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 41(11), 919-939. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1748939146?accountid=3 783 Lipke, D. (2002). polo u; there are no classrooms, no professors and no ivy on the walls, but Polo Ralph Lauren has long been a training ground for the men's wear industry. here's what its distinguished alumni -- from Joseph Abboud to John Varvatos -- learned before graduation. Daily News Record, 16. Retrieved from http://bi.galegroup.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/essentials/article/GALE%7CA91269156?u=nhc_main &sid=summon&userGroup=nhc_main Rath, Tom. (2007). Strengths finder 2.0. [Books24x7 version] Available from http://common.books24x7.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/toc.aspx?bookid=68890. Farrington, E. L. (2011, 05). How to use your innate strengths to excel as a leader. Women in Higher Education, 20, 1-2. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/866767523?accountid=37 83 Schenck, P. M. (2009). Analyzing the relationship of strengths to personality preferences and vocational interests utilizing Clifton StrengthsFinder, myers-briggs type indicator, and strong interest inventory (Order No. 3401033). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304862735). Retrieved from
  • 25. Final Project II http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/304862735?accountid=37 83 Tungate, M. (2012). Fashion brands: Branding style from Armani to Zara (3rd ed.). London; Philadelphia; Kogan Page. Leavy, B. (2013). Updating a classic formula for strategic success: Focus, alignment, repeatability and leadership. Strategy & Leadership, 41(1), 18-28. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1087857131129004 Som, Ashok, and Blanckaert. C., (2015). Chapter 14 - The Future and Questions to Ponder". The Road to Luxury: The Evolution, Markets, and Strategies of Luxury Brand Management. John Wiley & Sons. Books24x7. Aurik, Johan C. & Jonk, Gillis J. & Willen, Robert E. (2003). Rebuilding the corporate genome: unlocking the real value of your business. [Books24x7 version] Available from http://common.books24x7.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/toc.aspx?bookid=5401 Lawlor, K. B., Batchelor, J. H., & Abston, K. (2015). The moderating role of time on the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 28-48. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1681254555?accountid=3 783 Morris, G. B. (1985). A futuristic cognitive view of leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 21(1), 7-27. doi:10.1177/0013161X85021001003
  • 26. Final Project II Kompella, K., (2015). The brand challenge: adapting branding to sectorial imperatives. [Books24x7 version] Available from http://common.books24x7.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/toc Proactive investors: Ralph Lauren’s founder CEO to step aside; old navy exec to replace him (2015). Chatham: Newstex. Kim, H. (2012). The dimensionality of fashion-brand experience. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 16(4), 418-441. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612021211265827 Spreitzer, G. M., De Janasz, S.,C., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Empowered to lead: The role of psychological empowerment in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(4), 511-526. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/224868867?accountid=37 83 Yi, D. (2014). Varvatos talks ralph and calvin. Wwd, 207(69), 8. Ralph Lauren corporation: Retail - company profile, SWOT & financial report. (2014). (). Basingstoke: Progressive Digital Media. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1547801251?accountid=3 783 Welters, L. (2008). The Natural Look: American Style in the 1970s. Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture, 12(4), 489-510. DOI: 10.2752/175174108X346959. Karimzadeh, M. (2010). Ralph Lauren. WWD, 200(94), 6-n/a. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/788027718?accountid=37 83
  • 27. Final Project II Ralph Lauren reports retirement of roger Farah, executive vice chairman. (2014). Manufacturing Close - Up, Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1524026750?accountid=3 783 Truong, Y., Simmons, G., McColl, R., & Kitchen, P. J. (2008). Status and Conspicuousness - Are They Related? Strategic Marketing Implications for Luxury Brands. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 16(3), 189-203. doi:10.1080/09652540802117124 Grewal, D., Levy, M., & Kumar, V. (2009). Customer experience management in retailing: An organizing framework. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 1-14. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.01.001 Goldstein, E., Finley, R., (1997, Aug 5). Patent for antiquing garments. Washington, U.S. Patent Office retrieved from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph- Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch- bool.html&r=6&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=%22%235,653,770%22&OS=%22#5,65 3,770"&RS="#5,653,770"