1. Centre the title, References, at the top of the page.2. Doubl

1. Centre the title, References, at the top of the page.
2. Double-space the list.
3. Start the first line of each reference at the left margin; indent
each subsequent line five spaces (a hanging indent).
4. Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the
first word in the reference. In most cases, the first word will be
the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown,
alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a,
an, the.
5. For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and
the first (and middle, if listed) initials followed by periods.
6. Italicize the titles of these works: books, audiovisual
material, internet documents and newspapers, and the title and
volume number of journals and magazines.
7. Do not italicize titles of most parts of works, such as: articles
from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short
stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an
Internet document.
8. In titles of non-periodicals (books, videotapes, websites,
reports, poems, essays, chapters, etc), capitalize only the first
letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and all proper
nouns (names of people, places, organizations, nationalities).
9. If a web source (not from the library) is not a stable archived
version, or you are unsure whether it is stable, include a
statement of the accessed date before the link.
1. Centre the title, References, at the top of the page.
2. Double-space the list.
3. Start the first line of each reference at the left margin; indent
each subsequent line five spaces (a hanging indent).
4. Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the
first word in the reference. In most cases, the first word will be
the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown,

alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a,
an, the.
5. For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and
the first (and middle, if listed) initials followed by periods.
6. Italicize the titles of these works: books, audiovisual
material, internet documents and newspapers, and the title and
volume number of journals and magazines.
7. Do not italicize titles of most parts of works, such as: articles
from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short
stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an
Internet document.
8. In titles of non-periodicals (books, videotapes, websites,
reports, poems, essays, chapters, etc), capitalize only the first
letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and all proper
nouns (names of people, places, organizations, nationalities).
9. If a web source (not from the library) is not a stable archived
version, or you are unsure whether it is stable, include a
statement of the accessed date before the link.
EDUC 703
Annotated Bibliography Grading Rubric
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content
80%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not Present
Points Earned
Annotations -- Summaries & Analyses
65%
90-98 points

All selected articles are appropriate. Reviews are clear, concise,
and convey pertinent information from the article. The critical
analysis is presented through the lens of professional knowledge
from current course materials.
82-89 points
Most selected articles are appropriate and are sufficiently
summarized. Analysis is partially based on professional
knowledge.
1-81 points
Selected articles are inappropriate; and/or summaries are
unclear; and/or analysis is not properly based on professional
knowledge.
0 points
Not present
Synthesis & Preliminary Thesis Statements
15%
20-22 points
Synthesis thoroughly integrates ideas from articles and course
materials. Preliminary thesis statements are concise,
disputable, and coherent.
18-19 points
Synthesis integrates ideas from articles and course material s.
Preliminary thesis statements are concise and/or disputable
and/or coherent.
1-17 points
Synthesis fails to sufficiently integrate ideas both from articles
and from course materials. Preliminary thesis statements lack
specificity and/or are answered by simple facts generally agreed
upon and/or are irrelevant to the field.
0 points
Not present
Structure
20%
Advanced

Proficient
Developing
Not Present
Points Earned
APA, Mechanics, & Length
20%
28-30 points
Assignment is free of mechanical and APA errors. 100% of the
length requirement is met.
25-27 points
Few mechanical and/or APA errors exist. Length of the paper is
met by 90% to 99%.
1-24 points
Several mechanical and/or APA errors exist. Length of the
paper is met by less than 90%.
0 points
Not present
Total Points
/150
Instructor’s Comments:
PHILOSOPHY AND AMERICAN CIVIL WARS 1
Annotated Bibliography
Claudia S. Sample
School of Education, Liberty University
Author Note
Claudia S. Sample

I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Claudia S. Sample
Email: [email protected]
Samuel Smith
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-S RUNNING HEAD: For the format of the running head,
follow the guidelines at this website:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/page-header
* JUSTIFICATION: This can be tricky. Align the running head
to the left margin of the page header, directly across from the
right-aligned page number. You'll need to set it so that the page
number doesn't drop down to the next line, especially when it
goes to double digits at page number 10. This video will help
you to set up the running head correctly:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMEg9CR9SXg&t=3s
SOCRATES
Annotated Journal Articles on <Socrates >
Araújo Batista, G. (2015). Socrates: Philosophy applied to
education - search for virtue.
ATHENS JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, 2(2), 149–156.
https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.2-2-5

The author of the article discusses the contribution of Socrates
in education. Despite
history recording very many philosophers, few achieved what
Socrates did in the field of
education. According to the author, Socrates did not limit
himself to philosophy but also
immensely contributed to the development of Socratic
education. He was a philosopher
who not only developed a philosophy, but also lived it. One
reason that makes Socrates
outstanding in the field of education is his conceptualization of
the investigation method.
According to the author of the article, Socrates developed
dialogical method of
investigation whereby people need to reject or approve their
thesis based on some
questions. The method by the research still upholds
contemporarily in educational
researches. According to the moral philosophy of the author,
education should promote
ethics within among individuals. Socrates believed that when
people get educated, they
were to uphold morals a not only for their good but the entire
society from which they

lived. Moreover, the author posits that, based on Socrates
philosophy, educated people
were to pursue the good of entire society and not individual
success. Literate individuals
ought to share knowledge with others to promote happy living.
Virtuous people show the
persuasive skills and feel the conviction to assist other gain
knowledge about moral
existence. Further, according to the interpretations by Araújo
Batista (2015), virtue is
Samuel Smith
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-S This should not be boldfaced here.
Samuel Smith
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-S Remove the brackets.
Samuel Smith
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-S All-caps are used only in the running head and in acronyms.
Even if a database presents information in all-caps, please
change it to conform to APA format. Database reference and
citation information does not always conform to APA style.
Samuel Smith
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+ You have selected relevant sources for your topic.

Samuel Smith
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-S PAST TENSE VERBS: Use past tense when writing a
literature review or whenever discussing other researchers’
works. Their conclusions and claims should be presented in past
tense. (Present tense verbs are used when describing ongoing
conditions. Example: Automaticity occurs when learners . . .)
For more information on past tense verbs in APA, see
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/grammar/verb-tense
Samuel Smith
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Samuel Smith
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-S Notice how often you use "According to . ." in this
paragraph. Vary sentence structures to avoid redundant sentence
patterns. Try transitional words and phrases so that sentences
flow smoothly from one to the other so that they don't seem like
bullet points.
knowledge not always taught. People learn virtues majorly from
soul searching within
their inner selves.
Kelam, I., & Vučić, J. S. (2019). The applicability of the
Socrates method of education in

Education Today. Pannoniana, 3(1-2), 115–145.
https://doi.org/10.2478/pannonia-
2019-0008
In this article, the authors discuss the use of Socrates method
of education in the current
learning environment. Education has been transformed
contemporarily. Due to changing
world needs, education policies and teaching methods have also
changed to address the
need needs. According to the authors of this article, Socrates
championed the love for
education as a means of gaining knowledge. Therefore, the main
drive for to seek
education stemmed from the fascination about meeting new and
helpful ideas. Moreover,
Socrates believed in having the desire to get educated to be
independent and make
rational decisions. These concepts all apply in the modern
academic settings. Learners
excelling in education show love and commitment towards their
studies. As the world
changes, the students manifest great desire to cope up with new
systems. Another

Socratic concept that emerges based on the article is that
learning guarantees people
independence. According to Socrates, knowledgeable
individuals were empowered to
make decisions for their sustained goodness and moral
fulfillment. In the present learning
society, education is used to qualify people to certain jobs to
make them independent in
their lives. Youth all over the world go to schools hoping to
attain financial independence
in future. Socrates education philosophy also applies in terms of
the outcome of
education. According to the philosopher, virtuous individuals
should use their virtues not
https://doi.org/10.2478/pannonia-2019-0008
Samuel Smith
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* Watch out for redundancy.
Samuel Smith
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Samuel Smith
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-S PAST TENSE VERBS: Use past tense when writing a
literature review or whenever discussing other researchers’

works. Their conclusions and claims should be presented in past
tense. (Present tense verbs are used when describing ongoing
conditions. Example: Automaticity occurs when learners . . .)
For more information on past tense verbs in APA, see
guidelines/grammar/verb-tense
Samuel Smith
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+ Reference format here is excellent!
Samuel Smith
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+ Your annotation properly summarizes key aspects of the
article.
only for their interest but also to benefit the society. The same
applies to the modern
education. The society expected educated youths to serve them
it in different ways.
IORDANOU, K. A. L. Y. P. S. O., & CONSTANTINOU, C. O.
S. T. A. S. P. (2015).
Supporting use of evidence in argumentation through practice in
argumentation
and reflection in the context of Socrates learning environment.
Science Education,
99(2), 282–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21152

In this article, new ideas are manifesting Socrates contribution
to modern education are
discussed. The first idea is evidence-based learning. In
evidence-based learning, the
instructors or students have to support their evidence with
proof. For instance, when
talking about accidents, evidence-based leaners will accompany
their assertions with
statistics. Socrates proposed the learning process should be
grounded on evidence. This
point of view is held in contemporary learning environment.
Within the article, the
authors experimented on how learners use evidence in
argumentation. They discovered
that learners who use evidence identified resorted produced
more facts to support their
position and also weaken their opponents during discussions.
Another key element of
evidence-based learning is that, learners exposed to this method
of learning provided
more accurate responses compared to their peers. Therefore,
evidence-based learning is a
concept that applies widely in the school settings in the USA.
Students provide

supporting evidence to the information they provide and that
promotes the learning
process. Another Socrates’ concept in education is reflective
learning. According to the
article, Socrates encouraged reflective learning environments
where individuals reflect
the important lessons of life. In schools, learners reflect on
different lessons by writing
down learned concepts. The instructors also give students tasks
where they reflect on the
https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21152
Samuel Smith
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Samuel Smith
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-S Per APA, “United States” should be spelled out when it
functions as a noun and abbreviated to “U.S.” when used as an
adjective.
Samuel Smith
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Samuel Smith
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-S It is unclear why you have the letters of there first names
presented as initials.
Samuel Smith
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+ You are sharing good information here that is relevant to your
topic.
Samuel Smith
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-S Restructure this sentence so that it is grammatically correct
and semantically clearer.
concepts learned. Therefore, reflective learning advocated by
Socrates has found
applications in the modern learning environments. Through this
method, learners
permanently grasp concepts while at the same time identify
their weaknesses.
Synthesis of Articles on <Socrates>
In conclusion, Socrates ideas have impacted modern education
in different ways. First,
his ideas of using knowledge to serve the interests of the entire
community widely apply
presently. Educated individuals need to use their knowledge in
improving the quality of life of

their societies through initiating programs that lead to life
enhancement. Also, the discussion on
the love and desire of education as key motivators for youth to
acquire education is true. Many
youths attend schools to acquire knowledge that will make them
independent in their lives.
Further, education is perceived as the solution to life challenges
that may arise in life. Education
also increases individual bargaining power and that reinforces
its value. The concepts of
evidence-based arguments and reflective learning are also
critical in the learning process.
Students are mandated to support their work with facts gathered
from research. Further, they
need to reflect on different ideas gained during the entire
learning process.
Preliminary Thesis Statement: <Name of Your Philosopher>
Socrates is the father of evidence-based learning process.
Replace This Heading with Your Selected Historical Topic
Annotated Journal Articles on <American Civil Wars>
HALL, A. N. D. R. E. W. B., HUFF, C. O. N. N. O. R., &
KURIWAKI, S. H. I. R. O. (2019).

Wealth, slaveownership, and fighting for the confederacy: An
empirical study of the
Samuel Smith
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Samuel Smith
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-S Complete template. Read the instructions here.
Samuel Smith
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-S Remove brackets
Samuel Smith
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-S PROPER NOUNS & ADJECTIVES: Capitalize proper nouns
in APA Style. Proper nouns include the specific names of
people, places, and things. Names of racial and ethnic groups
are treated as proper nouns, which means they are capitalized
(e.g., African American, Asian American, Black, European
American, First Nations, Hispanic, Native American, Latinx,
White). Capitalize a job title or position when the title precedes
a name but not when the title is used alone or after a name. See
this site for more information on what APA considers proper
nouns: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/capitalization/proper-nouns
Samuel Smith
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-C PRELIMINARY THESIS STATEMENT: Your preliminary
thesis statement is basically good. The claim that it is making,
however, is well established and would not be considered
disputable. At the doctoral level, a strong claim that is

disputable is needed so that the writing of the manuscript is
more than just reporting established factual information. The
paper should have a persuasive approach in that it serves as a
position statement to justify/support a claim in a similar way to
how an attorney persuades a jury in a court case that a suspect
is either innocent or guilty. See this YouTube video to
strengthen your thesis statement:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFp1uGTXo4Q&t=16s
Samuel Smith
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Samuel Smith
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+ The content you are presenting here makes for a very
interesting and relevant argument for your thesis statement.
Samuel Smith
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-S Complete the template by removing the instructions and
replacing them with your information.
Samuel Smith
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-S Do not use letters of the first name as if they were initials.
Samuel Smith
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+ Your synthesis brings together multiple perspectives and
ideas.

american Civil War. American Political Science Review,
113(3), 658–673.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000170
American civil war in the 1860s was fought across the country.
In this article the authors
evaluates the likelihood of Southerners participating in the civil
wars. On one hand, they
were wealthy and could use their resources to lure blacks to
fight on their behalf. On the
other hand, the southerners had large number of slaves and thus
the outcome of the war
would impact them because of the reasons that resulted to the
war was to abolish slavery.
According to the authors of the article, the poorer whites in the
southern states were more
likely to enlist in the civil war than their wealthy counterparts.
One reason why the many
poorer people participated in the American civil wars was due
to the bonuses they
received for participating in the war. The confederate and Union
armies provided bonuses
to Americans to lure them into joining the civil war soldiers.
The technique thereby

would did not merit on luring the wealthy Southerners to
participate in the war. As the
war continued, the war bonuses were raised to continue
attracting the poor Americans to
enlist as soldiers and fight in the civil war. Secondly, the rich
wealthy individuals
restrained from enlisting as soldiers because of the loss they
would face. According to the
authors, the decision to participate in war is based on the
material benefits thereafter. The
wealthy individuals and slave owners from the south were less
likely to attain anything
valuable by enlisting in the wars and that is why majority of
them did not participate as
soldiers.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000170
Samuel Smith
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-C RELEVANCY TO EDUC 703: Review the assignment
instructions and ensure that your content aligns with the
purpose and learning outcomes of the course. For example, the
name of this course is "Theories of Historical and Social
Foundations of Education." The course description states,
"Advanced study covering the historical and philosophical
principles and theories that have shaped education on a global
basis." Please review the learning outcomes on the syllabus and

consider how the assignment can be revised to meet the purpose
of the course.
Samuel Smith
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-S PROPER NOUNS & ADJECTIVES: Capitalize proper nouns
in APA Style. Proper nouns include the specific names of
people, places, and things. Names of racial and ethnic groups
are treated as proper nouns, which means they are capitalized
(e.g., African American, Asian American, Black, European
American, First Nations, Hispanic, Native American, Latinx,
White). Capitalize a job title or position when the title precedes
a name but not when the title is used alone or after a name. See
this site for more information on what APA considers proper
nouns: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/capitalization/proper-nouns
Goldin, C. D., & Lewis, F. D. (1975). The economic cost of the
American Civil War:
Estimates and implications. The Journal of Economic History,
35(2), 299–326.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700075070
In this article, the authors discuss the economic effect of the
American Civil War.
According to the authors, the economic outcomes of the war
have found a huge space in
modern discussions about the civil war. The cost incurred by the
Confederate and Union

states is covered within the article. When calculating the costs
of the war, the authors
determined the lives of people lost both in the confederate and
union armies and the
property damaged. According to the data provided, the Federal
government uses around
1.8 million dollars to finance the civil war. The local and state
governments spend around
0.5 million dollars during the wars. The money was used to buy
war equipment and give
to those who had enlisted as soldiers. Part of the money also
paid incentives to encourage
people to enlist or re-enlist in the war. The human capital loss
was around 11, 000 during
the war. The Federal government used much of its resource to
provide bounty bonuses to
its soldiers and buy physical machinery for use in the war.
Amid the war, numerous lives
were lost as both Confederate and Union armies lost their lives
in battles. From the
article, around 360,000 thousand soldiers died from war -related
causes and the number
incurred monetary loss to the Americans since the local, state
and federal government had

invested in the soldiers. The war also hurt the American
economy because, as the states
fought with each other, economic activities were sidelined as
civilians spent much of
their time in the war.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700075070
Samuel Smith
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of the course.
Sanso-Navarro, M., Sanz, F., & Vera-Cabello, M. (2014). The
impact of the American Civil
War on city growth. Urban Studies, 52(16), 3070–3085.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014553553
This article discusses the impacts of American Civil war on
American cities. Urban

centers are one of the most affected areas when civil wars arise
and during the civil wars,
the American cities were affected. One of the impacts of the
war in the urban centers was
decrease in American population. In the years before the war
emerged, the American
population had been rising exponentially since the declaration
of independence.
However, after the war erupted, the American population
slowed down as more people
focused on the civil war. A reduction in population growth is
also attributed to the loss of
lives that was witnessed in the cities because; war was
intensified in urban centers unlike
in rural areas. The second impact of the civil wars in the
American cities was that it
resulted to infrastructural damages. During the civil war, roads
were sabotaged by
soldiers as a way of gaining military advantage over their
enemies. It took a lot of time to
repair the infrastructure after the war. The other consequence of
American war is that it
resulted to urban pollution because it culminated into urban
industrialization. During the

war, many industries emerged in the USA and they dealt with
arm manufacturing to
produce arms that would be used in the wars. Another
consequence of the civil war on
American cities is that it created tension among the city
residents.
Synthesis of Articles on <American Civil War>
Civil was caused by several factors. One of the reasons the
prompted the war was the
attempts by some states to secede from the Union. Another
cause of the war was the need to
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014553553
Samuel Smith
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of the course.

abolish or uphold the institution of slavery. Some states in the
south east, mostly farmers, wanted
for slavery to continue as they benefited from labor supply
while other states within the union
wanted the end of the slave institution as it humiliated the
victims. Once the war began, the
Federal, state and local government paid the price. A lot of
funds were directed towards the war
to fund the manufacture of war machinery. Also, the soldiers
enlisting for the war received
bounty bonuses thereby raising the war costs. Lives were also
lost and from the articles, it is
estimated that more than 360,000 soldiers died during the civil
war. City infrastructure was also
destroyed and population growth slowed.
Preliminary Thesis Statement: <Selected Historical Topic>
American civil war caused more suffering to the poor
Americans than wealthy
Americans.
Samuel Smith
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-C Revise the thesis statement so that it relates to the field of
education. The content of this course is the history, philosophy,

and sociology of education. Please relate your Historical Topic
Analysis to the purpose of the course.
Samuel Smith
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of the course.
References
Goldin, C. D., & Lewis, F. D. (1975). The economic cost of the
American Civil War: Estimates
and implications. The Journal of Economic History, 35(2), 299–
326.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700075070
HALL, A. N. D. R. E. W. B., HUFF, C. O. N. N. O. R., &

KURIWAKI, S. H. I. R. O. (2019).
Wealth, slaveownership, and fighting for the confederacy: An
empirical study of the
american Civil War. American Political Science Review,
113(3), 658–673.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000170
IORDANOU, K. A. L. Y. P. S. O., & CONSTANTINOU, C. O.
S. T. A. S. P. (2015).
Supporting use of evidence in argumentation through practice in
argumentation and
reflection in the context of Socrates learning environment.
Science Education, 99(2),
282–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21152
https://doi.org/10.2478/pannonia-2019-
0008
Sanso-Navarro, M., Sanz, F., & Vera-Cabello, M. (2014). The
impact of the American Civil War
on city growth. Urban Studies, 52(16), 3070–3085.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014553553

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700075070
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000170
https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21152
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014553553
Samuel Smith
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-C REFERENCE LIST: See instructions for this assignment
regarding the need for a reference list and its purpose.
Samuel Smith
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-S REFERENCE PAGE FORMAT: See the sample paper at this
site for the format of the reference list:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/professional-annotated.pdf
* HEADING FORMAT: The heading for the reference should be
a Level-1 Heading, which means that it should be centered and
boldfaced.
EDUC 703
Philosopher Analysis Grading Rubric
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not Present
Thesis Statement & Coherence
28 to 30 points
Title, abstract, introduction, thesis statement, and conclusion
are well-constructed, are coherently aligned, and are supported

throughout the body of the paper.
25 to 27 points
A thesis statement is introduced; it aligns with topics in the
title, body of the paper, and conclusion.
1 to 24 points
The thesis statement is poorly introduced, is vaguely stated,
and/or does not align with the title and/or body of the paper.
0 pts
Not present
Background & Context
28 to 30 points
Thorough contextual background is presented that is directly
relevant to the ideas and actions of the educational thinker.
25 to 27 points
Basic contextual background is presented that is mostly relevant
to the ideas and actions of the educational thinker.
1 to 24 points
Contextual background is inadequate or is, to some degree,
irrelevant to the ideas and actions of the educational thinker.
0 pts
Not present
Analysis
55 to 60 points
PHILOSOPHY: Conveys a clear understanding of the
philosopher’s beliefs on the purpose and outcome of education.
PRACTICE: Thoroughly describes an instructional
practice/teaching model, explaining the purpose/vision for why
it was implemented.
DIVERSITY: Addresses clearly and integrates effectively the
consideration of diversity in the philosopher’s overall beliefs
with implications for individuals and society.
CRITIQUE: Identifies and compares opposing and other
supporting views both of contemporaries and of analysts who
came after the philosopher in light of a biblical worldview.
Implications for current educational practice and conclusions

are synthesized, properly representing the philosophy supported
throughout the manuscript.
50 to 54 points
PHILOSOPHY: The philosopher’s purpose and outcome of
education is outlined, and a basic notion of the philosopher’s
theoretical and metaphysical aspects are introduced.
PRACTICE: Describes a basic instructional practice/teaching
model, explaining the purpose/vision for why it was
implemented.
DIVERSITY: Addresses the consideration of diversity in the
overall philosophical argument but may not effectively relate it
to the overall philosophical beliefs or to implications for
individuals and/or society.
CRITIQUE: Identifies and explains opposing or supporting
views of contemporaries or of analysts who came after the
philosopher but may not have done so in light of a biblical
worldview. Conclusion reiterates main points of the paper.
1 to 49 points
PHILOSOPHY: The section reports basic beliefs held by the
philosopher, but they may not be conveyed with clarity and/or
are not directly related to the purpose or outcome of education.
PRACTICE: Instructional philosophy/teaching model is vague
at points and/or does not explain the purpose for
implementation.
DIVERSITY: Diversity issues or the lack thereof are not
properly addressed with implications to the individual and/or
society.
CRITIQUE: Identifies opposing or supporting views of
contemporaries or of analysts who came after the philosopher
but may not have done so in light of a biblical worldview;
and/or a sufficient explanation of other views is vague or lacks
development; and/or conclusion does not align with the
introduction, thesis statement, title, and body of the paper.
0 pts
Not present
Structure

Advanced
Proficient
Developing
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APA, Mechanics, Length
28 to 30 points
Paper is free of mechanical and APA errors. 100% of the length
requirement is met.
25 to 27 points
Few mechanical and/or APA errors exist. Length of the paper is
met by 90% to 99%.
1 to 24 points
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paper is met by less than 90%.
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QUESTIONING THEORY, SELF- KNOWLEDGE AND
IGNORANCE 1
The Theory of Questioning, Self-Knowledge and Ignorance
Admission in Socrates
Education Philosophy
Name: Michael Whitener

School of Education, Liberty University
IGNORANCE 2
Abstract
The paper discusses Socrates's education philosophy. He
proposed self-knowledge, questioning,
and ignorance admission as an integral component of the
learning process. He live at the
Pericles' Golden age but distanced himself from Athenian
politics. His philosophy received
criticism and backing in equal measure and his education
concepts apply presently.
Keywords: Theory of questioning, education philosophy,
knowledge, learning,
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S Verb tense.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S See this site regarding spacing: https://apastyle.apa.org/style -
grammar-guidelines/paper-format/line-spacing
UNNECESSARY SPACE: Remove this unnecessary space. Do
not add extra space before or after sections, references,
paragraphs, or headings.

Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S Lowercase instead of using capitalization here. For more
information regarding APA guidance on capitalization, see this
website: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/capitalization
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
+ Nicely done abstract! It captures the key components of the
paper.
IGNORANCE 3
The Theory of Questioning, Self-Knowledge and Ignorance
Admission
Socrates once said 'the only good is knowledge and the only evil
is ignorance.' Many
scholars consider the philosopher as the father of Western
philosophy and education. During his
time, Socrates contributed immensely to the development of
education. In many ways, he
influenced the learning process by assisting that the first step to
learning is accepting to know
nothing. Consequently, Socrates acknowledged knowing nothing
and learned through

questioning (Socrates, n.d). Furthermore, he supported the
implementation of evidence-based
learning in education so that students would support their points
with proof. The philosopher
viewed education as an instrument to promote the quality of life
not for individuals but the entire
society. However, his main contributions to education are the
theory of questioning and
investigation, self-knowledge, and admitting ignorance as a way
of knowing.
Background and Cultural Context
Socrates was born 469BC and died in 399 BC in Athens. He was
born during the golden
age of Pericles in Greece (History, 2009). The period was
characterized by massive economic
growth and Greek culture throve. Modern democracy also dates
back to the golden age where
Athenians hold public officers regardless of their economic
status. Socrates' father worked as a
stonemason and his mother served as a midwife. In his early
years, Socrates became passionate
about learning new ideas. He served as a foot soldier in the
Greek military and showed great

bravery and resolve in his roles (History, 2009). After living in
Athens for many years, he
became legendary among the city youths. The Athenian society
was chiefly materialistic and
every Athenian struggled for prominence at the time. On the
contrary, Socrates lived a humble
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S CORRESPONDING CITATIONS & REFERENCES: All
citations must have a corresponding entry on the reference page,
and all references listed must also be cited in the body of the
narrative.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S Use double quotation marks here.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S Do not italicize this.
Samuel Smith
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Samuel Smith
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-S Space needed.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S See this site regarding spacing: https://apastyle.apa.org/style -

grammar-guidelines/paper-format/line-spacing
UNNECESSARY SPACE: Remove this unnecessary space. Do
not add extra space before or after sections, references,
paragraphs, or headings.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S Comma.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
+ You've presented a clear thesis statement that is well
structured and makes a strong claim.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C REFERENCE SELECTION: It is best to use peer-reviewed
journals, books, and conference papers as your main sources.
Because they have been reviewed by experts in the field, they
tend to be more valid and reliable than other sources that have
not been peer reviewed, such as blog posts and webpages that
are not tied to reliable sources. Using the LU library database
will help to ensure that sources are likely more credible than
those found through Google. Some red flags that a source may
not be credible are as follows:
* There is no author, or the author is identified by only a first
name or a username.
* There are no citations in the body of the article.
* There are no references at the bottom.
* There are multiple advertisements throughout the website.
Samuel Smith

143770000000158976
-S CITATIONS NEEDED HERE: Citations are needed to
convey to your readers what your sources are for this
information.
IGNORANCE 4
life and questioned every belief hold by Athenians. Despite
living in a highly political society
where every Athenian was hungry for power, Socrates
disengaged from administrative activities
(History, 2009). Religious-wise, he was born at a time when
Greece worshipped different gods.
However, Socrates did not recognize the Greek Gods. He was
executed in 399BC for claims of
dishonoring Athenian gods and misleading the youths.
Philosophy of Education
One of his contributions to the philosophy of education is the
theory of questioning and
investigation. According to this theory, famously called
Socratic Method or technique, learners
grasp concepts better when they question themselves (Kelam
and Vucic, 2019). Based on the
philosophy, during the teaching and learning process, questions
should be broken down to gain a

better understanding of the issues and separate truths from lies
(Socrates, n.d). In today’s
academic settings, educators use a Socratic technique to
enhance learning outcomes. Moreover,
students apply the questioning technique to advance their
knowledge in different fields. Thus,
Socrates invented the investigation method of learning through
inquiry.
Secondly, Socrates posited that the learning process began with
the admission of
ignorance. Accordingly, Socrates considered himself more
intelligent than other Athenians
because he admitted knowing nothing (Socrates, n.d). His views
regarding the nature of learners
are that students knew nothing and were willing to learn
through investigation and questioning.
Also, according to him, a good society ought to accept being
ignorant to benefit from the
learning process. During his lifetime, many poets, politicians,
and other influential Athenians
were unwilling to admit their ignorance and thus, would hardly
learn (Socrates, n.d). In that
respect, the educators should also accept knowing nothing and
seek more knowledge to be

Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S "AND" / AMPERSAND: Use "and" to separate author names
when mentioned in the narrative portion of the text.
NARRATIVE EXAMPLE: Martin and Smith (2021) claim that
learning occurs best when . . . . However, use an ampersand (&)
when multiple authors are in a parenthetical citation or on the
reference page (APA Manual, Chapter 8, 8.17). See an example
at this site: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples/journal-article-references#1
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C INCORPORATION OF A VARIETY OF SOURCES:
Integration of more sources is needed throughout to support and
illustrate your ideas. Synthesizing your ideas with strong
support is important in academic writing. One way to do this is
to search your topics in a database of academic research
journals. The website at this link has many research databases
specifically for the field of education:
http://www.liberty.edu/library/databases/?s=11
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
+ You provided sufficient personal background on Socrates and
cultural context to lay a foundation for the remainder of your
content.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C AVOID BLOGS: This is a blog. Try to avoid using blogs as
content sources. The problem with them is that they are not
peer-reviewed, so the content may not be as valid as
information from a peer-reviewed journal article. It is best to

use peer-reviewed journals, books, conference papers, and
dissertations as your main sources. Because they have been
reviewed by experts in the field, they tend to be more valid and
reliable than other sources that have not been peer reviewed,
such as blog posts and webpages that are not tied to reliable
sources. Using the LU library database will help to ensure that
sources are likely more credible than those found through
Google. Some red flags that a source may not be credible are as
follows:
name or a username.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S APPROPRIATE CITATION LEVEL: Avoid both
undercitation and overcitation. Undercitation can lead to
plagiarism and/or self-plagiarism. Overcitation can be
distracting and is unnecessary. For example, it is considered
overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when
the source and topic have not changed. Instead, when
paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a
paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence in which it is
relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences
as long as the source remains clear and unchanged. See
guidelines/citations/appropriate-citation

IGNORANCE 5
effective when teaching. Hence, Socrates' education philosophy
was premised on first accepting
ignorance then seeking knowledge.
The third component of Socrates's education philosophy is self-
knowledge. He affirmed
that knowledge was the definitive asset to improve the quality
of individual and societal lives. In
that context, the learners ought not only to study to excel in
careers but also in bettering their
society (Socrates, n.d). Through education, students were
expected to be virtuous in character.
According to the philosopher, education outweighed money in
terms of relevance as it led to
happiness and goodness for all. According to his view, learners
should seek education to develop
morals rather than fame in society. Moreover, education should
be a guide to gain knowledge
and avoid repeating the same societal mistakes. Consequently,
according to the philosophical
perspective, education ought to be transformative to individuals
and society.
Theory to Practice

Socrates's philosophy influenced other thinkers that emerged
later. One of the movements
that emanated due to his philosophy was Stoicism. Stoicism
supported Socrates's postulations
that virtue was enough to create happiness. Also, the group held
that knowledge was paramount
to the world and influenced all societal matters. The Skepticism
movement also continued to
question the legality of believing in different gods. In his
lifetime, Socrates questioned the
worship and reverence accorded to different gods. He also
influenced the use of thesis and
antithesis in modern academic settings to argue against or
support a position. The Socratic
method is used in the teaching and learning process.
Perspectives on Diversity
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C CITATIONS NEEDED: Please include citations to point
other researchers to valid sources for this information. Citations
also serve to support and strengthen a writer's claims.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
+ You've conveyed the key elements of Socrates' philosophy of

education in this section.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
+ You've appropriately connected Socrates' beliefs to practical
actions taken to implement those beliefs.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C INCORPORATION OF A VARIETY OF SOURCES:
Integration of more sources is needed throughout to support and
illustrate your ideas. Synthesizing your ideas with strong
support is important in academic writing. One way to do this is
to search your topics in a database of academic research
journals. The website at this link has many research databases
specifically for the field of education:
http://www.liberty.edu/library/databases/?s=11
IGNORANCE 6
The philosophy entails diversity in two ways. First, by
proposing questioning as a means
of learning; the philosopher encouraged accommodating diverse
views rather than depending on
one point of view. Secondly, Socrates’ education philosophy
upholds diversity by hypothesizing
that education should be used to impart knowledge that solves
the unique needs of different
societies.

Critical Analysis
Socrates's philosophy never failed to divide views, just like any
other. One of the
supporters of his philosophy was Antisthenes who echoed that
virtue resulted in happiness. The
backing is true because individuals that hold to moral characters
are often fulfilled by their
actions (Araujo Batista, 2015). Also, Socrates's position that
knowledge came by first admitting
ignorance is correct because individuals who fail to accept their
knowledge gaps are less willing
to learn. However, there was opposition to his theory of
questioning during his time. Some
famous Athenians believed that it was incorrect for Socrates to
question everything because it
made them appear foolish in the eyes of the public. His
inquisitive nature is partly the reason
why he was executed.
Implications and Conclusions
In summary, current educators and students should apply
Socrates’ education philosophy
in the teaching and learning process. Policymakers should
establish a learning system that is

based on inquiry and thorough investigation to enhance
educational outcomes. Contemporarily,
knowledge is used to improve the lives of people in society as
Socrates's education philosophy
directs. Trained nurses, police, and other professionals improve
the quality of life in different
ways. Possibly, the most intriguing aspect of Socrates'
education philosophy is that intelligent
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C CITATIONS NEEDED: Please include citations to point
other researchers to valid sources for this information. Citations
also serve to support and strengthen a writer's claims.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
+ You presented multiple perspectives in your critical analysis.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
+ I appreciate how you discuss implications for current issues.
IGNORANCE 7
people are those who admit knowing nothing. It is an interesting
bit because intelligent people
regard themselves as knowing everything.

IGNORANCE 8
References
https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.2-
2-5
Great thinkers on self-education: Socrates. Self Made Scholar
RSS. (n.d.). Retrieved September
21, 2021, from http://selfmadescholar.com/b/2009/06/02/great-
thinkers-on-self-
education-socrates/
History.com Editors. (2009, November 9). Socrates.
History.com. Retrieved September 21,
2021, from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-
history/socrates
https://doi.org/10.2478/pannonia-2019-

0008
http://selfmadescholar.com/b/2009/06/02/great-thinkers-on-self-
education-socrates/
http://selfmadescholar.com/b/2009/06/02/great-thinkers-on-self-
education-socrates/
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/socrates
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S ITALICS FOR WHOLE WORKS & VOLUME NUMBERS:
Use italics for titles of whole works that stand alone, such as
books, journals, magazines, newspapers, reports, and works of
art. Also use italics for volume numbers. See this site for more
on when to use italics: https://apastyle .apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/italics-quotations/italics
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S "RETRIEVED FROM" UNNECESSARY: Never use the term
"Retrieved from" when the site has a publication date. Only use
it with a retrieval date when there is no date on the website.
You then will insert "(n.d)" where the date would typically go
and insert "Retrieved [insert date] from" before the URL. See
this site for examples: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references#6
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-5 C NUMBER OF REFERENCES: There should be five total
references integrated into the paper. Please see the instructions
regarding the number of references required for this assignment.
The intent is to synthesize multiple sources to enhance the

enrichment of your topic. While you certainly may glean
valuable information from fewer sources than is required, it
may become more of a "reporting" activity rather than a
"synthesis of research" activity when fewer sources are
integrated into the manuscript.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S HYPERLINKS: Leave links live (hyperlinked) if the work is
to be published or read online. To hyperlink a URL, place your
cursor immediately after it and then hit the space bar. Then test
the link yourself by clicking on it to ensure that it goes directly
to the article. It is not sufficient just to change the font to blue
and to underline the URL. See https://apastyle.apa.org/style-
grammar-guidelines/references/dois-urls
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S "RETRIEVED FROM" UNNECESSARY: Never use the term
"Retrieved from" when the site has a publication date. Only use
it with a retrieval date when there is no date on the website.
You then will insert "(n.d)" where the date would typically go
and insert "Retrieved [insert date] from" before the URL. See
this site for examples: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references#6
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C WEBPAGES AS REFERENCES: Webpages are becoming
more acceptable as research literature, but they should be used
sparingly and with a balance of more peer-reviewed journal
articles and books. When webpages are used, it is best to use
them from established professional associations with credible
authors rather than anonymous or unknown contributors.
Because they have been reviewed by experts in the field, journal
articles tend to be more valid than other sources that have not

been peer reviewed, such as blog posts and webpages that are
not tied to reliable sources. Using the LU library database will
help to ensure that sources are likely more credible than those
found through internet searches.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S ITALICS FOR WHOLE WORKS & VOLUME NUMBERS:
Use italics for titles of whole works that stand alone, such as
books, journals, magazines, newspapers, reports, and works of
art. Also use italics for volume numbers. See this site for more
on when to use italics: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/italics-quotations/italics
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S PUBLICATION DATE: The site shows a blog post date of
June 2, 2009.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-C AVOID BLOGS: This is a blog. Try to avoid using blogs as
content sources. The problem with them is that they are not
peer-reviewed, so the content may not be as valid as
information from a peer-reviewed journal article. It is best to
use peer-reviewed journals, books, conference papers, and
dissertations as your main sources. Because they have been
reviewed by experts in the field, they tend to be more valid and

reliable than other sources that have not been peer reviewed,
such as blog posts and webpages that are not tied to reliable
sources. Using the LU library database will help to ensure that
sources are likely more credible than those found through
Google. Some red flags that a source may not be credible are as
follows:
name or a username.
Samuel Smith
143770000000158976
-S AUTHOR: The author of this blog post is identified as
"Jamie."

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