2. Antivirals
• It is difficult to produce effective antiviral agent:
• 1-viruses live within human cell and they use
process of these cells to multiply so they’re not
readily accessible.
• 2-they are very sophisticated structures and not
easy to kill.
• 3-before patient develop symptoms the virus
have been duplicated already.
• 4-mutate rapidly and change they're defenses
and shape.
3. Antivirals
• 1- Acyclovir (zovirax*)
• Effective against herpes viruses, once it entre the
infected cell it changes to a powerful antiviral agent.
• 3% ointment for 5 days to treat ulceration of cornea
due to herpes simplex virus.
• Orally 5 times daily to treat genital herpes.
• I.V for generalized herpes simples infection.
• Also prescribed in herpes zoster for 7 days it should
be started within 48 hours from the onset of
symptoms.
4. Antivirals
• Contraindicated in pregnancy.
• Side effects: nausea, rashes, vomiting.
• 2-Famciclocir and valaciclovir:
• Given 2-3 times daily.
• Orally
5. Antivirals
• 3-Amantadine :
• Effective against influenza virus
• 4-Tribavirin:
• Used to treat respiratory tract viruses
• Given by nebulizer or aerosol inhalation.
6. Antivirals
• Serious infections such as cytomegalovirus:
• 1- Ganciclovir:
• I.V
• 2- Cidofovir: to treat cytomegalovirus rentitis
in AIDS.
• Its nephrotoxic
7. Antifungals
• Fungi include mushrooms, moulds, yeast and
rusts.
• 1- Nystatin
• Bind to wall of fungi, disrupting it integrity.
• Poorly absorbed after oral administration that’s
why it used to treat infections locally.
• Very effective in treating vaginal candidiasis one
pessary daily for 14 days.
8. Antifungals
• 2- Clotrimazole and miconazole
(Daktarine*)
• Treat vaginal candidiasis if applied locally as
pessaries.
• Miconazole available as gel to treat
oropharyngeal infections.
• 3- Ketoconazole (Nizoral*)
• For severe candida and other systemic fungal
infections.
• Orally , and can cause jaundice at high doses.
9. Antifungals
• 4- Itraconazole:
• Systemic Candida and dermatophyte infections.
• Capsules immediately after meals.
• 5-Fluconazole (Diflucan*)
• Effective in Candida and cryptococcus and for
vaginal candidiasis and for oropharyngeal
infections single oral dose.
11. Treatment of Candidiasis
Oral candida:
• Acute : Nystatin or amphotericin B tabs every 6
hours.
• Oropharyngeal: fluconazol or itraconazole daily
for 14 days.
• Children: miconazol gel.
Esophageal, intestinal or systemic candida
• Fluconazole.
12. Treatment of Candidiasis
Vaginal candida:
• Fluconazle single dose , itraconazole twice daily
for 1 day.
• Treatment of systemic fungus
• Metronidazole (flagyl*)
• Given by oral or I.V injection
• Effective againit trichomonas vaginalis,
Entameba histolytica.
13. Anthelmintics
• Drugs that used to treat worm infestations.
Drugs used to treat threadworms:
• Live in cecal regions of the gut.
• 1-Mebendazole (vermox*)
• As single dose , shouldn’t be given to children
under 2 years or during pregnancy.
• A second dose can be given after 3 weeks to
prevent re-infection.
14. Anthelmintics
• 2- piperazine:
• Without side effects, prepared as elixir.
• Dose should be given for a week followed by
week of rest , then a week of treatment..
• Contraindicated in pregnancy and epileptic
patients.
15. Anthelmintics
Drugs used to treat strongyloides
stercoralis:
Common live in intestine.
• Tiabrndazole:
• 2-3 times daily.
• Cause nausea, vomiting and drowsiness.
• Not used during pregnancy.
16. Treatment of tapeworms:
• Several feet in length , lives in small intestine.
• Niclosamide:
• In morning the drug chewed and swallowed on
an empty stomach. After one hour the dose
repeated, 3 hours later a saline purge.
• Proceeded by meteloclopramide (pasil*)
• To reduce risk of vomiting.
Anthelmintics
17. Drugs used in treatment of roundworm:
• Live in small intestine.
• 1-piperazine:
• Causes paralysis in the muscle of the worm.
• Worm passes thru feces alive out side the body.
• Single dose in adults repeated after 14 days.
• 2- mebendazole:
• Twice daily for 5 days.
• Also used to treat hookworms
Anthelmintics
