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कोरोना DISEASE शॉर्ट स्टडी
1.
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-
19) Mr. Saurabh S. Kedar, Mr. Shubham S. Tupe Guide : Prerana B. Abhang © SS2020
2.
Contents • Introduction • Symptoms •
Who Can affected the most? • Spread thorough • Structure and Replication • Pathogenesis • Screening/ Laboratory Analysis • Treatments © SS2020
3.
Introduction 1.Coronaviruses are a
group of large, enveloped, positive- sense, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae. Twenty-six different species are known (Cleri, D.J. et al 2010) and have been divided into four genera (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) characterized by different antigenic cross-reactivity and genetic makeup. Only the alpha- and betacoronavirus genera include strains pathogenic to humans (Paules, C.I. et al 2020). 2.Coronaviruses have long been recognized as important veterinary pathogens, causing respiratory and enteric diseases in mammals as well as in birds. Of the known coronavirus species, only six have been known to cause disease in humans: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV- NL63, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory virus coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (Arabi, Y.M. et al (2017); Skariyachan, S. et al (2019).© SS2020
4.
5. Coronaviruses have
been present in humans for at least 500-800 years, and all originated in bats (Chan, P.K. et al (2013); Berry, M. et al (2015) 6.High prevalence and wide distribution of coronaviruses, their large genetic diversity as well as the frequent recombination of their genomes, and increasing activity at the human animal interface, these viruses represent an ongoing threat to human health (Hui, D.S. et al (2020) 7. The virus, provisionally designated 2019-nCoV, was isolated and the viral genome sequenced. 2019-nCoV was characterized as a betacoronavirus, and thus became the seventh discrete coronavirus species capable of causing human disease © SS2020
5.
Symptoms • Fever • Tiredness •
Dry cough • Nasal congestion • Runny nose • Sore throat • Diarrhea • Difficulty breathing © SS2020
6.
Who Can affected
the most? • Immuno compromised individuals • Chronic Disorders : 1. Bronchial Asthma 2. Diabetes 3. Cardiovascular patients • Old Age people, Malignancy © SS2020
7.
Spread thorough • Droplet
infection (Cough &Sneeze) • Surfaces (Table, desks etc.) © SS2020
8.
1. Coronaviruses are
so named because of their characteristic solar corona (crown-like) appearance when observed under an electron microscope. This appearance is produced by the peplomers of the spike [S] glycoprotein radiating from the virus lipid envelope (Chan, J.F. et al 2015) 2. There are two major envelope proteins. The S glycoprotein is a major antigen responsible for both receptor binding and cell fusion (Song, Z. et al 2019)and the transmembrane glycoprotein [M] is involved in budding and envelope formation; the M protein has also been found to play a pivotal role in virion assembly (Tseng, Y.T. et al 2010). 3. . The viral genome is associated with the basic phosphoprotein [N] within the capsid. The genome is non segmented, positive single-stranded RNA of about 26-32 kb, making it the longest RNA viral genome known, and contains from 7 to 10 different open reading frames. Structure and Replication © SS2020
9.
4. The RNA
molecule has a methylated cap in 5' and a poly-A tail in 3' (Kilianski, A. et al (2014); Song, Z. et al 2019). 5. Coronaviruses are capable of adapting quickly to new hosts through the processes of genetic recombination and mutation in vivo. 6. As RNA viruses, coronaviruses rely on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to replicate the virus genome. 7. when the same host is simultaneously infected with two coronavirus strains, enabling recombination. One coronavirus can gain a genomic fragment of hundreds or thousands base-pair long from another CoV strain when the two co-infect the same host, enabling the virus to increase its ecological niche or to make the leap to a new species (Chan, P.K. et al 2013; Raj, V.S. et al 2014). 8. This susceptibility enabled the emergence in approximately two decades of three new human coronavirus species with epidemic potential: SARS-CoV, MERSCoV and 2019-nCoV.© SS2020
10.
Pathogenesis • It causes
both upper and lower respiratory tract infection Virus attaches to specific cellular receptor via the spike protein. Transformational changes leading to fusion between the viral and cell membrane. Release of nucliocapsid into the cell Alteration of DNA and production of proteins and certain specific enzymes © SS2020
11.
Alteration of cell
function and production Release of excess cytokines & chemokine's (IL-Iβ, IL-ϭ) Increase acute phase reactant (ESR,CRP) Cause of death due to complications/ Effect caused by cytokine storm syndrome, Severe Acute Respiratory distress syndrome Fulminant Myocarditis Hyper inflammation © SS2020
12.
WBC Count
may vary Decreased lymphopenia count Increased LDH level (Due to affinity of cytokines for chronic tissue Virus confirmed by RT-PCR technique Screening/ Laboratory Analysis © SS2020
13.
Treatments Nothing has
been postulated officially Hospitalization only for severe cases © SS2020
14.
Supportive treatment Maintain
airway, Breathing, Circulation Ventilation if required Isolation (To avoid spread) Correct temperature © SS2020
15.
Sources • https://www.who.int/ • Coronaviruses
- Drug discovery and therapeutic options Azhar, E.I. • Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis • Coronaviruses post-SARS: Update on replication and pathogenesis Perlman, S. • Coronavirus infections-More than just the common cold Paules, C.I.;Marston, H.D.;Fauci, A.S. © SS2020
16.
Thank You © SS2020
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