Parasitod, Predtator, Parasitism.

1. SER 609 -Principles Of
Mulberry and Castor Crop
Protection

2. Predator:
An animal that naturally preys on others
Parasite:
Organism which is usually much smaller than its
host. A single individual usually doesn't kill the host.
Parasite may complete their entire cycle or may
involve several host species.
Parasitoid:
A parasitoid is an insect parasite of an arthropod
which is parasitic in immature stages and adult are free
living.

3. Types of Parasitoid
 Egg parasitoid
 Egg larval parasitoid
 Larval parasitoid
 Larval pupal parasitoid
 Pupal parasitoid
 Nymph and adult parasitoid

4. Parasitism:
The relationship between parasite and its host
is called parasitism.
Types of parasitism:
 Simple parasitism
 Super parasitism
 Multiple parasitism
 Hyper parasitism
 Auto parasitism
 Clepto parasitism

5. Simple parasitism:
A single attack of parasitoid on the host (eg.) Goniozus nephantidis
larvae on coconut caterpillar
Super parasitism:
More individual of same species of parasitoid attack a single
host.(eg.) Trichospilus pupivora on pupae of BHC.
Multiple parasitism :
This type of parasitism where the host is attacked by different
species of parasitoids.
(eg.) Goniozus nephantidis on larvea of BHC.
Hyper parasitism:
A Parasitoid attacking another parasitoid. They are called
secondary if they attack primary parasitoids and tertiary if they attack secondary
parasitoids. Secondary parasitism is usually harmful as it reduces the efficacy of
primary parasitoids. (eg.) Pleurotropis sp. Hyperparasitoid on Bracon
brevicornis.

6. Auto parasitism
Female develops as a primary parasitoid.
Parasitism by an the body of another of its own species.
Encarsia formosa attacking scale insects and whitefly.
Clepto parasitism
A parasitoid attacking a host already parasitized by
another species of parasitoid.
(eg.) pink shoot moth attacked by either Eurytoma pini or
Rhyacionia buoliana one followed by another.

7. Mulberry pest

8. Sap Suckers
 Mealy bug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus)
 Jassid (Empoasca flavescens)
 Scale insect (Saissetia nigra)
 Spiralling white fly (Aleurodicus dispersus)
 White fy (Dialeuropora decempuncta)
 Thrips (Pseudodendrothrips mori)
 Mite (Tetranychus spp)

10.  They are minute to small.
 Generally, they possess short life cycle,
 They are more abundant during post - monsoon
period
 The infestation of mulberry by these pest leads to
decline in nutritive value of leaves there by
rendering them less fit for silkworm rearing.

11. Non - chemical measures
 Clipping and destruction of pest - infested parts
 Dislodging of the pest from the plant
 Use of light traps
 Setting up of sprinklers
 Collection and destruction of pest infested leaves
 Removal of alternate wild host plants like Abutilon sp.,
Cassia auriculata and other weeds from the field and its
vicinity and

12. Use of yellow sticky trap and
 Mulching of saw dust in mulberry gardens
 Release of bio- control agents (predators ) like
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Scymnus coccivora
(against M.hirsutus), etc.
Chemical control
 Soft pesticides like DDVP (76 % EC)or Dimethoate
(30% EC (Organo- phosphates ) with relatively shorter
waiting period have been advocated .

13. Leaf Feeders
• Leaf roller( Diaphania pulverulentalis )
• Bihar hairy caterpillar (S.obliqua )
• Cutworm (Spodoptra litura)
• Wingless grasshopper (Neorthacris acuticeps
nilgriensis)

14.  leaf feeders are larger in size
They possess biting and chewing type of mouth parts
and feed from leaf margin.
They are either nocturnal (leaf roller, cutworm, Bihar
hairy caterpillar) or diurnal (Wingless grasshopper) in
habit.
D.pulverulentalis is considered to be most important as
it occurs almost throughout the year (except summer)
and causes serious economic damage by way of
infesting the apical shoot.

15. Non - chemical strategies chiefly include
 Collection and destruction of pest - infested apical
portions of the plant in D. pulverulentalis
 Collection and destruction of dried leaves of mulberry
and weeds accumulated in the mulberry gardens to kill the
pupae of D. pulverulentalis to new area.
 Use of light traps to attract and kill the adults ,setting
Pheromone trap (spodolure) in mulberry gardens to attract
and kil the male moths of S. litura
 Release of egg parasitoid (Trichogramma chilonis) for
the management of S. obliqua and egg parasitoid (T.
chilonis) and pupal parasitpid (Tetrasticus howardii)
against D. pulverulentalis,
 Foliar application of neem kernal extract (0. 015%)
against D.pulverulentalis, etc.

16. Chemical control
Foliar application of 0.076% DDVP (76% EC)
against D. pulverulentalis 0.15 and 0.2% DDVP /
0.2% Dimthoate (30% EC), baiting of the larvae with
a mixture of jaggery, water and Monocrotophos
(S.litura) etc

17. IPM package package against defoliators
a) Clipping and destruction of pest - infested apical
part
b) Foliar application of 0.076%DDVP
c) Release of an egg parasitoid (T. chilonis) and pupal
parasitoid (T. howardii).

18. Shoot / Root feeders
 Termite (Odentotermes obesus)
 Root grub (Holotricha serrata)
 Stem borer (Apriona spp.)
Control measures:
 Phorate (10% cg) @ 50 G per mound trenching the stumps of
the mulberry plants immediately after pruning
 Drenching are swabbing of established plants at the base with
0.1% Chloropyriphos (20%EC) against termites
 collection and destruction of adults during night, tying the
branches of the neem to the mulberry plants, to attract the
adults,
 treating the soil with diesel through irrigation water to destroy
soil inhibiting larval (grub) stage.

19. Root grub
 Cutting and burning the infested branches
Swabbing the base of the main stem or branches
with 0.1% Malathion (50%EC) emulsion , etc.
against stem girdler beetle and stem borer