6. ANTHROPOMETRY
◦ Anthropology is the observation, measurement and explanation
of human variability in time & space.
Cultural Physical/Biological Archeology Linguistics
◦ Broca, Campor and Morton developed 4 branches i.e.
1. Craniometry
2. Osteometry
3. Cephalometry
4. Somatometry
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 6
8. CRANIOMETRY
◦ It is defined as the art of measuring skulls of animals so as to
discover their specific differences.
Craniometry devised in 1902 Study of man’s head by Leonardo da vinci
Paul Topinard’s craniostat ( A- pedestal, B- skull
placed in shelf, C & R- portion to support maxilla,
D- graduated rule with sliding triangle)
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 8
9. CRANIOMETRIC LANDMARKS
b – Bregma
eu – Eurion
gn – Gnathion
go - Gonion
id – Infradentale
n – Nasion
pr – prosthion
zy – Zygion
cdl – Condylion laterale
g – Glabella
l – Lambda
ns – Nasospinale
op – opisthocranion
ba - Basion
Anatomical landmarks of the skull – anterior
view (From data collection procedures for
forensic sk examination by Peer H Moore Jansen,
Richard L Jantz, Stephen D Ousley, 1994)
Anatomical landmarks of the skull – lateral
view (after Moore-Jansen at al 1994)
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 9
11. CRANIOMETRIC INDICES
1. Cephalic Index
◦ Head classification according
to the cephalic index
𝐶𝐼 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑘𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑘𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
× 100
Franco FCM, Araujo TM, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic: Is it appropriate
to describe the face using skull patterns?, 2013 11
12. 2. Facial index
𝐹𝐼 =
𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑛 − 𝑔𝑛)
𝐵𝑖𝑧𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ(𝑧𝑦 − 𝑧𝑦)
× 100
Franco FCM, Araujo TM, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic: Is it appropriate to
describe the face using skull patterns?, 2013 12
13. CEPHALOMETRICS AND GROWTH
◦ Broadbent in America and Hofrath in Germany in 1931
◦ X-ray were discovered by Roentgen in 1895
Mr.Zezo, Oral and Maxillofacial radiography, 2015 13
14. Application of cephalometrics in growth and development
Linear measurements
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 14
15. VITAL STAINING
The mandible of a growing rat that received 4 injections of alizarin.
Tetracycline staining
William R. Proffit, Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th edition 15
17. IMPLANT RADIOGRAPHY
The Use of Metallic Implants in the Study of Facial Growth in Children : Method and Application ARNE BJORK
Orthodontic Department, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark 17
18. 18
A case repersentating mean direction of growth at condyle
The Use of Metallic Implants in the Study of Facial Growth in Children : Method and Application ARNE BJORK
Orthodontic Department, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark
20. BJORK, GRAVE AND BROWN METHOD
(1976)
1. PP2 stage
2. MP3 stage
3. Pisi, H1 and R stage
4. S and H2 stage
5. MP3 cap, PP1 cap and R
cap stage
6. DP3u stage
7. PP3u stage
8. MP3u stage
9. Ru stage
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 20
21. SKELETAL MATURITY INDICATION
METHOD
Hagg and Taranger method, 1982
Modified Hagg and Taranger method (2002)
Sridhar Premkumar, Textbook of Craniofacial Growth, 1st edition 21
23. PUBERTAL GROWTH CURVE PLOT IN MALE &
FEMALE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SKELETAL ASSESSMENT
Edah Mardiati, Determination of Pubertal Growth Plot Using Hand-wrist and Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indices, Dental
Calcification, Peak Height Velocity, 2021 23
24. Edah Mardiati, Determination of Pubertal Growth Plot Using Hand-wrist and Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indices, Dental
Calcification, Peak Height Velocity, 2021 24
26. 26
SERUM PTHrP LEVELAS A BIOMARKER
IN ASSESSING SKELETAL MATURATION
Mohammed Zahid Hussain,Serum PTHrP level as a biomarker in assessing skeletal maturation during circumpubertal
development(Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:515-21)
27. 27
SERUM AND URINE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH
FACTOR-1 LEVEL
Mohita Sinha,Serum and urine insulin-like growth factor-1 as biochemical growth maturity indicator. (Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;150:1020-7)
29. REFERENCES
◦ Sridhar Premkumar, textbook of craniofacial growth, 1st edition
◦ William R. Proffit, Contemporary orthodontics, 6th edition
◦ Determination of Pubertal Growth Plot Using Hand-wrist and Cervical Vertebrae
Maturation Indices, Dental Calcification, Peak Height Velocity, Edah Mardiati, Ira
Komara, Himawam Halim, Ani Melani Maskoen,TODENTJ-15-228,2021
◦ Age estimation of individuals aged 5–23 years based on dental development of the
Indonesian population Adisty Setyari Putri, Nurtami Soedarsono, Benindra Nehemia,
Djaja Surya Atmadja & Douglas H. Ubelaker,2021
◦ Franco FCM, Araujo TM, Vogel CJ, Quintão CCA. Brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and
mesocephalic: Is it appropriate to describe the face using skull patterns? Dental Press J
Orthod. 2013 May-June;18(3):159-63.
◦ Jan 12, 2015 mrzezo , Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
◦ Cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stage as a supplementary indicator for the
assessment of peak height velocity (PHV) in adolescent. Yuancheng Zhang, Shibin Shu,
Qi Gu, Zhen Liu, Zezhang Zhu, Yong Qiu, Hongda Bao Spine Surgery, Drum Tower
Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
◦ Tripathi T, Gupta P, Rai P. Biochemical markers as skeletal maturity indicators. Int J
Orthod Rehabil 2017;8:60-6
29
30. 30
o Serum PTHrP level as a biomarker in assessing skeletal maturation during
circumpubertal development Mohammed Zahid Hussain,a Ashok Kumar Talapaneni,b
Mandava Prasad,c and Ramalingam Krishnand Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India (Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:515-21)
o Serum and urine insulin-like growth factor-1 as biochemical growth maturity indicators
Mohita Sinha,a Tulika Tripathi,b Priyank Rai,c and Santosh Kumar Guptad New Delhi,
India(Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016;150:1020-7)
o The Use of Metallic Implants in the Study of Facial Growth in Children : Method and
Application ARNE BJORK Orthodontic Department, Royal Dental College,
Copenhagen, Denmark
