1. GERMICIDE FINISH ON TEXTILE
Presented By: Swasti Shah
B.S.c.(Hons.) 3``i year V-Semester
Textile Science, Clothing and Fashion Studies
2015-2016
Under the Guidance of
V.Sujitha
2. CONTENT
SL.NOTOPICS PAGE NO.
1. Introduction 4
2. Microorganisms 5-6
3. Germicide finish 7
3.1 Mode of action 8-9
3.2 classification 10
3.3 Anti-microbial delivery technology 11
3.4 Necessity of anti-microbial finish 12
3.5 Requirements of anti-microbial finish 13
3.6 Application methodologies 14-15
3.7 Effect of anti-microbial ifnish on 16
microorganism
3.8 Significance of anti-microbial finish 17
3.9 Types of anti-microbial agents 18
3.9.1 Synthetic/metallic salt agents 19-20
3.9.2 Natural agents 21-25
3.10 Advantages of using natural anti-microbial 26
agents
3.1 1 Evaluation of antibacterial efficiency 27-29
3.12 Field of application 30
3.13 Effect of anti-microbial agents on Environment 31
4 New innovation-Intelligent polymer anti- 32
microbial technology
5 Eco-friendly anti-microbial agents 32-3
5.1 Application of eco-friendly anti-microbial
agents on textiles
5.2 Experiments
5.2.1 Bamboo fibre 37-39
5.2.2 Prevention of diaper dermatitis in baby diapers 40-41
with nanoencapsulated natural extracts
52.3 Eco-friendly body wipes 42-45
6 Conclusion 46
7 References 47-48
1
3. TABLES
TABLE NO.TOPICS PAGE NO.
1 Diseases or conditions caused by some 5
commonly occurring microorganism
2 Effect of natural dye on the two most 18
common bacteria's
3 Application of antimicrobial finish 30
4 Eco-friendly antimicrobial finishing 28
agents on various textile
5 Antibacterial assessment by Percentage 34
reduction Test
FIGURE
FIGURE.NO TOPICS PAGE NO.
1 Mode of Action 8
2 Assessment of antimicrobial efficiency of 43
treated 100% Viscose (Sample 1)
2
4. INTRODUCTION
Textile have always played a central role in the evolution of human culture by bring at
the forefront of both technological and artistic developments. The protective aspects
of textile have provided the most fertile ground for innovative developments. Hygiene
has acquired importance in recent years; odor has become an important factor.
Unpleasant odour can arise from the acquisition of a variety of compounds produced
in bodily fluid such as perspiration. Consumers are therefore looking for solutions to
odor and microbial problems and the unique property provided by antimicrobial
finishes.
Microorganism growth is one of the factors that have resulted in the development of
antimicrobial finishes. Microbial infestation poses danger to both living and non-
living matters. Microorganism cause problems with textile raw materials and
processing of chemicals, wet processing in the mills, goods in storage etc. obnoxious
smell from the inner garments such as socks, spread of diseases, staining and
degradation of textile are some of the detrimental effects of bad microbes. The
consumers are now increasingly aware of the hygienic lifestyle and there is a
necessity and expectation for a wide range of textile products finished with
antimicrobial properties.
Mold, mildew, fungus, yeast and bacteria are part of are everyday lives. There are
both, good and bad types of microorganisms. The thousands of species of
microorganism that exist are found everywhere in the environment and on our bodies.
These organisms impact procedures, retailers and users of all kinds of products.
Understanding microorganisms provide us a basic for controlling them and their
negative effects. This control capability, with the right technology, can provide for a
valuable feature on a wide range of textile.
The inherent properties of the textile fibers provide room from the growth of
microorganisms. Besides, the structure of the substrates and the chemical processes may
include growth of microbes. Humid and warm environment still aggravates the
problem. Infestation by microbes causes cross infection by pathogens and
development of odor where the fabric is worn next of skin. In addition. the staining and
loss of the performance properties of textile substrates are the result of microbial attacks.
Basically, with a view to protect the wearer and the textile substrate itself,
antimicrobial finish is applied to textile material.
3
5. MICROORGANISM
Microorganisms are a heterogeneous group of several different classes of living
beings which aren't seen by the naked eyes. These are classified under kingdom
protistia. Microorganism are present almost anywhere and may affect the human
begins in several ways are controlled. In order to thrive they need- moisture, carbon
for nourishment and moderate suitable creature. These ideal conditions for this reason
clothing are very prone to infestation by microbes as it infests of appropriate
temperature, moisture and oxygen. The presence of various textiles finishes soil, dust etc
acts as source of nutrient for microorganisms. They include a variety of
microorganism like bacteria, fungi. algae and viruses. Bacteria are unicellular
organism which grows very unicellular organisms which grow very rapidly under
warmth and moisture.
Antimicrobials control, destroy or suppress the growth of microorganisms and
their negative effects of odour, staining and deterioration.
Table. I.Diseases or conditions caused by some commonly occurring microorganism
SL.NOMICRO ORGANISM DISEASE OR INFECTION
I Gram positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus Pyrogenic infections
Staphylococcus epidermis Body odour
Cornybacterium ditheroids Body odour
Brevibacterium Diaper rash
ammoniagenes
Streptococcus pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia
2 Gram negative bacteria
E. coil Infection of unrinogenital tract
Pseudomonas aeruginos Infection of wounds and burns
Proteus mirabilis Urinary infection
Fungus
Candida albicans Diaper rash
Epidermothyton rubrum Infection of skin and nails
Trichophyton rubrum Infection of skin and nails
Aspergillus niger Destroys cotton
4 Protonzoa
S Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginal infections
5 Vaccine virus Local disease induced by
4
6. The most commonly seen microorganisms' are-
Gram positive bacterial
Gram-positive Bacteria contains peptidoglycan comprises 90 % of the cell and is
made of amino acids and sugar. Teichoic acid are responsible for the antigenic
determinant of the organism.
One of the examples of gram positive is S.aureus that appears in pairs, short chains,
or grape like clusters. It reneges in size from o.5 µm to 0. 1 µm and the temperature
growth range from 35 to 40 °C. S.aureus is major reason for cross-infection in
hospitals and make up 19% of total surgical infection. It causes boils, skin infection,
pneumonia and it is also responsible for sealed skin and toxic shocks syndrome.
Gram negative bacterial
The bacteria have additional layer of outer membranes attached to their
peptidoglycan layer by lipoproteins 3 1. Outer layer is made up of lipopolysaccharide and
porin. Porin is used to transport low molecular weight substances. Eg- klebisella
pnetunonia. It causes urinary infection, septicemia and pneumonia. Via air to lungs,
mouth, oral route, hands of hospital person. The symptoms are bloody stool, chest
pain, breathing difficulty, fever. It's harder to reduce than gram-positive bacteria
because of extra wall.
One of the examples of gram-negative bacteria is E.coil. it is shaped like a bacillus and
lives in the intestines of humans. It can spread through the handling and eating of raw
food. The symptoms are severe diarrhea - children and kidney damage.
I
(a) (b) (c)
Plate. 1. (a) Bacteria (b) Fungus (c) Algae
vaccination
Against small pox
5
7. GERMICIDE FINISHES OR ANTI-MICROBIAL FINISH
Antimicrobials control, destroy or suppress the growth of microorganisms and
their negative effects of odour, staining and deterioration.
Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they at
primarily against. For example, antibacterial are used against bacteria and
antifungals are used against fungi. The use of anti-microbial medicines to treat
infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy, while the use of antimicrobial
medicines to prevent infections is known as antimicrobial prophylaxis.
The term `antibiotic' originally described only those formulation derived from
living organisms but now it's also applied to synthetic antimicrobials, such as
sulphonamides.
The term "Antimicrobial" include all agents that acts against all
microorganisms- bacteria, viruses. fungi and algae.
Man has adopted antimicrobial substances since ancient times, a fact that is
demonstrated by their use in Egyptian mummies and in similar applications in other
cultures. In this regard. the protection and preservation of fabrics, too, have long
fulfilled a role of the utmost importance. The need to protect and preserve is still
fundamental in many textile applications today. Thus, the application of these
antimicrobial on textile is known as Antimicrobial Finish.
bacteria 111()ld
6
8. 'GERMICIDE FIMSH
MODE OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION
CONTACT
1
BOUND ANTIMICROBIALS
ANTIMICROBIALS
(Bound on><o the fabric surface)
ADVANTAGES
Acts only on microbes on✓
the fibre surface
Developing microbial resistance✓
Is less possible
Good washing durability✓
DISADVANTAGES
Might become deactivated, even✓
through presented on the surface
Can be abraded away✓
Use of auxiliary and other might affect✓
biocompatibility
Blocking of functional groups✓
responsible for making antimicrobial
action/less effective
Fig. I .Mode of anti-microbial action
8
Plate.2. Showing the antimicrobial activity on various microorganisms
7
9. DIFFUSION
ADVANTAGES
Effective against✓
microbes on the
surface or in the
surrounding
environment
DISADVANTAGES
Reservoir depletion;✓
ifnish no Longer
effective
Can cause health✓
problem
Poor washing durability✓
More prone to microbial✓
10. Antimicrobial agents can act in two distinct ways -
(1) By contact: the antimicrobial agent inhibits microbes only on the fiber
surface (substances are permanently attached to the fiber surface).
(ii) By diffusion: the antimicrobial agent is slowly released onto the fiber
surface and/or from the surface (substances with controlled-release
mechanism).
Antimicrobials are of two types:
1. Leaching type (conventional antimicrobials)
✓ Diffuses from the garment to come in contact with microbe.
Products migrate off the garments, forming a sphere of activity and any✓
microbes coming into the sphere are destroyed. But in the course of time the
strength decreases and thus. it just 'hurts' the microbes. giving them a chance to
form a strain by mutation.
The microbes consume the antimicrobials as it acts on them. The product is✓
eventually used up by the bacteria and slowly loses its effectiveness.
2. Non leaching type:
Bound to the product. allowing control of the microorganisms.✓
✓ Products do not migrate off the Garments and destroy the bacteria coming in
contact with the surface of the garment.
The microbes do not consume the antimicrobials; they destroy them by acting✓
on the cell membrane.
These products do not lose their effectiveness: the finishing will the permanent✓
and will remain functional through the life of the fabric will withstand more
than 40 laundry washes.
11. CLASSIFICATION
Antimicrobial textiles inhibit the growth of microorganism. It is convenient to sub
divide this general type of finish into three main groups-
1. Rot proofing is an antimicrobial finish applied to give material protection either
long term or short term against physical deterioration.
2. Hygiene finishes are concerned with the control of infection and unwanted
bacteria, a specialized development are the prevention of dust mites.
3. Aesthetic finishes are used to control odour development and staining.
9
12. .',Wt'ic' -1 1�
RMICIDE FINISH
ANTIMICROBIAL DELIVERY TCHNOLOGY
a) Internal Antimicrobial Release: Viable option for synthetic fibres, where
antimicrobial can be incorporated into the fibres when they are spun.
b) Surface Application: Surface application is universally applicable on all fibers but
the washing durability depends on the affinity of antimicrobials or in that case the
polymeric coating products are used together. How strong the polymers can bind with
the textile surface decides durability of the finish. Ionic charge could be another factor to
consider for certain fibers, such as PAN.
C) Chemical Bonding: Chemical bonding is theoretically the best way to achieve
durability and it works well on cellulose, wool and polyamide. However, this method
requires suitable reactive groups on the fibers to work effectively.
o. 00
0.0 t t + s•
(a) ( b) (c)
Plate.3. (a) Incorporated into the fibres; (b) applied on the fibre surface; (c)
chemically bonded onto the fibres
10
13. NECESSITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH
Antimicrobial treatment of textile material is necessary to fulfill the following
objectives-
To control microorganisms.
To reduce odour from perspiration, stains and other soil on textile materials.✓
To reduce the risk of cross infection and being carried by feet from ward to✓
ward of hospitals.
To control spread of diseases and danger of infection following injury.✓
To control the deterioration of textile. particularly fabrics made from natural✓
fibers, caused by mildew.
11
14. REQUIREMENTS IN ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH
Textile materials, in particular, garments are most susceptible to wear and tear. Its
important to take into account the impact of stress strain, thermal and mechanical
effects on the finished substrates. The following requirements need to be satisfied to
obtain maximum benefits from the finish:
Durability to washing, dry cleaning and hot pressing.✓
Selective activity to undesirable microorganism.✓
Should not produce harmful effects to the manufacturer, user and the✓
environment.
Should comply with the statutory requirement of regulation agencies.✓ ✓
Compatibility with the chemical processes.
Easy method of application.✓
No deterioration of fabric quality.✓
Resistant to body fluids.✓
Resistant to disinfection/sterilization.✓
12
15. APPLICATION METHODOLOGIES
Antimicrobial agents can be applied to the textile substrates by exhaust, pad-dry
cure, and coating and foam techniques. The substances can also be applied by direct
addition into the fiber spinning dope. It is claimed that commercial agents can be
applied online during the dyeing and finishing operation. Various methods for
improving the durability of the finish methods-
1. By using spun in additives:
It is common practice to give the antibacterial properties to the synthetic fibres by
incorporating bio active agents into melt and spinning dope solution. Various
antibacterial agents can be incorporated in the polymer matrix during the fibre /yarn
manufacturing process so that fibres have the permanent antimicrobial properties.
This is the extremely important for the textile manufacturers who want to avoid
difficult subsequent operations to treat their products with antibacterial finishes.
Selection criteria for spun in additives:
Extremely stable against strong acids, alkali, antioxidants.✓
Additive thermal stability during addition phase or during the fibre heat✓
setting phase.
Additive concentration into the fibre depending upon its solubility or✓
dispersibility.
V No negative influence on spinning process and fibre Properties ✓
Controlled migration capacity.
2.Padding:
In this the fabric can be padded with the antimicrobial agent with expression nearly
70-80%. Along with antimicrobial agents certain cross linkers, binders etc.Can be
used. Padding should followed by the air drying or curing in stenter or wet process.
3. Spraying:
The spraying of solutions of antimicrobial active agents is not normally
recommended, due to the risk of production and subsequent inhalation of droplets of
repairable size. Nevertheless, the treatment can be applied by spraying, provided
suitable containment facilities are available. This method is particularly suitable for
nonwoven fabrics.
13
16. GERMICIDE FINISH
Without release, the treated cotton surface would not show good antimicrobial✓
efficacy. When the release is too fast there is the problem of washing
durability. Furthermore, the capsules need to be robust enough to withstand
the processes that are commonly involved in treating fabrics and should be
small enough so as not to cause any changes in the hand and other properties
of the treated fabrics. Indeed cotton fabrics treated with this system shows the
excellent antimicrobial properties even after 100 launderings.
5. Polymer modification:
This can be achieved by means of the copolymerization using monomers with bio
active functional groups. Advantage of this approach is that the bio active elements
form a tegral part of the fibre, resulting in durable effects. Disadvantage is that the
technology is expensive due to the need of special polymerization plants. Ex.
Modification of the acrylic polymer by means of copolymerization using monomers with
bio active functional groups e.g.:
Cationic amines or quaternary ammonium salts✓
Carboxylic group in the polymer able to react with antibiotics.✓
4. Microencapsulation:
The regulated release of the antimicrobials from within the fibres seems to be
proven and viable technology for achieving good antimicrobial durability for
synthetic fibres. However this technique is not useful for the cotton. So, new system
that can be described as "fixation and controlled release" With this system the
antimicrobials could remain on cotton fabrics after extensive launderings because the
capsules that contain the antimicrobials are covalently fixed on the fibres. Even then it
is a need to make sure that the particular capsule system should regulate the release of
antimicrobial-
14
17. EFFECT OF ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH ON MICROORGANISM
Many antimicrobial agents used in textile industry are known from the food stuff
and cosmetics sectors of substances are incorporated with the substrates,
comparatively at lower concentrations. It must be ensured that these substances are
not only permanently effective but also compatible with skin and the environment. A
wide palette of antimicrobial compounds is now available but differs in its modes of
action the following demonstrates the polymer effect of the various antimicrobial
substances:
Materials with active finishes with specific active antimicrobial substances✓
which act upon microorganism or on the cell, during the metabolism
within the core substances. However, due to the very specific of their
effect, its important to know a clear distinction between antimicrobial and
other active substances which a broad range of uses.
Oxidizing agents such as aldehyde halogens and proxy compounds affects✓
the cell membrane, get into the cytoplasm and affect the enzyme of the
microorganisms.
Coagulants, primarily alcohol, irreversibly denature the protein structures✓
and radical formers like halogens, isothiazones and performance
compounds are highly reactive due to the presence of free electrons. The
compounds virtually react with all organic structures, in particular
oxidizing thiols in amino acids. It has the lowest level of concentrations of
these substances pose particular to nucleic acids by triggering
dimerisation.
15
18. SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH
Gives freshness to the fabric.✓
Eliminates odour produced by microorganism.✓
Control staining due to microbial growth.✓
Improves the durability of the fabric by controlling growth of microbes.✓ ✓
Prevent skin diseases.
Antimicrobial textile product continue to increase in popularity as demand for
fresh smelling, skin friendly, and high performance fabric goes on. Modern
performance fabrics are required in many specialist applications like sports textile.
These need to exhibit high degrees of performance in terms of longevity and
durability and by imparting antimicrobial properties to the fabric. These finishes
increase the comfort to wear. Odour can be neutralized and skin problems caused by
microbial growth can be reduced, thus emphasizing the hygiene nature of the treated
product.
16
19. TYPE OF ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS
Natural substances: In our environment there are natural plants or anial products
which contain bial properties that can be transferred onto the textile material.
Example: chitosan, sericin, neem extract, aloe vera, ecucalyptus oil, clove oil, onion
skin, azuki beans etc.
Natural dyes: Many of the natural dye used as antimicrobial properties to the fabric.
Such dyes or plant parts which provide such dual properties are named as
pomegranate peel, turmeric, tulsi, walnut rind, onion skin.etc.
Metal salt: Silver, copper and mercury are the most effective biocides. Other than thee
zirconium, cadmium sulfoselenide are also used as anti microbial compounds. These
metal salts are present in various commercial and antimicrobial agents.
Commercial antimicrobial agents: some commercially used antimicrobial finishes
available in the market named as:
Table.2. Few famous company working with antimicrobial finish
ANTI-MICROBIAL FINISH COMPANY
Aegis microbe shield Dow corning Co.
Tinosan AM 110 Ciba speciality chemical
Nano silver Shanghai HuZheng Waon technology
co.ltd
Ultra fresh Thomas Research ...
Sanitized Clariant India Pvt. Ltd
Microban PB R80100-20 Microban Internatonal
Plate.3. Onion peels Plate.4. Tulsi leaves
17
20. 'GERMICIDE FINISH
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS
1. Polyethylene glycol:
Cross linked polyethylene glycol imparts significant antibacterial properties to
surgical gown fabric. In addition, change in the moisture related and thermal
absorption-release properties have been noted. The finish has potential to provide
antibacterial properties and improve absorbency associated with increased comfort. It
was found that when PEG is applied on the Nonwoven fabric by Foam finishing
technology antimicrobial properties and surface wet ability increases without
impairing the repellency of the fabric.
2. Quaternary ammonium compounds:
Quaternary ammonium compounds particularly those containing chains of 12-18
carbon atoms have been widely used as disinfectants. These compounds carry a
positive charge at the N atom in solution and inflict the variety of detrimental effect
on the microbes, including damage to cell membranes, denaturation of proteins and
disruption of the cell structure. During the inactivation of bacterial cells quaternary
ammonium group remains intact and retain its antimicrobial ability as long as the
compound is attached to the textiles. However the active quaternary ammonium site is
covered by the dead bodies of microorganism and is therefore prevented from further
contact with new cells. Thus, if the bacterial cells killed by the quaternary ammonium
groups can be removed by laundering, the antimicrobial function of the QAC can be
refreshed. The attachment of the QAC to a textile substrate is mainly by the ionic
interaction between the cationic QAC and anionic fibre surface.
3. Triclosan:
The chemical, Triclosan, is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that in
recent years has exploded onto the consumer market in a wide variety of antibacterial
soaps, deodorants, toothpastes, cosmetics, fabrics, plastics, and other products.
Triclosan possesses mostly antibacterial properties, but also some antifungal and
antiviral properties. It is marketed under the trade name Microban® when used in
plastics and clothing, and Biofresh ri when used in acrylic fibers. Triclosan is most
often used to kill bacteria on the skin and other surfaces, although it sometimes is
used to preserve the product against deterioration due to microbes. Triclosan works by
blocking the active site of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase enzyme (ENR),
which is an essential enzyme in fatty acid synthesis in bacteria. By blocking the active
site, Triclosan inhibits the enzyme, and therefore prevents the bacteria from
synthesizing fatty acid, which is necessary for building cell membranes and for
reproducing. Since humans do not have this ENR enzyme, triclosan has long been
thought to be fairly harmless to them. Triclosan is a very potent inhibitor, and only a
small amount is needed for powerful antibiotic action.
18
21. 4. Chitosan:
Chitin, poly (1, 4, 2 )-acetoamido - 2 deoxy - -D - glucose is the most abundant
natural polymer. Its chemical structure is similar to the cellulose differing in the
second carbon position where the hydroxyl groups are replaced by amino groups.
Chitosan is the derivative of chitin. Chitin and chitosan are widely distributed in
animals and fungi and are the basic polysaccharides that are the shells of the
crustacean such as crab, shrimp and crayfish. Chitosan has many applications to the
textile applications in the textile industry including fibres, chitosan applications in
wool pretreated with hydrogen peroxide, waste water treatment etc Due to the
antimicrobial action of the amino group at the C -2position of the glucosamine
residue, chitosan is also known to be an antimicrobial polysaccharide. The ability of
the chitosan to immobilize microorganism derives from its polyatomic character. Its
protonised amino groups block the protein sequences inhibiting further proliferation of
the microorganisms. Chitosan binds to the negatively charged bacterial surface
disrupting the cell membrane and altering its permeability. This allows the material to
leak out of the bacterial cell resulting in its death.
5. Silver Based Antimicrobials:
The silver has been used as an antimicrobial agent for more than 2000years. The
Romans and the Arabs kept silver coins in their water bags to keep their drinking
water fresh. Silver nitrate has been used historically as antiseptic agent. Although the
efficacy of silver is well known, it had problems making headway in the textile area
because of the several reasons:
Cost: Silver antimicrobials have been very expensive. They could only be✓
used for high speed, niche products.
Inconsistency: Under the perfect conditions silver products showed the good✓
laboratory results. However, many silver products did not give these same
results when applied in industrial situations.
Discolouration: If the silver is leached from silver based antimicrobials too✓
quickly it can have the effect of the discoloring the fabric.
Silver antimicrobials function by silver ion reacting with the sulphide group on the
protein inside the bacteria. This interrupts the normal process of cell so that it can no
longer works and reproduce
19
22. W's
NATURAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
1. Neem:
Neem is an evergreen tree cultivated in various subcontinents. Neem has been
extensively used in ayurveda, unani and homeopathic medicine and has become a
cynosure of modern medicine. Neem extracts can be widely used by the Indian
farmers to protect cotton crop from pests and fungi have potential as antibacterial
agents for textile. A major limitation that the concentration of the active ingredients
varies with factors such as age of tree, geographical location and species. Finishing is
done by normal pad dry cure method. The cotton fabric sample was padded in a
solution containing the cross linking agent glyoxal and catalyst such as tartaric acid,
aluminum sulfate. This is followed by the padding with neem or seed bark extract.
Plat.6. shows (a) Untreated sample (b) Treated sample wih neem extracts
2. Aloe vera:
Aloe Vera is the antibacterial plant which grows in India and used for the various
applications such as for curing skin disease etc. Application methodology on the
textile: It involves the applications of aloe gel and leaf extract of the plant onto cotton
fabric by optimizing the pH, time and temperature The fabrics were treated with
75%,100% commercial aloe gel and ethanol extract of Aloe leaf. Citric acid was used
as a mordant to apply it onto the fabric. Finishing is carried out by the normal pad -
dry - cure method
Plate.5. Silver as anti-microbial agents
20
23. Plate.7. Showing (A) treated sample and (b) untreated sample with Aloe vera extracts
3. Clove oil:
Clove contain 13% tannin and oleanolic acid, which imparts antibacterial
properties. Steam distillation of the clove bud yields (14 - 23%) colourless or pale
yellow oil with the characteristic odour and the taste of cloves. The oil can be applied on
to the fabric in the emulsion form and padded at 70 - 80% expression. Normal
concentrations of the emulsions used are 5-12%. The oil can be applied on the fabric
during dyeing or before dying or after dyeing. This type of the fabric can act as
wound healer. Also used in the aromatherapy. It can be also used as pesticidal textile
material for repelling various microorganisms.
4. Karanja:
The medium sized tree with a short bole and spreading crown up to 18m is found in
India. The seeds are mainly valued for the oil obtained from them, which has many
industrial and medicinal uses. The seeds contain mainly the mucilage. glabrin,
karanjin, pongapin, kanjone and pongaglabrone and a diketone pongmol. Karanjin is
the active principle, responsible for the bactericidal properties. Alcoholic extracts of
the oil shows activity against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria.
5. Berberis Aristata:
It is found that the application of the berberis on the textile shows the antibacterial as
well as dyeing effect. The major constituent of the plant is the Berberine which has
antibacterial properties due to its cationic quaternary ammonium salt. Simultaneous
dyeing and finishing carried out in presence of Na2CO3 and FeSO4. The Berberine
shows the 99.5% of reduction in the number of bacteria.
6. Natural Dyes:
Although these are known for a long time for dyeing, medicinal and protective
properties of natural dyes have been recognized only in the recent past. Many of the
plants used for dye extraction are classified as medicinal and some of these have
recently been shown to possess remarkable antimicrobial activity.
21
24. Punica granatum and Prickly chaff flower are common natural dyes reported as
antimicrobial agents owing to the presence of a large amount of tannins. The
methanolic extract of the punica granatum rind has been applied on to the cotton
fabric by pad dry cure method. However, dyes commonly used in textile are seldom
screened for use as antimicrobial agents for textile finishing. The study was
undertaken to determine bactericidal properties of five commercially available dye
powders, namely Acacia catechu, Kerria lacca, Quercus infectoria, Rubia cordifolia
and Rumex maritimus, against some common microbes. It is found that Quercus
infectoria dyes showed the good antimicrobial properties is e 15-20% reduction in
bacterial colonies.
Plate.8. Natural dyes are extracted from different parts of plants such as A: bark
(Purple bark), B: leaf (Eucalyptus), C: flower (Marigold), D: fruits (Pomegranate
rind) and E: root (Madder)
7. sericin
Silk sericin is a natural macromolecular protein derived from silkworm
Bombyx mori and constitutes 25-30% of silk protein. It envelops the fibroin fibers
with successive sticky layers that help in the formation of cocoon. Most of the
sericin is removed during raw silk productions at the time of reeling and other
stages of silk processing and discharged in the effluent causing water pollution. It
is a bimolecular of great value as it has antibacterial. UV resistant, oxidative
resistant and moisturizing properties. Hence, recovery of silk sericin from
degumming liquor or waste cocoons not only helps to reduce the environmental
pollution but also is highly desirable as the recovered sericin has a lot of
commercial value finding application in creams and shampoos as a moisturizing
agent and also an important biomaterial for several application including textile.
Functional properties of some synthetic fibers can be improved by coating with
silk sericin protein. It is modified polyester. It is five times more hydroscopic than
untreated polyester.
8. Tea tree
Tea tree is native to the north coast of new South Wales. This is world famous
natural Australian product, used for thousands of years by the Aborigines to help
22
25. RMICIDE FINISH
alleviate cuts, bites, burns and other skin treatments. The oil of tea tree brings together
over 100 different compounds and is globally recognized as natural medicinal
products. It has antiseptic (five times stronger than the usual household disinfection),
dermatological(prevent dry skin), and anti-fungal benefits and can also be used to
fight infections (effective against head lice, ticks, etc.). Its oil is considered to have
some of the best natural antiseptic/antifungal properties in the world. The oil is active
against a wide range of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Propioibacterium aches,
Proteus vulgari, Pseudomonas areruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, proteus Mirabilis.
Salmonella typhimurium, Streptococcus pygenes, Helicobacter pylori,etc.Its oil also
has gained widespread therapeutic use for fungal and microbial infections but is not
yet registered for use by medical profession and its novel medicinal activity is yet to
be explored on textile substrates.
9. Eucalyptus oil
Eucalyptus has terrific cleansing properties. Eucalyptus oil has been shown to fight
against infection causing bacteria, fungi and virus very effectively. It is powerful in
helping our psoriasis and also it is natural and complements he skin. The sol-gel
immobilization and controlled release of eucalyptol from modified silica coatings
were investigated in order to evaluate the suitability of functionalized textiles for the
following application in skin-friendly textiles with antimicrobial and anti-allergic
effects. Although it is added into much commercial soap today, its application on
textile substrates is also yet to be explored.
9. Azuki beans
The water extracts of green, black and red colored Azuki beans( Vigna anguaris)
show antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila and
vibrio parahaemolyticus. In contrast, the extract of white azuki beans shows no
inhibition towards any of the microorganisms examined. The extracts of colored azuki
beans contain large amounts of polyphemols including proanthocyanidins than the
extracts of white azuki beans. I can be used on textile as antimicrobial finish.
10. Tulsi leaves
Tulsi (osmium basilicum) constituents of tulsi are eugenol(70%), methyl eugenol
(20%), carvacrol(3%), caryophylin,etc. From the very ancient age, tulsi leaves are
used as antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiprotozoal, diaphoretic and expectorant and also as
aromatic carminative. Tulsi leaves having antimicrobial activity are suitable for
textile application. Methanolic extracts of tulsi leaves were applied on cotton fabric ny
dipping method. It exhibited a bacterial reduction of 73% in challenge test. The tulsi
oil was added to the size paste as size preservative for application on cotton yarn in lea
form but it did not produce any encouraging results after storage of the sized leaves
from the strength retention point of view.
1 1. Other herbal products
Turmeric or cumin, a yellow florescent pigment extracted from rhizomes of
several species, has been used as a colorant for dyeing of wool, silk and unmordanted
cotton. The turmeric also imparts antimicrobial property because of its bactericidal
activity. A recent study has been reported on the application of hiba oil ( cypress oil)
as an antimicrobial agent for textiles. Hiba oil content of the commercially available
23
26. GERMICIDE FINISH
tetiles using thujposene (the main component of hib oil) as an index with the help of
gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy(GC/MS). The antimicrobial activity of other
plant extracts, such as pepper, evening primrose and perilla oil, has also been explored for
textile natural products, such as karanga oil, cashew shell oil (drumstick tree), can ISO
be explored on textile substrates for antibacterial property which will have
tremendous applications in apparels and medical textile.
24
27. GERMICIDE FINISH
ADVANTAGES OF USING NATURAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
The results of reviewed works revealed that the growing global interest toward the
application of dyes/antimicrobials from natural resources is mainly due to the
following advantages:
V Natural dyes/antimicrobials are obtained from inexpensive renewable
resources with considerable potential.
✓ Natural dyes produce a variety of uncommon, eye-catching, and soothing
shades on textiles.
V Wide range of shades can be produced with an individual natural dye either
in mixture with mordant's or by variation in dyeing condition.
V Different natural constituents such as auxiliary, mordant, fixing component,
etc. along with the natural dye may enhance dyeing/finishing process
efficiency.
V Some natural dyes have intrinsic additional properties such as antibacterial,
moth proof, anti-allergy, anti-ultra violet (UV) irradiation, etc.
Natural dyes/antimicrobials are environmentally friendlier than synthetic ones
because: I) in natural materials, all synthesis processes are accomplished by nature
with no pollution of environment and II) these materials are readily biodegradable and
do not produce hazardous effluent upon degradation in environment, and so, there is
no need for further treatment of effluent before discharging into the environment.
Color characteristics of some natural dyes mellow with time. This✓
characteristic imparts unique properties and appearance to the stuff dyed. An
old carpet piles dyed with natural dyes could be an example.
Majority of natural dyes/antimicrobials are extracted from wild and self-✓
growing plants that require no additional cost for the cultivation.
25
28. EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICIENCY
Determining the antimicrobial activity of a compound is often essential for its
effective use. A good antimicrobial assay will achieve two purposes, it first verifies
that the compound actually has the desired antimicrobial activity and second it
indicates the concentrations of the antimicrobial that will be needed to inhibit the
target organism. There are mainly two types of tests:
Tests performed on solid medium (diffusion tests).✓
Tests performed in liquid culture (suspension tests).✓
Test performance is based on the following:
1. Diffusion assay- AATCC 147, JIS L 1902-2002
1. 1 Disc diffusion assays:
The fabric is treated with anti-microbial agents who are tested whether✓
bacteria's are affected by these antimicrobial agents.
In this test, treated fabric are placed on an agar plate where bacteria have been✓
placed and this agar plate is left to incubate. If an agent stop the bacterial
growth or kills the bacteria. There forms an area around the treated fabric
where the bacteria have not grown enough to be visible. This is called as Zone
of Inhibition. The size of this zone depends on the how effective the agent
was.
1.2 Parallel Streak Diffusion assays:
To detect bacteriostatic activity on textile materials.✓
The method is useful for obtaining a rough estimate of activity in that the✓
growth of inculum organism decrease from one end of each streak to the
other end.
(a) (b)
Plate.9. (a) Inhibition zone of treated fabric sample- Disc diffusion test)
(b) ParallelSstreak Diffusion test
a
26
29. `GLRMICIDE FINISH
The samples are incubated under humid condition at✓ 37°C for specified
contact time.
Activity is assessed by comparing the sizes of the initial population with that✓
present following incubation.
Plate. 10. Assessment of antibacterial textiles - Showing suspension of microorganism in
the flask
3. Shake flake- AATCC TM 100
Test material is suspended in inoculate buffer solution containing known✓
number of bacteria, which is then agitated using a wrist action shaker
The time period for the exposure is 1 hour.✓
After the specified time, the technician plates a part of the buffer from the✓
lfask onto nutrient agar without neutralization, incubates for 18-24 hour and
then counts the number of colonies.
The size of the population both before and after a specific contact time is✓
compaired.
2. Suspension assays- AATCC 100, JIS L, 1902-2002
The sample of fabric was inoculated with individual bacterial species✓
suspended in a nutrient medium.
27
30. GERMICIDE FINISH
Table.3. The procedure in AATCC TM 100 (AATCC, 2006) was followed for
determining the percentage of antimicrobial potency of the natural dye
S
SAMPLE NAME ANTIMICROBIAL POTENCY% OF NATURAL DYED
ORGANISM FABRIC AGAINST TEXT ORGANISM
B.SUBTILIS E. COIL
Onion 30 30
Tea 90 50
Dye-flower 0 0
Myrabalan 0 40
Neem 0 0
Pomegranate 90 55
Betel nut 80 60
Eucalyptuss 0 0
Arjun 85 70
Wild mangosteen 0 0
Plate. 11. Shake flask
method
4. Fungal test-AATCC TM
30
The sample is placed on the potato dextrose agar nutrient that has been lawn
struckwith spore of Aspergillus niger. The organism and sample are incubated for
severalday the typical time for the fungus to water and then subjectively rated based on
theamount of fungal activity on the product surface. The rating are 0 for no growth, I
forgrowth that can only be seen with a microscope and 2 unaided eye, no growth
meansthat the sample will be slightly resistant to fungal
attack.
EXAMPLE-
28
31. FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH
The four basic field of application of antimicrobial finish
areTable.4. Application of antimicrobial finish
FINISH TYPE AREA OF APPLICATION
I Material protection Tents, webbings, awnings.
(Rot proofing)- Long term
2 Material protection Cotton, viscose, wool and flax fabrics left wet
( Rot proofing)- short termbetween processing
3 Aesthetic Socks, underwear linings, curtain and curtain
lining, garden furniture, storage of fibers, fabrics
and yarns with high humidity. Also used in
museums for preservation of ancient history
antiques.
4 Hygiene Bedding. mattresses, upholstery. carpets. doctor's
suits and gloves, medical hospitals' blankets,
towels, bathing gown, bandages, sanitary napkins,
diapers, children clothing, worker clothes.
Ai?I L r's-1� � Spirts . .Rr MF-dical
textiles
Application
Areas
Hcii i furnishing
& upholsterV Military c loitiinq
29
32. MAKET FOR ANTIMICROBIAL FINISHED TEXTILE
The realization of market demand for antimicrobial finishes and additives was
emerging and an increased growth expected in future. The commercial gurus are
identifying the business expansion strategies in antimicrobial finished fibrous
products. Some examples would include the following -Masks, scrubs, towels, and
linens for use in hospitals. In USA (United States of America) where number of
hospitals is more than 6000, these products are expected to be desired in significant
quantity.
Antimicrobial finished socks required for foot ulcer prevention.✓
Approximately 23 million people in USA have diabetes, and the infections can
be prevented in foot ulcer using antimicrobial functional socks. It was
indicated that no such product was available in USA health care sector to offer
continued control of bacteria and fungi causing the foot ulcer.
Antimicrobial and antifungal finished socks and underwear for military personnel.✓ ✓
Sportswear market comprising sport socks, gloves, sport bras, caps etc.
A niche market for antimicrobial wipes was realized. The global market for
consumer antimicrobial and bacterial wipes stood at approximately USA $ 5.8 billion and
USA $ 1.2 billion respectively in 2007. However, the market was expected to grow
and the said figures were projected to reach USA $ 8.5 and USA $ 1.7 billion
respectively by 2012.
Significant increase in the baby diaper market around the world is expected. The
global baby diaper market will reach US$52.2 billion in 2017, according to a new
report by Transparency Market Research (Albany, NY, USA) .
The top products projected were phenolic compounds, iodophors, nitrogen
compounds and organometallics. A recent study analyzed the worth USA $ 2 billion
disinfectant and antimicrobial chemical industry of USA, and forecasted the growth to
2009 and 2014
Plate.12. Examples of application of
antimicrobial finish
30
33. EFFECT OF ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH ON ENVIRONMENT
More than 250 commercially known micro biocides, and several chemical
formulations based on these micro biocides were available in the market. The
diversity of antimicrobial chemicals introduced the variety in chemical and physical
properties in finished products. Any antimicrobial chemical capable to modify the cell
structure of microorganism apparently bears the possibility to influence the cell
structure of living species present in user environment. Concentration of germicide
chemical influenced the mechanism of microbial resistance. At an increased
concentration multiple cellular and metabolic targets were possible, and at reduced
concentrations fewer cellular targets were indicated. Moreover, the release of
antimicrobial through the wash- off liquor of the finished fibrous article would
introduce the hazard to aquatic life.
Surprisingly. the environment concerns known for the several antimicrobial
substances used in textile finishing received insignificant interest to show the viability of
antimicrobials for environment. Obviously, studies are desired for assessing and
justifying the environment- friendly character of an antimicrobial.
One of the Examples that shows the effect of antimicrobial finish on environment-
Release of silver to environment was experienced from various products around the
world. Data studied for sixty four countries on silver release to environment showed the
USA produced highest gross emission to environment. However, on continent basis
Asia was the largest producer of silver direct to water and land. It was estimated that
silver released to environment was more than 13 Gg.
Antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver finish was known for variety of bacteria
including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Escherichia coli (E.coli),
Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistance strain (MRSA), and Pseudomonas.
However, washing of nanosilver finished textiles release nanosilver into the discharge
water, creating a potential health hazard to aquatic organisms. Findings that indicated
nanosilver lethal to small fish. Nanosilver particle was binding/crossing an egg
membrane and entering into the fish embryos.
31
34. GERMICIDE FINISH
NEW INNOVATION- INTELLIGENT POLYMERIC
ANTIMICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY
Approximately five years ago, Dow Microbial Control, a business unit of The Dow
Antimicrobial Control, a business unit of The Dow Company, saw opportunity in this
accelerating use of antimicrobial agents in the textile and apparel industry. This
rigorous new product development effort culminated in the late 2012 with the
introduction of Silvadur Antimicrobial. Silvadur has achieved growth in a number of
market segments, including casual apparel, denim, active wear, footwear, home
furniture and bedding, uniforms and carpet and area rugs.
Silvadur uses a patented technology to provide long-lasting odour control and
freshness to textile and apparel. when odor-causing bacteria land on the surface of
treated fabric, Silvadur's intelligent control mechanism releases silver ions to combat
bacteria. Once the bacteria have been effectively reduced, the release of the silver ions
ceases until more odoUr-causing bacteria are present on the fabric surface. When that
occurs, additional silver ions are released and the process resumes.
"Silvadur address the drawbacks to traditional silver-based antimicrobial system"
Until the introduction of Silvadur, fabric manufacturer's tytpically relied on the
three basic approaches to control unwanted microorganism on their products. While
these traditional silver-based systems are different, there are commonalities among
them.
Each delivers silver ions in the particle form and there is a direct correlation
between size of the silver particles and the amount of silver on the fabric surface. the
smaller the silver- carrier particle size, the higher the levels of silver ions on the
surface, which results in fabric discolouration and reduced activity over time. This
system often results in a non-uniform antimicrobial finish, which can lead to higher
cost of production.
The silver is encapsulated in an inert matrix, such as glass and relies on the silver
leaching to provide antibacterial activity. Over time, however the releases of silver
from the glass matrix build a high level of silver ions in the matrix and discolour the
fabric.
The silver is controlled by the surrounding environment, which does not
necessarily correlate to bacterial contaminated levels.
In addition to its intelligent delivery system. silvadur is clearly differentiated from
these traditional antimicrobial system because it-
Is an easy-to-use liquid formulation to facilitate the application process✓ ✓
Does not discolour apparel and textile
Offers exceptional long-lasting performance✓
32
35. "Silvadur make the manufacturing process more efficient and effective"
Among the concerns of manufacturers was that traditional silver-based system
requi9red extensive pre and post-treatment processes, changed functional attributes of
the apparel and the textile and needed additional chemical binders or surfactants to
work properly. Test results show conclusively that many of the processing and
application shortcomings of other antimicrobial are addressed by Silvadur.
Silvadur antimicrobial can be easily incorporated in the existing operating systems of
a mill, using exhaustion or padding processes as well as spraying or other methods. The
use of Silvadur does not require excess processing temperature, time or added
binders. Silvadur is compatible with a broad range of common textile additives,
detergent and other finishing treatment.
Silvadur is highly efficient, because it contains silver ions and an organic polymer
that readily adhere to fabrics and yarns. This gives it a distinct advantage over
traditional antimicrobials, which contain inorganic materials and do not have the sane
adhesive qualities.
'Efficacy of Silvadur"
Silvadur Antimicrobial's outstanding performance attributes were substantiated by
results from internationally-recognized tested for determining antimicrobial efficacy. it
was tested on a variety of fabrics including but not limited to, cotton towels, nylon
socks, 100 % cotton fabrics, 100 % polyester fabrics tested were washed more than 50
times. Silvadure showed greater than 99 % antimicrobial activity, even after polyester
fabrics and 60/40 polyester-cotton blends.
This durability was attributed to the product's unique polymer system, which binds
clear, uniform solution of active silver ingrediants to fabric surfaces using standard
textile industry application processes. The results confirmed that the Silvadur
technology performed as well as to better than a majority of its competitors.
'Silvadur A Sustainable Technology"
Silvadur is sustainable technology. It can be readily formulated into water-based
ifnishes, providing cost savings to mills and processors.
Silvadur has been assessed by the International Oeko-Tex Association as harmless
to human health, provided it is used as indicated and designated. It is registered by the
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the active ingrediant is notified and
supported under the EU Biocidal product Registry (BPR). Finally, Silvadur
technology conforms to REACH requirement in the Europen Union.
33
36. ECO-FRIENDLY ANTIMICROBIAL FINISHING AGENTS
These eco-friendly anti-microbial finishes are not only used for protection of textiles
but also imparts few curing and preventing diseases properties though it's
antimicrobial agents on textile's surface.
Table.5. Eco-friendly antimicrobial finishing agents on various textile
SOURCES PROPERTIES APPLICATION IMAGES
Indigo Dye Anti-septic ( ulcerationGarments of people ;��
of skin, cure small pox) suffering from such
diseases, bandages.
r M
L1.
4P'- 7
Eclipta Aeba dye Anti-bacteria,Anti- Socks, bandage
hepatatoxic
(cure exczema)
Olive tree, Avivise,Anti-microbial andWet-wipes, especially
Lemon, Orange,disinfection properties for baby skin.
Rosmany, Winter ( personal cleaning )
fgreen, Thyme,
Lavendar, cedar leaf,
Lemon Gras and,
Cranberry.
Animal- marine
animal like marine
snails and
Chitson(extracts)
Tulsi, brier (extracts)
Alove vera (extracts)
Medical properties(anti-Bandages and t-shirt or
septic) with aroma also(shirt.
skin infection and
hypertension)
Anti-virus anti-bacteriaDiapers and garments
(HIV/AIDS and prevent and gloves.
diaper dermatitis and
eczema and psoriasis)
35
34
37. Bamboo fiber only Anti-bacteria properties
Bamboo and AloverAnti-bacteria(Retain
ifber ( blend) body fluids and waste)
Turmeric dye Anti-septic ( skin ulcers)
Food packaging,
surgical gowns,
pregnant women's
garments, mats, bath-
suit, sofa-cover.
Feminine hygiene
products like- knickers,
napkins and tampons
and inner garents for
military soilders.
Bandages
Bamboo vine dye Anti-viral and anti-Handkerchief and t-shirt
bacterial (common cold)
Chestnut honey Anti-infection (burns, Bandages T
(extracts) venous leg ulcers,
diabetic foot ulcers,
pressure ulcers)
0
Henna Dye Anti-irritant and anti-Garments and bandages
odor
Neem extracts Blood repellencySurgical gown, bed
propriety and Anti-septiclinens and drapes and
and disinfective bandages
proerties(Eczemap and i ¢► �� , ; ;
38. Pomegranate dyeAnti-bacterial and anti-Garments like t-shirts.
(peel) viral
- r L.
Berry stem dye Disinfection ( improvesInner garments and P`
psoriasis and vaginabandages
infection) ''
Citrus grandis dyeAnti-dermal illness andDiapers, sanitary use
(fruit) anti- oxidant activity and medical drapes
psoriasis)
36
39. GERMICIDE FINISH
EXPERIMENTS ON FEW ECO-FRIENDLY ANTI-MICROBIAL
FINISHING AGENTS ON TEXTILES
1. APPLICATION BAMBOO FIBER
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing and most abundant woody plants in tropical
countries. Bamboo has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a natural, green
and eco-friendly new-type raw material for textile applications. The relatively long
length of bamboo monofilaments (1.5-3.2 mm) coupled with its antibacterial
properties. More important, bamboo fiber is a unique biodegradable textile material.
As a natural cellulose fiber it can be 100%biodegradable in soilbymicro-organisms
and sunshine. It's a common fact that bamboo can thrive naturally without using any
pesticide.
The bamboo fibre contains more than 93% of cellulose and retains the antibacterial
properties. Cloth based on bamboo fibres has antibacterial properties especially
against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bamboo fibre has particular and
natural functions of anti-bacteria. bacteriostasis and deodorization.
It is validated by Japan Textile Inspection Association that, even after fifty times
of washing, bamboo fibre fabric still possesses excellent function of anti-bacteria,
bacteriostasis. Its test result shows over 70% death rate after bacteria being incubated
on bamboo fibre fabric.t is seldomeatenby pests or infected by pathogen. Scientists
found that bamboo owns a unique anti-bacteria and bacteriostatic bio-agent named
"bamboo Kun". This substance is combined with bamboo cellulose molecules tightly
all along during the process of being produced into bamboo fibre. Anti-oxidant
bamboo leaves mainly contains polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids).
Application of Bamboo fibre-
Include sweaters, bath-suits, mats blankets, towels, etc. may have comfortable
hand, special luster, good water absorbance and are available in bright colors.
Bamboo fibre has anti bacterial function, which is suitable to make innerwear,
tight t-shirt and socks, etc. Its anti-ultraviolet nature is suitable to make
summer clothing, especially for the protection of pregnant ladies and children
from the hurt of ultraviolet radiation
However, bamboo has wide prospects in the field of hygiene materials such as✓
I
37
40. RMICIDE FINISH
artificial synthesized antimicrobial agent, so it won't cause the skin allergy
phenomena, and at the same time, it also has competitive prices in the
market.
(a) (b)
(c ) (d)
Plate.13. Various products made of bamboo fibre (a) Wet wipes (b) Diaper (c)
bathroom mat (d) mat for babies'
sanitary napkin, masks, mattress, and food-packing bags due to its anti-
bacterial nature.
Include bandage, mask, surgical clothes, and nurses' wears and so on. The✓
bamboo fibre has natural effects of sterilization and bacteriostasis, therefore it
has incomparably wide foreground on application in sanitary material such as
sanitary towel, gauze mask, absorbent pads, food packing and so on. In the
medical scope, it can be processed into the products of bamboo fibre gauze,
operating coat, and nurse dress, etc. Because of the natural antibiosis function
of the bamboo fibre, the finished products need not to be added with any
38
41. GERMICIDE FINI5H
2. PREVENTION OF DIAPER DERMATITIS IN BABY DIAPERS WITH
NANOENCAPSULATED NATURAL EXTRACTS
Nappy rash or diaper dermatitis (also known as napkin dermatitis or diaper rash) is
the common term used to encompass a wide range of inflammatory processes that occur
in the area covered by a diaper. Diaper dermatitis is probably the most common
coetaneous disorder of infancy and early childhood. Because most diaper rash is
treated conservatively at home, the exact prevalence is unknown, but it is estimated
that 7% to 35% of infants are affected.
' Di aper rash
_)
f
Plate.14. Diaper dermatitis
Though there are lots of factors that contribute to the diaper dermatitis, from
microbiological point of view, there is good correlation between the growth of
pathogenic bacteria and fungi and the diaper dermatitis. Hence it is the need of the
hour to control the growth of microbes in diapers by incorporating suitable
antimicrobial agents.
In spite of the availability of the numerous synthetic antimicrobials, natural
antimicrobial were preferred because they were non-toxic, non-allergic. eco-friendly. In
the present study an attempt has been made to incorporate the nanoencapsulated herbal
antimicrobials in the front sheets of the baby diapers and to study the
antimicrobial efficacy of the finished diapers.
Experimental (Modelling)
Standard test microbial cultures of bacteria namely Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from agar AATCC bacteriostasis agar and
bacteriological agar were obtained All the chemicals used were analytical grade and
were used as received.
The mature fleshy leaves of Aloe vera, collected. The leaves were extracted using
methanol and the extract was condensed using a rotary evaporator at reduced
pressure. The condensed extract was stored at 40 C and used for further study.
The nanoencapsulation of the herbal extract was performed by ionic gelation
technique. The as prepared nanocapsules were characterized for it topography by
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and the average particles size was
measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique.
39
42. GERMICIDE FINISH
The diaper front sheets were finished with the nanoencapsulated extract by pad-dry
cure method using a padding mangle (RBE Model). The padding was carried out at an
optimized pressure of 3kg/cm3 and rpm of 20. The padded diaper front sheets were
air dried and finally cured at 800 C for 10 minutes. The anti-allergic nature of the
finished diaper front sheets was evaluated by patch test.
The antibacterial effectiveness of the treated diaper front sheets was evaluated
qualitatively by parallel streak method (AATCC-147) and quantitatively by
Percentage reduction test (AATCC 100).
The performance testing of the baby diapers was carried out by liquid-strike through
test and rewet under load test.
Results and Discussion
The topography of the as prepared herbal extract encapsulated nanocapsules were
studied by TEM analysis and the results showed uniform distribution of the
nanocapsules with roughly spherical morphology and the size ranging between 40-55
nm. The average size of the thus prepared nanocapsules was analyzed by DLS
technique and the size of the nanocapsules was in agreement with the TEM
results.
Table. 6. Antibacterial assessment by Percentage reduction Test
Fabric tested organism % Reduction
Diaper front sheetsS.aureus 96.66
treated with E.coil 94.16
nanoencapsulated
Aloe vera extracts
Untreated diaperS.aureus -
front sheet E.coil -
(controlO
The results of the Percentage reduction test confirmed the antimicrobial activity of the
Diaper front sheets treated with nano encapsulated
A. vera extract. The Diaper front sheets
treated with nanoencapsulated
A. vera
extract expressed a bacterial reduction percentage of 96.66
and 94.16 against the test organisms namely S. aureus
and E.coli respectively.
40
43. 3. ECO-FRIENDLY BODY WIPES
Cleansing the skin is a personal hygiene problem for which wipes are well suited.
Wipes are made from tissue paper or nonwoven bonded fabrics, which Wipes are of
two types viz., dry wipes and wet wipes Dry wipes are the most commonly used as
cleansing products they are usually referred to as "toilet tissue" or "toilet paper". Wet
wipes are of various types such as facial wipes, baby wipes, body wipes, cleansing
wipes, feminine hygiene wipes and antibacterial wipes . Wiping material of this type is
pre-packaged in a moist environment and is commonly used by consumers for
cleansing or wiping parts of the body, particularly when wash water is not readily
available or cannot be conveniently used. These wipes have been used for applying or
removing makeup or in cleansing other parts of the body.
Phytochemicals are derived from plants and some of them are very useful
antibacterial agents.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil has many antiseptic. antibacterial, antiviral and✓
antifungal qualities. Nimbidin is component of Neem oil which is
antibacterial, anti ulcer, analgesic, and anti-fungal properties.
Eucalyptus species produces numerous volatile compounds in a large amount✓
as isoprenoids. The major bio active components for microbial inhibition are
1-8-cineole and &-terpineol.
Dry clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud contains about 15 to 20 % essential✓
oil. Eugenol is a medicinal component of clove oil and their presence is about
70 to 90 %. Eugenol has been used for analgesic, local antiseptic, anti-
inflammatory and antibacterial effect.
Tulsi oil(Ocimurn sanctum) phyto chemicals are ursolic acid flavonoids such✓
as apigenin, polyphenols, anthocyanins and luteolin, eugenol, thymol or
sesquiterpene alcohols whose properties are Anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic,
anti-stress and antipyretic and anti microbial.
Conclusion of the experiment
In the present work, antimicrobial finishing of the diaper front sheets with eco-
friendly, anti-allergic herbal extract has been descried. The overall results illustrated
that nanoencapsulated Aloe vera extracts was compatible for finishing the diaper front
sheets. Since the active principles were of natural origin and it does not have any ill
effects on the baby skin.
41
44. GERMICIDE FINISH
polyester/viscose blended fabrics of two different blend ratios, with the use of
naturally available herbal oils and cow urine.
Materials and methods
Materials
Spun-lace (hydro-entanglement) nonwovens of
Viscose/Polyester of 50GSM were used.
Sample 1: 100 % Viscose
Sample 2: 70/30 Viscose/Polyester blend
Sample 3: 10/90 Viscose/Polyester blend
Chemicals used:
Herbal Oils:
Clove (Svzvgium arornaticurn) oil✓
Eucalyptus oil✓
Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil✓
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) oil✓
Cow urine✓
- at 10%, 25% and 50% concentrations.✓
100% Viscose and blends of
Method: Five natural products (4 herbal oils and cow urine) in 100 % pure form were
selected and considered for the experimental study. Each product is individually taken
and mixed continuously with all the other ingredients mentioned above at room
temperature, the mixture is stirred well until all components are dissolved completely.
The samples were prepared with these natural products for soaking the nonwoven
substrates for 5 minutes and then padding the same at 0.5 to 1kg/cm2 pressure. The
treated samples were stored in air tight packets in order to maintain them in wet
condition.
Test method- Antimicrobial Testing AATCC 147
Antimicrobial assessment of samples
Plate.14. Wet wipes with natural antimicrobial agent by Kara company.
In the present research work an attempt is made to design the eco-friendly wet
body wipes from 100% viscose non-woven and compare them with wipes made from
42
45. Cow urine showed minimum antibacterial activity in all the cases.✓
It can also be seen that 100% viscose sample shows higher zone of inhibition✓
than the other two samples .Viscose being hydrophilic in nature can absorb
the herbal oils much easier than the polyester and also hold it for a longer
duration of time. Presence of polyester in the fabric samples reduces its
absorbent capacity due to which they can hold lesser amount of chemicals to
fight against the bacteria.
Sample✓ 3 with 90% polyester showed less efficiency towards bacteria
compared to other two samples. It can also be seen that the difference in the
anti-bacterial efficiency of 10% and 25% concentration treated samples is
much higher than the difference between the samples treated with 25% and
50% concentration respectively.
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The antimicrobial property of samples treated with-
Tulsi, neem, eucalyptus, clove oils, combination of all these four oils and cow✓
urine was evidenced in Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris in three
different levels of concentrations each (at 10%, 25%, and 50%) for all the
three samples. The antimicrobial efficiency of the samples increases with the
increase in concentration of the herbal oils and cow urine.
Tulsi treated samples showed a higher zone of inhibition against S.aureus✓
V Samples treated with combination of all four oils showed good results against
P. Vulgaris
43
46. GERMICIDE FINISH
antimicrobial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria and also
because of its not so pleasant odour cow urine treated samples were not considered to
prepare the wipes.
Conclusion of the experiment
Tulsi treated samples showed better zone of inhibition against gram +ve bacteria
and samples treated with combination of all oils showed better zone of inhibition
against gram -ve bacteria in all three concentrations. Though the three samples
treated with 50% concentration showed higher efficiency in antimicrobial property,
which is that not desirable as per the end use requirement. Hence eco-friendly wipes
were developed with 100% viscose non-woven fabrics finished with 25%
concentration of herbal oils.
A survey was also conducted with these wipes treated with 25% concentration of
herbal oils among people of different age groups and gender, to whom the wipes were
given for use to check for the feel. freshness. fragrance and skin irritation. The trials
revealed that the wet wipes prepared were skin friendly without irritation and tulsi
treated samples were more preferred by the people due to its pleasant fragrance and
also from the antimicrobial assessment tulsi has comparatively showed higher zone of
inhibition. Thus 100% viscose fabric, treated with 25% concentration of tulsi oil can
considered the most suitable as per the study.
Figure.2. Assessment of antimicrobial efficiency of
treated 100% Viscose (Sample 1)
Though the sample treated with 50% concentration
showed higher efficiency, thatmuch is not desirable as per the end use purpose.
Therefore 25% concentration ofherbal oils can be made optimum for finishing with
respect to performance andeconomic point of view. As cow urine treated samples
showed minimum
44
47. CONCLUSION
Antimicrobial textiles are easily finding a place in the global textile market. Their end
users can be tailored to fit the needs of many different people and their professions. Most
antimicrobial experimentation is being performed for the medical industry. The apparel
industry can definitely benefit from this experimentation because the products made for
the two professions are closely related. The number of safe and durable antimicrobial
finishes is steadily growing. An emphasis is being put on the use of fabrics made of
natural fibers because the global economy is trying to reduce the overall use and
production of petroleum-based products (synthetic fibers). The global trend for a safer
environment is apparent all around us. People are slowly getting aware of the eco-
friendly anti-microbial agents. The application of such agents will even reduce
environmental effect as well as will give us skin-friendly apparels.
Since anti-microbial finish can be achieved by using natural sources then we should go
Eco-friendly and get skin-friendly finishes. We should all wear such garments with anti-
microbial finish. It's high time. we should not only keep our environment clean but also
be hygienic and fresh always. Though, in India these garments aren't available but we
can dye our own garments with natural sources available easily around us like tulsi,
hibiscus , tea or neem leaves.
( 1 ':
45
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