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ActiveCircuits_lec05_shrt.pdf
1.
Lecture #5 Microwave Filters Instructor: Dr.
Ahmad El-Banna Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra November 2014 Post-Graduate ECE-601 Active Circuits © Ahmad El-Banna
2.
Agenda Introduction Microwave Filter Design
by the Insertion Loss Method Scaling of Low Pass Prototype Filters Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filters 2 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
3.
INTRODUCTION 3 ECE-601 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
4.
Introduction • A filter
is a two-port network used to control the frequency response at a certain point in an RF or microwave system by providing transmission at frequencies within the pass band of the filter and attenuation in the stop band of the filter. • Typical frequency responses include low-pass, high-pass, band pass, and band-reject characteristics. • Applications can be found in virtually any type of RF or microwave communication, radar, or test and measurement system. • The image parameter method of filter design was developed in the late 1930s and was useful for low-frequency filters in radio and telephony. • Today, most microwave filter design is done with sophisticated computer-aided design (CAD) packages based on the insertion loss method. 4 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
5.
Introduction.. • Filters designed
using the image parameter method consist of a cascade of simpler two port filter sections to provide the desired cutoff frequencies and attenuation characteristics but do not allow the specification of a particular frequency response over the complete operating range. • Thus, although the procedure is relatively simple, the design of filters by the image parameter method often must be iterated many times to achieve the desired results. • The insertion loss method, uses network synthesis techniques to design filters with a completely specified frequency response. • The design is simplified by beginning with low-pass filter prototypes that are normalized in terms of impedance and frequency. • Transformations are then applied to convert the prototype designs to the desired frequency range and impedance level. 5 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
6.
Introduction… • Both the
image parameter and insertion loss methods of filter design lead to circuits using lumped elements (capacitors and inductors). • For microwave applications such designs usually must be modified to employ distributed elements consisting of transmission line sections. • The Richards transformation and the Kuroda identities provide this step. 6 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
7.
MICROWAVE FILTER DESIGN
BY THE INSERTION LOSS METHOD 7 ECE-601 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
8.
Insertion Loss Method •
In this technique, the relative power loss due to a lossless filter with reflection coefficient Γ(ω) is specified in the power loss ratio PLR defined as: • If both the load and source ports are matched for this network, then PLR=|S21|2. 8 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
9.
Types of Low
Pass Filters • Four types based on eqn 8.52. 1. Maximally Flat, Butterworth, Binomial Filter: 9 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
10.
Types of Low
Pass Filters.. 2. Equal Ripple or Chebyshev Filter: • Generally, N is chosen to be an odd integer when the source and load impedances are equal (two-sided filters). • • As with the Butterworth filter, an increase of 20N dB/decade, but with the extra factor 10 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
11.
Types of Low
Pass Filters… 3. Elliptic Filter: • This type of low pass filter has an equi-ripple response in both the pass band and the stop band. • It has a “faster” roll off than the previous two filters. 4. Linear Phase Filter: • If it’s important that there be no signal distortion, then the phase of the filter must be linear in the passband. 11 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
12.
General Procedure for
Filter Design • The general procedure for designing a filter using the insertion loss method can be summarized in three steps 12 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
13.
PrototypeCircuit for the
Low Pass Filter • we’ll derive the L and C values for a second order, low pass “prototype” filter: 13 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
14.
PrototypeCircuit for the
Low Pass Filter 14 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna Filter tables can be used to determine these parameters in prototype circuits for maximally flat, equi-ripple, and other types of filters.
15.
SCALING OF LOW
PASS PROTOTYPE FILTERS 15 ECE-601 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
16.
Types of Scaling
for Low Pass Prototype • It is possible to scale and transform the low pass prototype filter to obtain a low pass, high pass, band pass, and band stop filters for any impedance “level” (Rs=RL) and cutoff frequency. • There are two types of scaling for low pass prototype circuits, impedance scaling and frequency scaling: 1. Impedance Scaling: • Since the filter is a linear circuit, we can multiply all the impedances (including the terminating resistances) by some factor without changing the transfer function of the filter. Of course, the input and output impedances will change. 16 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna If the desired source and load impedances equal R0 , then
17.
Types of Scaling
for Low Pass Prototype.. 2. Frequency Scaling. • As defined for the prototype ωc = 1 rad/s. • To scale for a different low pass cutoff frequency, we substitute • Applying this to the inductive and capacitive reactances in the prototype filter we find 17 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna For a one-step impedance and frequency scaling process
18.
Example • Design a
3-dB, equi-ripple low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 2 GHz, 50- impedance level, and at least 15-dB insertion loss at 3 GHz. Solution: • The first step is to determine the order of the filter needed to achieve the required IL at the specified frequency. 18 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
19.
Example 19 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
20.
STEPPED IMPEDANCE LOW
PASS FILTERS 20 ECE-601 , Lec#4 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
21.
Filters implementation in
microwave circuits • How do we implement these filters in microwave circuits? • Lumped components (such as SMT) can be used up to approximately 5-6 GHz, but their electrical size and the electrical distance between them may not be negligible! • Two methods for realizing low pass filters without lumped elements, (1) Stepped impedance and (2) Stubs. • The equivalent T-network model for a length of TL. 21 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
22.
Stepped Impedance Low
Pass Filters • If TL is very short and Z0 is very large: • If TL is short and Z0 is very small: 22 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
23.
Example 23 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
24.
24 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
25.
25 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
26.
• For more
details, refer to: • Chapter 8, Microwave Engineering, David Pozar_4ed. • The lecture is available online at: • http://bu.edu.eg/staff/ahmad.elbanna-courses/11983 • For inquires, send to: • ahmad.elbanna@feng.bu.edu.eg 26 ECE-601 , Lec#5 , Nov 2014 © Ahmad El-Banna
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