PART IV HISTORY MOVEMENTS AND DESIGNERS ( series of part 1-5)

1. Movements, Designers
& Developments

2. Shakers style furniture
Shaker
• Ann Lee .. Founded in 1747 in
Manchester, England, the Shakers
are a religious group of people who
sought greater meaning in life.
• They became known as Shaking
Quakers.
• They believed that every object in
the home should have a function
and that decoration was
unnecessary.
• The shakers handcrafted wooden
furniture is in a limited colour palette
of red, blue, yellow and blue-
green.
• Shaker furniture is widely admired
for its simplicity and functionality.
• Shakers made furniture for their own
use, as well as for sale to the
general public.
• Shaker design have given
inspiration to some of the finest
designers of modern furniture.
• Shaker style furniture is generally
made from maple , and to a lesser
extent, cherry, birch, and walnut.
maple
Walnut
Cherry
Yellow birch
Cherry
Minimalistic
designs

3. lifestyle
Learning

4. Wash stands

5. George Hepplewhite
a cabinet and chair maker
• He gave his name to a distinctive style of
light, elegant furniture that was
fashionable at the end of the 18th century.
• Satinwood & walnut were often used in
his furniture.
• George Hepplewhite opened a shop in
London. After he died in 1786 , the
business was carried on by his widow,
Alice. In 1788 his wife published a book
with about 300 of his designs: "The
Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's Guide",
which was first published in 1788 .
• Reproductions of Hepplewhite designs
continued through the following
centuries.
Fluted legs

6. One characteristic
common in many of
his designs is a
shield-shaped chair
back

7. Thomas Sheraton style
furniture
• 1751 - 1806 Thomas Sheraton
worked in Stockton-on-Tees with a
local cabinet maker until he moved
to London in 1790.
• There he was teaching perspective,
architecture, and cabinet design for
craftsmen.
• Sheraton continued to use
mahogany but preferred satinwood,
rosewood and tulipwood whilst
incorporating painted motifs.
• Brass hardware and round glass
knobs were used in his furniture.
• He had a passion for mechanical
parts.
• He published several books on the
techniques of cabinet and chair
making widely influential over a
large part of the country.
Mahogany
Rosewood
satinwood
Tulipwood/
American poplar

8. Reeded legs

9. Thomas Chippendale style
furniture
• 1718 - 1779
• The designs of Thomas Chippendale
cover a wide range of styles, from
Rococo to Gothic and oriental style.
• After his death in 1779 , his business in
London was carried on by his son, also
named Thomas.
• Thomas Chippendale became the first
cabinet-maker to publish a book of his
designs in 1754, titled :
'The Gentlemen and Cabinet-Maker's
Director‘
• Chippendale's designs were widely
copied, and his Gentleman and Cabinet-
Maker's Director was used heavily by
other cabinet makers.
• Many Chippendale pieces have cabriole
legs, shell motifs, claw-and-ball foot.
Chippendale style pieces were crafted
from mahogany, walnut, cherry or
maple.

10. • Chippendale furniture came to life from the
perfect blend of gothic, rococo, and
Chinese design influence.
• Gothic style was incorporated through
elements such as pointed arches, s-shaped
curves, and wooded lattice.
• Broad chair seats with interlacing ribbon
backs were influenced by rococo design.
Chinese influence is found in fretwork
design and jappaning. Although elaborate,
Chippendale design is considered
conservative in comparison to other
English design of it's era.
Marlborough legs

11. The gothic, rococo, and Chinese
influence can also be found in the
design of the legs, feet, and backs of
Chippendale furniture. Common
furniture legs include, straight
Marlborough, cabriole, curved and
fluted. The trade mark foot of
Chippendale furniture is the ball
and claw-foot. Chair backs are
adorned with ribbon and shell
motifs.

12. Adam style furniture
• 1728 -1792 Robert Adam (3 July
1728 . 3 March 1792) was a
Scottish neoclassical architect,
interior designer and furniture
designer . He along with James
Adam (1732–1794) …………..the
adam brothers
• He developed the "Adam Style“ and
his theory of "movement" in
architecture, based on his studies of
antiquity, by contrasting room sizes
and decorative schemes.
• He replaced the ornate curvature of
the Chippendale designs with the
straight lines of Roman columns.
• The chair back usually has the
classical motif like the shape of a
Greek lyre.
• Furniture at this time was often
made of mahogany and satinwood.

13. The Adam Style was strongly
influenced by:
• Frescoes and wall paintings found
in the newly excavated Roman
cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum
• Greek black and red-figure painted
vases, which were being excavated
and collected in large numbers from
Etruscan tombs in Italy, and then
thought to be Etruscan.
• Classical Greek architecture, which
was known in Britain through
publications such as James Stuart
& Nicholas Revett's book The
Antiquities of Athens published in
1762.

14. The Adam style is identified with:
• Classical Roman decorative motifs,
such as framed medallions, vases, urns
and tripods, arabesque vine scrolls,
sphinxes, griffins, and dancing nymphs
• Flat grotesque panels
• Pilasters
• Painted ornaments, such as swags and
ribbons
• Complex pastel colour schemes
• The Adam style was superseded from
around 1795 onwards by the simpler
Regency style in Britain; and the French
Empire style in France and Russia,
which was a more imperial and self-
consciously archeological style,
connected with the First French Empire.

15. Adams style interiors

16. Art Nouveau, Jugendstil
prominent from the late 19th century (1895 – 1910 )
• In several countries a movement appears
Jugendstil and Art Nouveau against the
neostyles.
• Unlike furniture made by the British Arts and
Crafts movement, from which it emerged in
stylistic respects, most Art Nouveau furniture was
produced in factories by normal manufacturing
techniques, which led to tensions with Arts and
Crafts figures in England, who criticised
continental Art Nouveau furniture for not being
"'honestly' constructed.
• Characteristics : flowers, birds, fluent lines,
colour contrasts, no symmetry, stretched form.
• By the forms and material it was an expensive
style. In America Tiffany have made especially
designs in glass and silver. The Belgian
architect Henry Van de Velde created Art
Nouveau furniture as also Spanish architect
Antonio Gaudi.

17. • Sinuous, elongated, curvy lines
• The whiplash line
• vertical lines and height
• stylised flowers, leaves, roots,
buds and seedpods
• The female form - in a pre-
Raphaelite pose with long,
flowing hair
• exotic woods, marquetry,
iridescent glass, silver and
semi-precious stone. Influences :=
• arts and crafts - art
nouveau shared the
same belief in quality
goods and fine
craftsmanship but
was happy with mass
production
• rococo style
• botanical research

19. Louis Majorelle cabinet and bed
G. Bovi

20. ART NOUVEAU
• Designers :
• Charles Renie
Mckintosh
• Henri van de velde
• Louis Majorelle
• Carlo Bugatti
• Emille Galle
• Josef Hoffman
• Gustav serrurier Bovy
• Hector Guimard
• Victor Horta
• Antoni Gaudi
Desk and chair by
Hector, 1909–12
When art nouveau was showcased first in
Paris and then in London, there was
outrage; people either loved it or loathed it.
Within the style itself there are two distinct
looks: curvy lines and the more austere,
linear look of artists such as Charles
Rennie Mackintosh.

21. Musée d'Orsay. Paris, France
Greenhalgh, Paul, ed. Art Nouveau, 1890-1914. New York: Harry N.
Abrams, 2000.

23. Art Deco style furniture
appeared in Paris
1925 until 1939
• Art Deco was a popular international
design movement from 1925 until 1939,
in a sense, an amalgam of many
different styles and movements of the
early 20th century, including
Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism,
Modernism, Art Nouveau, and
Futurism.
• It is an eclectic style that combines
traditional craft motifs with Machine
Age imagery and materials. The style is
often characterized by rich colors,
bold geometric shapes, and lavish
ornamentation.
• Deco emerged from the Interwar
period when rapid industrialization was
transforming culture. One of its major
attributes is an embrace of technology.
• This distinguishes Deco from
the organic motifs favored by its
predecessor Art Nouveau.

24. Historian Bevis Hillier defined Art Deco as
"an assertively modern style [that] ran to
symmetry rather than asymmetry, and to
the rectilinear rather than the curvilinear; it
responded to the demands of the machine
and of new material [and] the requirements
of mass production".
During its heyday, Art Deco represented
luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in
social and technological progress.
Art Deco is characterized by use of
materials such as aluminium, stainless
steel, leather, lacquer, inlaid wood and
exotic materials such as ivory, shark skin,
and zebra skin. Its popularity peaked in
Europe during the 1920s and continued
strongly in the United States through the
1930s. At the time, this style was seen as
elegant, functional, and modern. Art Deco
had a profound influence on many later
artistic movements, such as Memphis and
Pop art.

25. • It was not just for the elite. By the 1930s, mass production meant that everyone
could live in the deco style. Travel became popular. African safaris were all the
rage and animal skins, ivory, mother of pearl, and tortoiseshell began to appear in
the home. After Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered, Egyptian pyramids and
sphinxes adorned everything.
STYLE
• Geometric and angular shapes
• Chrome, glass, shiny fabrics, mirrors and mirror tiles
• Stylised images of aeroplanes, cars, cruise liners, skyscrapers
• Nature motifs - shells, sunrises, flowers
• Theatrical contrasts - highly polished wood and glossy black lacquer mixed with
satin and furs
Influences
• Art Nouveau - Deco Kept The Nature Motifs Of Its Predecessor But Discarded Its
Flowing Organic Shapes And Pastels For Bolder Materials And Colours Such As
Chrome And Black
• Cubism -Painters Such As Picasso Were Experimenting With Space, Angles And
Geometry
• Early Hollywood - The Glamorous World Of The Silver Screen Filtered Through To
Design Using Shiny Fabrics, Subdued Lighting, And Mirrors. Cocktail Cabinets
And Smoking Paraphernalia Became Highly Fashionable

27. The Arts and Crafts Movement
WILLIAM MORRIS
The ideals of the Arts and Crafts Movement :
• simple, refined aesthetics (beauty)
• simple, functional design (utility)
• living simply
• social reform (individuals more rational;
society more harmonious)
• the virtue of a well decorated middle class
home
• handcrafted objects
• high quality craftsmanship
• the joy of working and crafting with one's
own hands
• creating objects well designed and affordable
to all
• creating harmony with nature
• using and sustaining natural materials
• maintaining a sense of space and
environment
• staying spiritually connected to home and
nature
• creating space for inner peace away from
jobs and factories
• BRITISH:
• John Ruskin (1819-1900)
• William Morris (1834-1896)
• Walter Crane (1845-1915)
• Charles Francis Annesley Voysey (1854-
1923)
• Charles Robert Ashbee (1863-1942)
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)

28. F L Wright barrel chair.
William Morris chair
Stickley Sofa

29. • simple, refined aesthetics
(beauty)
• simple, functional design
(utility)
• the virtue of a well
decorated middle class
home
• quality craftsmanship
• creating objects well
designed and affordable
to all
• creating harmony with
nature
• using and sustaining
natural materials
• maintaining a sense of
space and environment
• creating space for inner
peace away from jobs
and factories
IF THAT’S NOT
CONTEMPORARY
THOUGHT
WHAT COULD BE?

30. But history
Seems to be never
ending …Its being
written right now
too !!!
& remember you
are a part of it …