This monograph was submitted during my 2nd year(professional exam) final exam.

1. Monograph
Ganoderma lucidum
The Wonder Herb

2. Submitted by : Sumaiya Akter Snigdha
Class- 2nd
Professional Exam
Batch- 21st
(B.U.M.S)
Roll no.- 01
Reg. no.- 5237
Identified & Guided by : D Dr. K M Shamimul Hasan
Head of the Adviyah Department
Govt. Unani & Ayurvedic Medical College

3. Introduction
Ganoderma “The Wonder Herb”, it has been used as a medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine for
more than 2,000 years. Ganoderma is also known as Ling Zhi in Chinese, Reishi in Japanese, which is a herbal
mushroom known to have miraculous health benefits. Among 14000 types of mushroom, only Ganoderma
mushroom was highly praised for more than 2000 years.
Ganoderma is a genus of polypores which grows on living or dead wood of deciduous trees and includes over
250 species, many from tropical regions. Because of their extensive use in Traditional Asian medicines, and
their potential in bioremediation, they are a very important genus both medicinally and economically.
Because of the specieses-Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae are presumed health value and apparent
absence of side-effects, it has attained a reputation in the East as the ultimate herbal substance. Lingzhi is listed
in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium.
According to shape, there are two different types of Reishi- the traditional wide, shelf-like fruiting body and the
antler shape, known as Rokkaku-Reishi. The ratio between antler and general reishi is 1:1 lac.
According to color, there are six types of Reishi- red, purple, green, white, yellow and black. The red
mushroom is the most well-studied and is said to possess the most healing properties.
One predominant Chinese ancestor, Sheng Nong, also known as the father of agriculture and medicine, wrote
the medicinal classic – “Sheng Nong Ben Chao Jing” (Sheng Nong Herbal Classic) 2000 years ago. This
medicinal classic records and describes 365 herbs, animals and minerals for healing. It classified Ganoderma
lucidum as “superior herb” and stated, “Long term consumption will promote longevity and make one look like
a heavenly being”. Thus Reishi or Ganoderma lucidum caught the attention of many medical practitioners.
Here, I present a Monograph of Ganoderma lucidum in according to WHO Monograph Road Map.

4. 1.Photography: Photo Pharmacological Data
Figure-1: Species of Ganoderma

5. Figure-2: Species of Ganoderma

6. Figure-3: Medicinal Ganoderma-Ganoderma lucidum

7. Figure-4: Ganoderma lucidum in early growing stage(Antler Type)

8. Figure-5: Ganoderma lucidum according to colour

9. Figure-6: Ganoderma lucidum according to DOS

10. Figure-7: The relation between Reishi and Chinese Tradition.

11. Figure-8: Reishi in other perspectives

12. Figure-9: Reishi in other perspectives

13. Figure-10: Reishi in other perspectives

14. 2.Geophytography: Map of Bangladesh

15. WorldMap

16. 3.Taxonomical/Pharmacognostical data: The name Ganoderma is derived from the
Greek ganos/γανος means "brightness, sheen", hence "shining" and derma/δερμα means "skin".
Classification of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst:
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Basidiomycota
Class : Agaricomycetes
Order : Polyporales
Family : Ganodermataceae
Genus : Ganoderma
Species : Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst
Name:
Common/Popular name : ঋষি মাশরুম, Reishi Mushroom, Lingzhi Mushroom
Bangla name : ঋষি মাশরুম
English name : Reishi Mushroom, Lingzhi Mushroom
Tibbi name : Mushroom Daarbeshi, Kamanna-e-bani-israyel
Scientific name : Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst
Chinese name : Ling zhi (Meaning- Magic Fungus/Divine Mushroom/Miraculous
Mushroom/Marvalous Mushroom)
Japanese name : Reishi
Korean name : Yeong Ji or Young Gee
Vietnamese name : Linn chi(Meaning-Supernatural Mushroom)
Habit : Fungi.
Habitat : Exo-endogenous. Reishi mushrooms grow in both tropical and temperate geographical
regions, including North and South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Chemical compound diagram:
Ganoderic acid, isolated from Reishi
Duration : Whole year.

17. 4.Phytochemistry:
Chemical Composition : Alkaloids, Glycoproteins, Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, Polysaccharides, Triterpenes,
Steroid, Protein Substance, Unsaturated fatty Acid, Minerals, Enzymes etc.
Active Ingredients of Ganoderma:
Locked Box of Chemistry(LBC)
Active Component Type Species Parts of uses
Cyclooctasulphur ----- Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
** Alkaloids Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
** Glycoprotein Ganoderma species Fruit Body
Uridine, Uracile Nucleocides Ganoderma capense Mycelium
RNA Nucleic Acid Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
Adenosine Nucleotide Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganoderans A,B,C Polysaccharide Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
** Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
G-A(Beta glucan) Ganoderma japonicum Fruit Body
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Beta-D-glucan Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
GL-I (Beta –D-glucan) Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
G-Z Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
Beta-D-glucan Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
G-I-2a Beta-D-glucan Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
Beta-D-glucan Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
FA, FI, FI-1A
Beta-D-glucans
Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
D-6 Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ling Zhi-8 Protein Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganodosterone Steroid Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganoderic Acid A,B,C-2,D Triterpene Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganoderic Acids R,S Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganoderic Acids
B,D,F,H,K,S,Y
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganodermadiol Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganoderic Acid Mf Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganodermic Acid T-10 Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganoderic Acid B Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Oleic Acid Unsaturated Fatty
Acid
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Cellulose-digesting
enzymes,
Enzyme Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium & Fruit
Body
Lignin- digesting enzymes, Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium & Fruit
Body
Xylan-digesting enzymes Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium

18. Active Component Types Species Parts of uses
Organic Germanium, K,
Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, Zn
Minerals Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium & Fruit
Body
5.Temperament: Hot-Dry.
6.Star link:
Primary Star Link- Earth
Secondary Star Link- Mars

19. Planets name Picture
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
√
Mars
√
Jupiter
Satturn
Uranus
Neptune

20. 7.Lead component:
Active Component Type Action Species Parts of
uses
Cyclooctasulphur ----- Histamine release
inhibitor
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
** Alkaloids Cardiotonic Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
** Glycoprotein Tumor inhibitors Ganoderma species Fruit Body
Uridine, Uracile Nucleocides Neuromuscular
restoratives
Ganoderma capense Mycelium
RNA Nucleic Acid Interferon inducing,
Anti-viral
Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
Adenosine Nucleotide Platelet aggregation
inhibitor, Muscle
relaxant, Analgesic
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganoderans A,B,C Polysaccharid
e
Hypogycemic Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
** Cardiotonic Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
G-A(Beta glucan) Anti-inflammatory Ganoderma japonicum Fruit Body
** Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Beta-D-glucan Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
GL-I (Beta –D-
glucan)
Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
G-Z Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
Beta-D-glucan Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
G-I-2a Beta-D-
glucan
Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
Beta-D-glucan Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
FA, FI, FI-1A
Beta-D-glucans
Anti-tumor,
Immunostimulating
Ganoderma applanatum Fruit Body
D-6 Protein synthesis
enhancer, nucleic
acid metabolism
enhancer
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ling Zhi-8 Protein Broad spectrum, anti-
allergic,
immunomodulator
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium

21. Ganodosterone Steroid Anti-hepatotoxic Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Active Component Type Action Species Part of uses
Ganoderic Acid
A,B,C-2,D
Triterpene Histamine release
inhibitor
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganoderic Acids
R,S
Anti-hepatotoxic Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganoderic Acids
B,D,F,H,K,S,Y
Anti-hypertensive,
ACE inhibiting
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganodermadiol Anti-hypertensive,
ACE inhibiting
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Ganoderic Acid Mf Cholesterol synthesis
inhibitor
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganodermic Acid
T-10
Cholesterol synthesis
inhibitor
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Ganoderic Acid B Cholesterol synthesis
inhibitor
Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Body
Oleic Acid Unsaturated
Fatty Acid
Histamine release
inhibitor
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium
Organic
Germanium, K,
Mg, Ca, Na, Mn,
Zn
Minerals **Organic
Germanium
strengthens the
immune system,
improves blood
circulation, boost up
body energy and
discard toxins
especially heavy
metals such as
mercury and lead
*Potassium (K) is
essential for the
body's growth and
maintenance,
*Magnesium(Mg)
activates enzymes,
contributes to energy
production,
*Calicum (Ca) helps
build strong bones
and healthy teeth,
*Sodium(Na) Helps
keep the water and
electrolyte balance of
Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium &
Fruit Body

22. the body,
*Manganese(Mn)
Aids in the formation
of connective tissue,
bones, blood-clotting
factors, and sex
hormones, and plays
a role in fat and
carbohydrate
metabolism, calcium
absorption, and blood
sugar regulation,
*Zinc(Zn) plays a
role in immune
function, protein
synthesis, wound
healing, DNA
synthesis, and cell
division,
Active Component Type Action Species Part of uses

23. 8.Action:
Pictogram
Systematic Pharmacological Action Organ Wise
Organ Picture Action
Heart #Cardiotonic
#Improves blood circulation.
#Anti-hypertensive.
#Platelet aggregation inhibitor.
# Prevent and Improve Diseases
that are related to Blood Vessels
and Circulatory System.
#Reishi reduces blood fat levels,
including “Bad Cholesterol”.
#Triterpenes seem to be the
component responsible for blood
pressure and blood lipid
improvements.
Brain #Triterpenes give Reishi an
adaptogenic quality,providing the
person with protection from a wide
range of biological, environmental
and social stresses.
#Calming effects on nervous system
are notedafter consumption of
Reishi.
# Reishi reduces Insomnia and
Improves sleep, appetite.
# Boosts Vital Energy and Memory
Power.
#Quiets the spirit.
#Strengthens the will.
#Sedative.
#Neuromuscular restoratives.
#Anti-inflammatory.
# Central depressant and peripheral
anticholinergic actions on the
autonomic nervous sytem reduce
the effects of caffeine and relax
muscles.

24. Liver #Reishi acts as a anti-hepatotoxic
agent.
#Alcohol extract of reishi aids
against liver necrosis and hepatitis.
#Reishi helps to regenerate the
liver.
#Supplements liver chi (energy).
Gall bladder #Enhances gallbladder chi (energy).
#Reishi aids against Gallbladder
stone.
Lungs #Strengthens Respiratory System.
#Bronchitis-preventative effect
inducing regeneration of bronchial
epithelium.
# Ganoderma lucidum used in
clinical treatment of Common Cold,
Influenza, Cough, Inflammation,
Asthma etc.
Kidney #Reishi enhances kidney chi
(energy).
#Reishi acts as a Diuretic.
#Reishi is used to treat irregular
urination, excessive urination, high
blood pressure, kidney infection,
kidney defects, incontinence
urination, kidney
disease(nephrities).

25. Ureters, Urinary bladder,
Urethra
#Diuretic.
#Reishi is used to treat irregular
urination, excessive urination,
incontinence urination, urinary
stone, severe urine pain, bladder
lining infection etc.
Stomach #Reishi is used to treat bloated
stomach, weak stomach, gastritis,
stomach ulcers, inflammation of the
stomach lining, hyperacidity,
stomach cancer.
Large Intestine # Reishi is used to treat diarrhea,
soft stool, constipation, weak
intestines, intestinal ulcers,
inflammation of intestinal lining.
Small Intestine # Reishi is used to treat diarrhea,
soft stool, constipation, weak
intestines, intestinal ulcers,
inflammation of intestinal lining.
Spleen #Enhances spleen chi (energy).

26. Pancreas #Anti-diabetic- Reishi helps to
moderate the physiology of
diabetes.
#Enhances pancreatic chi (energy).
Bones #Reduces Joint Paints (Arthritis),
Body Pains (Rhematoid Arthritis).
# Enhances bone marrow nucleated
cell proliferation.
Hair #Enhance hair growth.
#Used to slow hair loss.
#Regenerate hair growth after it has
been lost.
Nail #Anti-fungal.
#Anti-viral.
Eye #Brightens the eyes.
#Enhances color sensation.
Nose #Opens nasal passages.
#Controls Asthma.

27. Teeth #Help to stop gums bleeding.
Throat #Strengthens Respiratory System.
#Work against Common Cold,
Influenza, Cough, Inflammation.
Ear #Increase hearing chi (energy).
Tongue #Anti-fungul.
#Anti-bacterial.
Chest #Muscle relaxant.
Breast #Suppresses growth of breast
cancer cells.

28. Ovary #Reduce the problems associated
with Menopause.
#Used to treat irregular or painful
menstruation.
Testicles #Reishi is used to treat enlarged
prostate.
Skin #Anti-aging of the skin.
#Anti-Acne.
#Removes ugly spots on the skin.
Pharmacological action:
 Ganoderma lucidum is used worldwide to promote health and longevity.
 Anti-viral activity– RNA from Reishi disrupts viral diseases by inducing interferon production.
 Anti-bacterial activity- Reishi inhibits bacteria Staphyllococcii, Streptococci, Bacillus pneumonia .
 Anti-cancer activity-
# Reishi is officially listed as a substance for treating cancer by the Japanese Government.
# Vitamin C appears to increase the absorbability of Reishi polysaccharides, improving treatment of
cancer and types of diseases.
# Reishi wakes up the immune system early to fight cancer, helping to prevent it.
 Antitumor activity-
# 50% of the cancerous tumors completely regressed 10 days after injection of Reishi.
# Even in small doses, a polysaccharide from Reishi inhibited 100% of tumors.
 Anti-allergic activity-
# Reishi helps alleviates allergies.
# Reishi inhibits histamine release.
# Reishi inhibits Type-1,2,3,4 allergic sensitivity reaction.
# Other anti-allergic agents in Reishi are Oleic acid, Sulphur and a Protein(Ling Zhi-8).
 Reishi and Circulatory System-

29. # Prevent and Improve Diseases that are related to Blood Vessels and Circulatory System.
# Reishi reduces blood fat levels,including “Bad Cholesterol”.
# Reishi lowers high blood pressure.
# Triterpenes seem to be the component responsible for blood pressure and blood lipid improvements.
# Reishi inhibits platelets aggregation.
 Reishi and Nervous System-
# Triterpenes give Reishian adaptogenic quality,providing the person with protection from a wide range
of biological, environmental and social stresses.
# Calming effects on nervous system are noted after consumption of Reishi.
# Reishi reduces Insomnia and Improves sleep.
# Boosts Vital Energy and Memory Power.
 Reishi and Immune System-
# Ganoderma stimulates immune system by activating Macrophage and Natural Killer (NK) immunity
cells.
# Polysaccharides(long branched chains of sugar) seem to be main immune-modulators in Reishi.
# Polysaccharides increase RNA and DNA in the bone marrow where immune cells such as
lymphocytes are made.
# Decoction of Reishi producesimmune responses.
# Reishi augments immunoglobulin G and expands the memory of T-cells.
 Reishi and Respiratory System-
# Reishi provides relief to 60-90% of chronic bronchitis sufferers.
# Ganoderma lucidum used in clinical treatment of asthma, cough, phlegm etc.
 Reishi and Hepatic/Biliary System-
# Reishi acts as a anti-hepatotoxic agent.
# Alcohol extract of reishi aids against liver necrosis and hepatitis.
# Reishi helps to regenerate the liver.
# Reishi aids against Gallbladder stone.
 Reishi and Digestive System-
# Reishi is used to treat bloated stomach, diarrhea, soft stool, constipation, weak stomach and intestines,
gastritis, stomach and intestinal ulcers, inflammation of the stomach or intestinal lining, hyperacidity,
stomach cancer.
 Reishi and Renal/Urinary System-
# Reishi enhances kidney chi (energy).
# Reishi acts as a Diuretic.
# Reishi is used to treat irregular urination, excessive urination, high blood pressure, kidney infection,
kidney defects, incontinence urination, kidney disease(nephrities), urinary stone.
 Reishi and Reproductive System-
# In female-Reishi is used to treat Problems associated with Menopause,Irregular mentruation or
painful menstruation.
# In male-Reishi is used to treat enlaged prostate.
# Reishi has lightening and rejuvenating power.
 Anti-inflammatory effect-
# Polysaccharides of Reishi act as anti-inflammatory agent.
# Reishi reduces Joint Paints (Arthritis), Body Pains (Rhematoid Arthritis).

30.  Antioxidant-
# Reishi works as an antioxidant against free radicals, protects against the effects of radiation.
# Free radicals decrease by 50% with the use of Reishi.
# Organic Germanium of Reishi discard toxins especially encounter heavy metals such as mercury and
lead.
 Anti-radiation Activity- Reishi protects against Cobalt X-ray radiation.
 Anti-aging activity- Reishi has a superb power to build up Anti Aging function of our body.
 Anti-diabetic- Reishi helps to moderate the physiology of diabetes.
 Ganoderma protects body from DNA damage, Ionizing radiation damage, Protein damage and Lipid
damage.
 Anti acne agent
 Reishi enhances hair growth, use to slow hair loss and regenerate hair growth after it has been lost.
 Anti-HIV activity.
9.Parts of uses/Source of drugs:
Parts name Picture
Mycelium
√
Fruit body
√
Spore
√

31. 10.Side Effects:
 Gastrointestinal upset,
 Dizziness,
 Stomachache,
 Slightly higher blood pressure,
 Skin rash,
 Headache,
 Nose bleed.
11.Adverse Effects: It has no adverse effects according to the book "The Great
Pharmacopoeia" by Shi-Jean Lee, a Chinese medical doctor.
12.Contra-indictaion: There are no reported contraindications for Reishi Ganoderma, based
on over two thousand years of observation (according to The American Academy of
Anti-Aging Medicine).
13.Correction: Ganoderma lucidum is an edible/non-poisonous mushroom.
14.Preparation:
 Tablet/Pill
 Capsule
 Dendrified powder
 Mother tincture
 Tea
 Coffe
 Oil
 Beauty soap
 Shampoo bar
 Cream
 Lotion
 Toothpaste
 Facewash
 Gelatin capsule
 Lip gel
15.Dose: Generally 500 mg 2 capsule twice a day. Dosage varies with pharmacological indication.

32. 16.Market pharmacology:
Tablet/Pill Mother Tincture Dendrified Powder
Tea Coffe Oil
Toothpaste Cream Beauty Soap
Shampoo Bar Facewash Gelatin Capsule

33. 17.Propagation:
Cultivation: Cultivated in all season.
Growth parameters for reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum)
Substrate colonization
temperature 21 - 27ºC optimal, slower at lower temperatures
light not needed
duration 6 - 24 months on wood
Primordia formation
temperature 14 - 27ºC (strain dependent)
relative humidity> >95 - 100 %>
duration 16 - 27 days
light> diffuse light necessary
Mushroom formation
temperature 16 - 27ºC, strain dependent
relative humidity 90 - 95 %
duration 60 days
light necessary (no direct sunlight!)
Gene Bank/Germplasm: Nature Communications of the Nature Publishing Group published, with a featured
image, the paper on genome sequence of Ganoderma lucidum co-authored by a research group led by Prof.
Chen Shilin from the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and
their American and French partners. The joint research makes G.lucidum the first model medicinal mushroom
by using whole genome analysis. The US TODAY, an American daily newspaper, reported the finding in an
article titled Chinese "mushroom of immortality" genome mapped. The research is supported by the key project
of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project number: 81130069).
By using next-generation sequencing and optical mapping technologies, the group independently completed the
chromosome level analysis of the genome sequence of G.lucidum. The research reported its 43.3Mb genome
with 13 chromosomes. encoding 16,113 predicted genes, including a variety of genes of cytochrome P450s,
transport protein and regulatory factors related to the synthesis, transportation and regulation of secondary
metabolism production, and showed that G.lucidum is an ideal model species for the study of macrofungal
secondary metabolism. This study was led by the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy
of Medical Sciences, in collaboration with the Health Science Center of University of Tennessee, USA,
University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA, Aix-Marseille University, France, China Academy of Chinese
Medical Sciences, U.S. National Evolutionary Research Center and some other institutions. The whole research
team completed the fine genome map of G.lucidum, thoroughly investigated the synthetic pathway and
regulation mechanism of the pharmacologically active compounds of G.lucidum.

34. 18.Single unit and Galenic Compound:
Single unit:-
 Powder
 Tincture
 Oil
19.Vicarology: Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae are closely related to each other so that
Ganoderma tsugae is used as a alternative medicine of Ganoderma lucidum.
20.Psycho Pharmacology Pharmacoastronomy:
 Triterpenes give Reishian adaptogenic quality,providing the person with protection from a wide
range of biological, environmental and social stresses.
 Boosts Vital Energy and Memory Power.
 Reishi reduces Insomnia and Improves sleep.
 Calming effects on nervous system are noted after consumption of Reishi.
21.Pharmacocosmetology:
 Soap
 Shampoo bar
 Cream
 Lotion
 Anti-aging cream
 Lip gel
 Facewash
 Toothpaste
22.Standardization: Standardization means confirmation of its identity, determination of its quality
and purity and detection of nature as various parameters or methods. There are five method of standardization-
 Morphological method
 Microscopical method
 Physical method
 Chemical method
 Biological/Toxicological
 Morphological method- Reishi is a woody mushroom. It has red-varnished, kidney-shaped cap and
depending on specimen age, white to dull brown pores underneath. It lacks gills on its underside
and releases its spores through fine pores, leading to its morphological classification as a polypore.
 Microscopical method- Reishi shows 13 chromosomes, encoding 16,113 predicted genes, including a
variety of genes of cytochrome P450s, transport protein and regulatory factors related to the synthesis,
transportation and regulation of secondary metabolism production.

35. 23.Doctrine Of Signature:
Ganoderma lucidum Similar Organ Similarity
Shape
Shape
Shape
Color

36. All red, vascular organ Color
21.Phytopharmacobibilography:
a. Wikipedia-free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoderma_lucidum)
b. "Reishi Mushroom – Herb Of Spiritual Potency And Medical Wonder" by Terry Willard Ph.D
c. Herbal Medicine Expanded,By-Blumenthal,Goldberg,Brinkmann
d. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia
e. Medicinal Plants of Asia & the Pacific,Christopher Wiart
f. Medicinal plants,By-S.G.Joshi
g. Medicinal plants of the world,By-Ivan AQ. Ross
h. Kitab-ul-Abdaal
i. Bustan-ul-Adviyah,By-Hm. Abdul Hamid
Co-operated By- D. Dr. K.M.. Shamimul Hasan
Head Of The Adviyah Department
Govt. Unani & Ayurvedic Medical College
Mirpur-13,Dhaka