Basic organic chemistry concepts

1. Organic
Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Organic
Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!!
C has 4 valence e-’s
4 covalent bonds
tetrahedral
Low M.P.
Slow reactors
Poor conductors
Contains only small
amount of Carbon (I.e.,
carbides, oxides)
Ionic or Covalent bonds
High MP, strong
intermolecular forces
Contains Carbon!!!!
(CHON)
Covalent bonds
EXCEPT CO2 it’s inorganic
Has Carbon

3. Alkane
Single bonds
CnH2n+2
Ends in -ane
Alkene
One double bond
CnH2n
Ends in -ene
Saturated
All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!!
Ex.
C2H6
H H
H- C- C- H
H H
Ex.
C2H4
H H
H- C=C-H

4. Alkyne
1 triple bond
CnH2n-2
Ends in -yne
Aromatic
Ring
CnH2n-6
Benzene Toluene
Unsaturated
Double or triple bonds
Alkenes & Alkynes
Ex.
C2H2
H-C=C-H

5. Naming Hydrocarbons
Prefix
1-meth
2-eth
3-prop
4-but
5-pent
6-hex
7-hept
8-oct
9-non
10-dec
Branches
F-fluoro-
Cl-chloro-
Br-bromo-
CH3- methyl
CH3CH2- ethyl

6. Steps:
Find longest chain of carbons, circle it
Name the longest chain of carbons
Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are)
Look for branches, name, & tell where they are
Ex.
H H H H
H-C- C- C- C- H
H H H H
Butane
Ex. #2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3
3-methyl hexane

7. Characteristics of Hydrocarbons:
Carbon has 4 valence e-’s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds
Can be found in nature
Can be straight chained or branched
Contains only Carbon &
Hydrogen
Soluble in nonpolar solvents
Non electrolytes
Non polar
Low M.P.

8. Isomers
Same molecular formula
Different structural formula
Count up the atoms, put in different order
C5H12
-C-C-C-C-C-
C5H12
-C-C-C-C-
C

9. Functional Groups
Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH
Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH
Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH
Alcohol -OH
name ends in “ol”
Tell what C # it is on
Monohydroxy-1 OH
Dihydroxy-2OH (diols)
Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol)
Acid End in “oic acid”
Occurs at the end of a chain
Conduct electricity
-COOH
-C
O
OH
Table R
CH3COOH
2-pentanol

10. Functional Groups
Ester
Ether
Occurs in the middle of a chain
-COOC-
Draw line between single bond
O and C
Single bond side (yl)
Double bond side (oate)
Occurs in middle of chain
CH3CH2OCH3
H on the carbon
Branch (yl)
Branch(yl)
ether
-C-O-C-
-C
O
O-C-

11. Functional Groups
Amine
Derivative of ammonia. Has
Nitrogen
Name ends in –amine
Must tell what #C it’s on.
-N- Ex. CH3CH2NH2
1- ethanamine
Amide
Formed when one of the H’s of the amine
react w/the OH of an acid to produce an
amide & water.
Has N and a double bonded oxygen
O CH3CH2CH2CONH2
-C-N-H butanamide
On the end. Ends in amide.
Ketone
Occurs in the middle of a chain
CH3COCH3
No H on the carbon
-C-C-C-
O
Ends in “one”
Tell what C#

12. Functional Groups
Aldehyde HO ends in “al”
occurs at the end of a chain
-CHO
-C
O
H

13. Types of
Organic
Reactions
Substitution
Substitute on atom for another
Alkane + diatomic
Addition
Add both atoms of the diatomic
Alkene + diatomic
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl
H H
H-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-Cl + H-Cl
H H
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2
H H Br Br
C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H
H H H H

14. Types of
Organic
Reactions
Fermentation
Enzymatic reaction (zymase)
Glucose ==> ethanol + CO2
Saponification
Fatty acid + strong base==> soap
C6H12O6 ==> C2H5OH + CO2
R-COOH + NaOH ==>
3CH3(CH2)16- C-O-Na+
O

15. Types of
Organic
Reactions
Polymerization
1. Condensation: start with an alkane remove water
2. Addition: start with an alkene
Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins
Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene
X(C2H4) ==> H(CH2-CH2)xH
H H H H H H H H
HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H2O
H H H H H H H H

16. Types of
Reactions
Esterification
Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water
Combustion
Oxidation or burning
Fractional Distillation
Cracking
CH4 + O2 ==> CO2 +H2O
A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken
down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.
A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.’s (which is
boiled to produce a vapor that’s then condensed into a liquid).