1. Uses for Quarry Fines
Steven J. Stokowski, PG
April 9, 2016 Presentation to AEG-BWH© 2016

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Brief Review of Issues
Overview of Possible Products
Introduction of Actual Products
Top Products for Virginia

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 #10 Dry Screenings
 Pond Fines from Washing Crushed
Stone
 Filter Cake from Dewatering Pond
Fines
 Pond Sand from Washing Natural S&G
 Pond Clay from Washing Natural S&G

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 Fines are Part of Aggregate Production
 Fines May Be Reduced, But Not
Eliminated
 Particle Size Distribution and Shape
Can Be Improved

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350 Million+ Tons Annually
5%+ of Production
Approximately 50% Utilized
Billions of Tons in Storage

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 1974, Survey by National Science
Foundation/National Crushed Stone
Association/Martin Marietta Labs, Ozol et al,
Identified Fines as a Critical Issue for Producers
 1988,The Many Uses of Pond Screenings, Stokowski,
SME Preprint
 1992, Pond Screenings From Aggregate Plants, An
Industrial Minerals Resource, Stokowski, 28th Forum
on the Geology of Industrial Minerals
 1992, Use Of Quarry Fines For Engineering And
Environmental Applications, Kumar & Hudson,
Center for Transportation Research and National
Stone Association
 1997, ICAR 101-1, An Investigation of The Status of
By-Product Fines In The United States, Hudson et al.

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Abundant Supply
Limited Stockpile
Capacity
Perceived Low Value
Economic Problem
Emotional Hot Button

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Wet and Difficult to Dry
Drying Forms Multigrain
Aggregations
Fine Grain Sizes
Often Have Elongated Shapes
High Embodied Energy
Abundant and Ongoing Supply
May Become Contaminated

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Over 100 Products
Ideal Products:
Exploit Physical Properties
Exploit Chemical Properties
Make Moisture Irrelevant
Require Minimal Processing
Consume Mass Quantities

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Agriculture
Ceramics
Chemical Products
Construction Products
Industrial Minerals
Mineral Fillers
Pollution Control
Safety Products

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Manufactured Soils
Agricultural Sand
Aglime
Animal Husbandry

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 Manufactured Soils
• Don Peters in 1960’s with Harry T
Campbell Sons’
• Pond Sand and Clay from S&G
• BioSolids – Digested Sewage Sludge,
Composted Paper Mill Waste
• Manufactured Topsoil, Greenhouse
Soils
• Soils for Railroad, Highway, and Mining
Revegetation
• Preferred Products are Black Sandy
Loams

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Agricultural Sand
• Lightens Heavy Clay Field
Soils
• Sales in SC, GA, and VA

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Aglime
• Corn Exports from Port of
Baltimore
• Backhaul to Pennsylvania

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Animal Husbandry
• Dairy Barn Anti-Skid
• Chicken Grit
• Limestone Preferred, But Not
Required

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Cement Stabilized Base
Engineered Sand

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 Cement Stabilized Base
• Critical for Inverted Pavement
• CSB Used As Rigid Surface for
Compaction of GAB
• Shrinkage Cracking Needs to be
Controlled
• Inverted Pavement Provides Opportunity
for Greater Use of Crushed Stone Fines
• Virginia Leadership of Inverted
Pavement

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 Engineered Sand
• Product from Luck Stone (Randy
Weingart)
• Economic and Technical Replacement for
50-90 Mile Haul of Natural Sand
• All Aggregate Sizes Made with VSI to
Control Shape
• VSI Also ImprovedYield of Concrete Sand
• Sand is Air Separated (Dry!)
• “Engineered” Replaces “Manufactured”
for Marketing Distinction

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Compression
Impact

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Engineered Sand
• Shape
Jaw VSI

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Engineered Sand
• Shape
Jaw VSI

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Feldspathic Sand
• White Granite Deposit in SC
Contained Ideal Mix of Feldspar
and Quartz for Glass
• High Value Product Sold at 1% of
Value

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Deep Mine Backfill - Limestone
Coal Prep Plant Neutralization - Ls
Sludge Drying – All Rock Types

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 Deep Mine Backfill - Limestone
 Coal Prep Plant Neutralization – Ls
• Pond Fines Grain Size Results in
Consumption of Material Before Armoring
with FeOOH. #10’s Were Too Coarse

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Sludge Drying – All Rock Types
• Surface Area of Fines Results in Rapid
Drying of Gelatinous Materials
• Granular Product Can Be Handled Like
Normal Soil

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Mine Dust
• Must Not Be Silica
• Must Be Non-Sparking
• Must Be Light Colored
• Massive Consumptions

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 Agriculture
• Manufactured Soils
• Agricultural Sands
 Construction Products
• Cement Stabilized Base
 Inverted Pavement Application
• Engineered Sand
 Improvement of Shape and Yield
 Pollution Control
• Sludge Drying

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CONTACT INFORMATION:
STEVEN STOKOWSKI, PG
TEC Services, Inc.
235 Buford Dr., Lawrenceville, Georgia
30046
www.linkedin.com/in/stevenstokowski/
cell: 508-259-3536 email:
sstokowski@tecservices.com

39. Uses for Quarry Fines
Steven J. Stokowski, PG
April 9, 2016 Presentation to AEG-BWH