The document discusses various defects that can occur in buildings during different phases of construction. It outlines structural defects like beams, columns, load bearing walls, roofs and foundations. Non-structural defects discussed include paint, flooring and electrical services. Specific defects for each are defined such as brush marks, chalking, cracking and more. The document also examines defects that can arise before construction from soil bearing capacity and land conditions. Defects during construction relate to reinforcement layout and concrete work. After construction, common defects are cracks, plaster issues and various paint problems.

1. DEFECTS IN BUILDING
Structural Defects Non – Structural Defects
Beam Column Load Bearing
Walls
Frame
Structure
Roof Foundation
Paint Electrical
Services
Flooring
STRUCTURAL DEFECTS
1. Beam – Defective construction methods from the largest segment of source of distress to the beams. Defects
due to the quality of raw materials. Non adoption of designed concrete mix.
2. Column –
. Honeycomb and rock pockets . Shrinkage Cracks
. Defects due to poor formwork installation . Defects due to poor reinforcement placements
. Defects due to concrete dimensional error . Bugholes
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2. 3. Load Bearing Walls –
. Hair like cracks
. Spalling of concrete
. Stains of water or rust are found on the surface or there is seepage of water
. Structural cracks. Cracks that penetrate the surface rendering into the structural concrete or load bearing wall
. Defective external wall finishes
4. Roof - Roof defects due to improper design. Some of the common mistakes performed in roof design are
improper slope , drainage , and sagging roof , resulting in water accumulation and deterioration of the roofing
material . There is no proper design system to allow expansion and contraction of the deck material.
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3. 5. Foundation- These are sinking , settlement and frost heave. They are all caused by environmental changes in fact
,most foundation defects are either caused by climate factor , natural disaster or improper planning and construction
NON -STRUCTURAL DEFECTS
1. Paint – The largest number of paint defects is from dirt particles embedded in paint . Most other paint defects are
the results of lack of cleanliness , surface preparation. The types of defects in paint are:-
#Brush Mark- Discover the secrets of getting a smooth finish and disappear the brush marks.
# Chalking - Chalking cause color fading . Shield those damages and safeguard your home with the proper
techniques.
# Sagging- When paint runs downwards on surface after application then sagging appears . To avoid the drippy
appearance by mindful of the following factors.
# Proper Drying – To give your wall to a flawless look and feel wait until the paint dries completely and ensure that all
the solvents must evaporate.
# Efflorescence – Its powdery and consist of a greyish tint. Formation of efflorescence happens when the crystalline
deposits of salts forms on water on concrete surfaces. Thus treat your walls with the perfect treatment .
# Peeling – Cracks , holes , scrappy surfaces – the tell tale signs of peeling . Tackle the challenge with these perfect
tactics.
# Flaking- When moistures penetrates and the paint lifts up , flaking occurs. It is visible on wooden , metal and
galvanized surfaces.
# Low coverage - If the paint doesn’t have a good coverage . It’s a baffling exprirence . Conceal your wall with high
quality paint and cure the common mistakes.
# Loss of Gloss – The whole painting experience might lose its charm when there is no appearance of sheen. To avoid
such complexities , churn out the best tips and tricks.
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4. BRUSH MARKS CHALKING
SAGGING
PROPER DRYING
EFFLORESCENCE
PEELING FLAKING
LOW COVERAGE
LOW OF GLOSS
DEFECTS IN
BUILDING (PAINT)
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5. 2. Flooring –
# Application Errors , carpeting , tile , wood
# Buckling wood or wood laminate floor
# Burns on flooring
# Cracked or damaged floor tiles
# Loose flooring and trip hazards
# Sloped floors out of level
# Squeaky noisy floor
# Mechanical damage and wear on floors
# Water damage or stains on floors
3. Electrical Services -
# Double tapping of circuit breakers. Double tapping is basically two or more hot wires running to one circuit breaker.
# Reversed Polarity
# Undergrounds 3 prong plugs
# painted outlets
# No GFCI protection
# Extension cords as power source
# Panel missing knockouts
# Two neutrals in one slot
# Wiring against sharp metal edges
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6. DEFECTS IN BUILDING
Before Construction During Construction After Construction
BEFORE CONSTRUCTION
1. Bearing capacity of soil - In a nutshell bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the load that are applied
to the ground above. It depends primarily on the type of soil its shear strength and its density. It also depend on the
depth of embedment of load the deeper it is founded the greater the bearing capacity.
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7. 2. Land Condition – Land condition is the capacity of land to response to rain and produce useful pasture. To
improve the health of your grazing land you should manage the condition of your soil.
3. Poor Workmanship – Workmanship is the skill and quality to put into making a product or completing a project.
Workmanship is about quality good or bad. If workers are careless or don’t follow proper protocol you can end up
with a finished product that lacks the quality you have anticipated.
2. Proper layout of reinforcement in slab – Steel reinforcing bars and welded wire reinforcement should be
positioned in the upper third of the slab thickness because shrinkage and temperature crack originate at the
surface of the slab.
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8. 3. Layout of concrete during slab construction – Concrete floor slab construction are as follows:-
. Assemble and erect formwork
. Prepare and place reinforcement
. Pure , compact and finish concrete
. Curing concrete and reverse formwork
Concrete Floor Slab Formwork
wires used to tie reinforcement
and supporters used to maintain
concrete cover
Concrete placement started from one
end of the slab
Concrete placement using pumps Placing and vibrating fresh concrete Curing concrete slab by ponding
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9. AFTER CONSTRUCTION
1. Cracks - These cracks are occurring as a result of your new home adjusting and settling on the ground. Unless
there are serious structural flaws , every newly built were resettle itself and in the settling , process , cracks will
develop . It will subsequently stop and will begin to appear lesser over time.
3. Plaster Defect – Different types of defects observed in plastering work are blistering , cracks , efflorescence ,
flaking, peeling , popping , softness and uneven surfaces.
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10. 4. Paint Defect – Brush Marks , Chalking , Sagging , Proper dying , Efflorescence , Peeling , Flaking , Low coverage ,
Loss of Glossy
CHALKING SAGGING PROPER DRYING
EFFLORESCENCE PEELING FLAKING LOW COVERAGE
LOW OF GLOSS
BRUSH MARKS
WALL FINISH
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11. 2. Distemper - Distemper is also known as cement paint is one of the oldest type of paints that has been used
for a long time. It is made with a combination of pigment , chalk , lime , water and animal glue like resin or egg.
The animal glue is made out of caseins and resins which help increase the durability of the paint.
3. Paint – Paint finish or sheen is the amount of light your paint reflects , leading to the shine its create . Paints with
a finish or sheen reflect light whereas paints without a finish or sheen absorb the light and fall flat.
TERMITE
CAUSES
# Leaky pipes , improper drainage and poor air flow all creates moisture issues that attract termite.
# Dampwood and subterranean termites in particular thrive in humid environments.
# While dampwood termites prefer damaged wood , subterranean termites are unable to live unless sourrounded
by enough moisture.
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12. PREVENTIONS
# Fix leaks immediately
# Keep vents free blockage , including plants.
# Ensure that trees and shrubs are not planted to close to the structure and do not allow them to grow against
exposed wood surfaces .
# Do not pile or store firewood or wood debris next to the house.
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