Nursing pharmacology definition sources effects of drug pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics biotransformation legal issues

1. NURSING PHARMACOLOGY
MADE INCREDIBLY EASY

2. UNIT 1

3. Unit I topics
 Definitions
 Sources
 Terminology
 Pharmacodynamics
 Pharmacokinetics
 Review of routes and administration
 Legal issues
 Principles of therapeutics
 Rational use of drugs

4. Definition
Pharmacology
Meaning :
Derived from a Greek word called Pharmco+logy
i.e drug+study
Definition : Pharmacology is all about study of drug,
drug’s effect to the body and body’s response to the
drug.

5. Pharmacodynamics
 What does Drug do to the Body
 Desirable effects and undesirable effects
 Side effects
 Adverse effects Mechanism of action
 Toxic effects

6. Pharmacokinetics
 What does body do to the drug
 ADME
 A- Absorption (GI tract)
 D- Distribution (Blood)
 M- Metabolism (Bio transformation) (liver)
 E- Elimination or Excretion
(Urine,Stool,Saliva,Air, Milk)

7. Sources of drugs
 Plants
 Animals (pancreas- insulin, Sheep- thyroid, codliver
oil)
 Minerals (Iron , Zinc, Gold, Chloride etc.)Microbial
(Penicillin , lactobacillus, streptomycin
 Synthetic (emetics, bismuth iodide)
 Biotech (Recombinant DNA technology)

8. Factors affecting drug action
 Age
 Sex
 Body weight
 Route
 Time of administration
 Physiological factors(body
temp, acid base status)
 Psychological
 Pathological status
 Genetic factors
 Tolerance
 Drug interaction

9. Routes of administration
Route
Local and Systemic
1. Local- Topical
2. Systemic
 Enteral – oral , Sublingual, Rectal
 Parenteral – Inhalation, Injections, Transdermal

10. Different routes of drug elimination
 Renal
 Pulmonary
 Hepatic/Biliary
 Faecal – Erythromycin, Tetracycline
 Breast milk- Tetracycline, Antiasthmatics,
Antiepileptic, Anticancer drugs
 Sweat- NaCl and low amount of drugs
 Saliva- Nicotine, Metranidazole
 Nails and Hair – Arsenic & Lead

11. Rational use of drugs (principles of use of
antimicrobial therapy)
 Proper diagnosis
 Proper decision
 Proper selection of drug
This includes proper combination, right route, Easy
availability, Essential, Cost effectiveness
 Right dose
 Right duration (5 or 7 days)
 Right time schedule
 Status of the patient

12. First pass metabolism
 It is the metabolism that occurs after absorption ,in
the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation
 It reduces the bioavailability
 Routes which avoid first pass metabolism are Iv,
sublingual, per rectal

13. Bioavailability
 The rate and extent of drug absorbed from its dosage form.
 It is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic
circulation in the intact form irrespective of the route of administration
 Higher the Bioavailability of the drug, the longer will be the duration of
action.
Factors affecting the BA:
 Solubility of the drug
 Chemical formulation and stability
 First pass metabolism after oral dosing
 Routes of administration
 Blood flow at the site of administration
 Concentration of the drug
 PH of the surrounding area

14. Biotransformation (Metabolism)
 It is a process of biochemical alteration of the drug
in the body
 Body treats the drug as foreign body and tries to
eliminate it from the body
 Site (liver, kidney, gut mucosa,lungs,blood and skin)
 Result – Inactive form to active form or vice versa
 Enzymes used in biotransformation

15.  Drug
 Prodrug
 Therapeutic index
 Therapeutic window
 TDM – therapeutic drug monitoring
 Adverse effects
 Toxic effects
 Drug synergism and antagonism
 Drug dependence
 Drug tolerance
 Receptors
 Teratogenicity

16. Legal issues
 10 rights of patient
 Consent

17. Important /University questions
 Bioavailability(2)
 Biotransformation
 Pro drug
 Intramuscular and intravenous routes(3)
 Drug
 Drug tolerance
 Terratogencity
 Oral and parenteral routes(2
 Adverse effects of drugs(2
 Pharmacodynamics (2)
 Pharmacokinetics (2)
 Drug synergism
 Intravenous and subcutaneous
 Drug dependence