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Ch08 ppt
1.
Seeleyâs ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Tenth
Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 2 Chapter 8 Nervous System Lecture Outline
3.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 3 Nervous System Figure 8.1
4.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 4 Nervous System Functions 1. Receiving sensory input 2. Integrating information 3. Controlling muscles and glands 4. Maintaining homeostasis 5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity
5.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 5 Main Divisions of Nervous System1 Central nervous system (CNS) âą brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) âą All the nervous tissue outside the CNS Sensory division âą Conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS Motor division âą Conducts action potentials to effector organs, such as muscles and glands
6.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 6 Main Divisions of Nervous System2 Somatic nervous system âą Transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles. Autonomic nervous system âą Transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands Enteric nervous system âą A special nervous system found only in the digestive tract.
7.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 7 Organization of the Nervous System Figure 8.2
8.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 8 Cells of the Nervous System Neurons âą receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs. Glial cells âą supportive cells of the CNS and PNS, meaning these cells do not conduct action potentials. Instead, glial cells carry out different functions that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue.
9.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 9 Neurons A neuron (nerve cell) has a: âą Cell body â which contains a single nucleus âą Dendrite â which is a cytoplasmic extension from the cell body, that usually receives information from other neurons and transmits the information to the cell body âą Axon â which is a single long cell process that leaves the cell body at the axon hillock and conducts sensory signals to the CNS and motor signals away from the CNS
10.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 10 Typical Neuron Figure 8.3
11.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 11 Structural Types of Neurons1 Multipolar neurons have many dendrites and a single axon. Most of the neurons within the CNS and nearly all motor neurons are multipolar. Bipolar neurons have two processes: one dendrite and one axon. Bipolar neurons are located in some sensory organs, such as in the retina of the eye and in the nasal cavity.
12.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 12 Structural Types of Neurons2 Pseudo-unipolar neurons have a single process extending from the cell body, which divides into two processes as short distance from the cell body. One process extends to the periphery, and the other extends to the CNS. The two extensions function as a single axon with small, dendrite-like sensory receptors at the periphery.
13.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 13 Types of Neurons Figure 8.4
14.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 14 Glial Cells1 Glial cells are the supportive cells of the CNS and PNS. Astrocytes serve as the major supporting cells in the CNS. Astrocytes can stimulate or inhibit the signaling activity of nearby neurons and form the blood- brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the cavities in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid.
15.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 15 Glial Cells2 Microglial cells act in an immune function in the CNS by removing bacteria and cell debris. Oligodendrocytes provide myelin to neurons in the CNS. Schwann cells provide myelin to neurons in the PNS.
16.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 16 Types of Glial Cells Figure 8.5
17.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 17 Myelin Sheath1 Myelin sheaths are specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some neurons, those neurons are termed, myelinated. The sheaths are formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. Myelin is an excellent insulator that prevents almost all ion movement across the cell membrane.
18.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 18 Myelin Sheath2 Gaps in the myelin sheath, called nodes of Ranvier, occur about every millimeter. Ion movement can occur at the nodes of Ranvier. Myelination of an axon increases the speed and efficiency of action potential generation along the axon. Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle function.
19.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 19 Unmyelinated Neurons Unmyelinated axons lack the myelin sheaths. These axons rest in indentations of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS and the Schwann cells in the PNS. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated axons than myelinated axons.
20.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 20 Myelinated and Unmyelinated Axons Figure 8.6
21.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 21 Organization of Nervous Tissue The nervous tissue varies in color due to the abundance or absence of myelinated axons. Nervous tissue exists as gray matter and white matter. Gray matter consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites, where there is very little myelin. White matter consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths, which are whitish in color.
22.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 22 Membrane Potentials Resting membrane potentials and action potentials occur in neurons. These potentials are mainly due to differences in concentrations of ions across the membrane, membrane channels, and the sodium-potassium pump. Membrane channels include leak channels and gated channels. Leak channels are always open, whereas gated channels are generally closed, but can be opened due to voltage or chemicals.
23.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 23 Leak Membrane Channels Leak channels are always open are and ions can âleakâ across the membrane down their concentration gradient. Because there are 50 to 100 times more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels, the resting membrane has much greater permeability to K+ than to Na+; therefore, the K+ leak channels have the greatest contribution to the resting membrane potential.
24.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 24 Gated Membrane Channels Gated channels are closed until opened by specific signals. Chemically gated channels are opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals, whereas voltage-gated channels are opened by a change in membrane potential. When opened, the gated channels can change the membrane potential and are thus responsible for the action potential.
25.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 25 Sodium-Potassium Pump The sodium-potassium pump compensates for the constant leakage of ions through leak channels. The sodium-potassium pump is required to maintain the greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell membrane and K+ inside. The pump actively transports K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell. It is estimated that the sodium-potassium pump consumes 25% of all the ATP in a typical cell and 70% of the ATP in a neuron.
26.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 26 Resting Membrane Potential1 The resting membrane potential exists because of: âą The concentration of K+ being higher on the inside of the cell membrane and the concentration of Na+ being higher on the outside âą The presence of many negatively charged molecules, such as proteins, inside the cell that are too large to exit the cell âą The presence of leak protein channels in the membrane that are more permeable to K+ than it is to Na+
27.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 27 Resting Membrane Potential2 Na+ tends to diffuse into the cell and K+ tends to diffuse out. In order to maintain the resting membrane potential, the sodium-potassium pump recreates the Na+ and K+ ion gradient by pumping Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
28.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 28 Resting Membrane Potential3 Figure 8.7(1)
29.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 29 Resting Membrane Potential4 Figure 8.7(2)
30.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 30 Resting Membrane Potential5 Figure 8.7(3)
31.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 31 Action Potential1 Action potentials allow conductivity along nerve or muscle membrane, similar to electricity going along an electrical wire. The channels responsible for the action potential are voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels, which are closed during rest (resting membrane potential). When a stimulus is applied to the nerve cell, following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels, Na+ channels open very briefly, and Na+ diffuses quickly into the cell.
32.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 32 Action Potential2 This movement of Na+, which is called a local current, causes the inside of the cell membrane to become positive, a change called depolarization. If depolarization is not strong enough, the Na+ channels close again, and the local potential disappears without being conducted along the nerve cell membrane. If depolarization is large enough, Na+ enters the cell so that the local potential reaches a threshold value. This threshold depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+ channels to open, generally at the axon hillock.
33.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education 33 Action Potential3 The opening of these channels causes a massive, 600- fold increase in membrane permeability to Na+. Voltage-gated K+ channels also begin to open. As more Na+ enters the cell, depolarization continues at a much faster pace, causing a brief reversal of charge â the inside of the cell membrane becomes positive relative to the outside of the cell membrane. The charge reversal causes Na+ channels to close and Na+ then stops entering the cell. During this time, more K+ channels are opening and K+ leaves the cell, resulting in repolarization.
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Education 34 Action Potential4 At the end of repolarization, the charge on the cell membrane briefly becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential; this condition is called hyperpolarization and occurs briefly. Action potentials occur in an all-or-none fashion All-or-none refers to the fact that if threshold is reached, an action potential occurs; if the threshold is not reached, no action potential occurs. The sodium-potassium pump assists in restoring the resting membrane potential.
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Education 35 Action Potential5 Figure 8.9
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Education 36 Action Potential6 Figure 8.8 (1)
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Education 37 Action Potential7 Figure 8.8 (2)
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Education 38 Action Potential8 Figure 8.8 (3)
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Education 39 Unmyelinated and Myelinated Axon Action Potentials Action potentials are conducted slowly in unmyelinated axons and more rapidly in myelinated axons. Action potentials along unmyelinated axons occur along the entire membrane. Action potentials on myelinated axons occur in a jumping pattern at the nodes of Ranvier. This type of action potential conduction is called saltatory conduction.
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Education 40 Unmyelinated Axon Conduction Figure 8.10
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Education 41 Myelinated Axon Conduction Figure 8.11
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Education 42 Axon Conduction Speed The speed of action potential conduction varies widely, even among myelinated axons; it is based on the diameter of axon fibers. Medium-diameter, lightly myelinated axons, characteristic of autonomic neurons, conduct action potentials at the rate of about 3 to 15 meters per second (m/s). Large-diameter, heavily myelinated axons conduct action potentials at the rate of 15 to 120 m/s.
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Education 43 Synapse1 A neuroneuronal synapse is a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron. The end of the axon forms a presynaptic terminal and the membrane of the next neuron forms the postsynaptic membrane, with a synaptic cleft between the two membranes. Chemical substances called neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal.
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Education 44 Synapse2 An action potential reaching the presynaptic terminal causes voltage-gated Ca2 + channels to open, and Ca2 + moves into the cell. This influx of Ca2 + causes the release of neurotransmitters by exocytosis from the presynaptic terminal. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptor molecules on the postsynaptic membrane.
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Education 45 Synapse3 The binding of neurotransmitters to these membrane receptors causes chemically gated channels for Na+, K+, or Clâ to open or close in the postsynaptic membrane. The specific channel type and whether or not the channel opens or closes depend on the type of neurotransmitter in the presynaptic terminal and the type of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. The response may be either stimulation or inhibition of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell.
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Education 46 Synapse4 If Na+ channels open, the postsynaptic cell becomes depolarized, and an action potential will result if threshold is reached. If K+ or Clâ channels open, the inside of the postsynaptic cell tends to become more negative, or hyperpolarized, and an action potential is inhibited from occurring. There are many neurotransmitters, with the best known being acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
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Education 47 Synapse5 Neurotransmitters do not normally remain in the synaptic cleft indefinitely, thus their effects are short duration. These substances become reduced in concentration when they are either rapidly broken down by enzymes within the synaptic cleft or are transported back into the presynaptic terminal. An enzyme called acetylcholinesterase breaks down the acetylcholine. Norepinephrine is either actively transported back into the presynaptic terminal or broken down by enzymes.
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Education 48 The Synapse Figure 8.12
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Education 49 Reflex A reflex is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS. Reflexes allow a person to react to stimuli more quickly than is possible if conscious thought is involved. Most reflexes occur in the spinal cord or brainstem rather than in the higher brain centers. A reflex arc is the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs and has five basic components.
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Education 50 Reflex Arc Components 1. A sensory receptor 2. A sensory neuron 3. Interneurons, which are neurons located between and communicating with two other neurons 4. A motor neuron 5. An effector organ (muscles or glands). Note: The simplest reflex arcs do not involve interneurons.
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Education 51 Reflex Arc Figure 8.13
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Education 52 Neuronal Pathway (Converging) The CNS has simple to complex neuronal pathways. A converging pathway is a simple pathway in which two or more neurons synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron. This allows information transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway.
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Education 53 Neuronal Pathway (Diverging) A diverging pathway is a simple pathway in which an axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other postsynaptic neuron. This allows information transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into two or more pathways.
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Education 54 Neuronal Pathways Figure 8.14
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Education 55 Summation1 A single presynaptic action potential usually does not cause a sufficiently large postsynaptic local potential to reach threshold and produce an action potential in the target cell. Many presynaptic action potentials are needed in a process called summation. Summation of signals in neuronal pathways allows integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials. Summation of the local potentials can bring the membrane potential to threshold and trigger an action potential.
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Education 56 Summation2 Spatial summation occurs when the local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuronâfor example, from converging pathways. Temporal summation occurs when local potentials overlap in time. This can occur from a single input that fires rapidly, which allows the resulting local potentials to overlap briefly. Spatial and temporal summation can lead to stimulation or inhibition, depending on the type of signal.
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Education 57 The Nervous System âThe right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.â
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Education 58 Central Nervous System âą Made up of brain and spinal cord âą Acts as bodyâs control center, coordinates bodyâs activities â Impulses travel through the neurons in your body to reach the brain âą Central Nervous System is yellow in this diagram.
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Education 59 Peripheral Nervous System âą Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system. â Similar to telephone wires that connect all of our houses in the community âą Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli. âą Peripheral Nervous System is green in this diagram.
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Education 60 Peripheral Nervous System: 2 parts âą Somatic Nervous System â Relay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous system â You consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles (except reflexes) â Reflexes: Automatic response to stimulus âą Autonomic Nervous System â Relay information from central nervous system to organs â Involuntary: You do not consciously control these â Sympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight response â Parasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest
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Education 61 Neurons âą The basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system âą Cells that conduct impulses. â Made up of dendrites, cell body and an axon
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Education 62 Neurons âą Dendrites: branch-like extensions that receive impulses and carry them toward cell body. âą Axon: single extension of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body. âą The axon branches out at ending to send impulses to many different neurons. Dendrites receive impulses from many other axons.
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Education 63 In other words, thereâs a lot of traffic going on in the neurons of your Central Nervous System.
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Education 64 3 types of neurons âą Sensory Neurons: carry impulses from inside and outside the body to brain and spinal cord. âą Interneurons: found within brain and spinal cord, process incoming impulses and pass them on to motor neurons. âą Motor Neurons: carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.
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Education 65 So how do these neurons work if someone taps you on the shoulder . . . 1. Receptors in the skin sense touch or other stimuli. 2. Sensory neurons transmit the touch message. 3. Information is sorted and interpreted in the brain. A response in determined by interneurons. 4. Motor neurons transmit a response message to the shoulder muscles. 5. The shoulder muscles are activated, causing the head to turn.
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Education 66 How is an impulse transmitted? 1. Stimulus excites sensory neuron. 2. Depolarization (a change in charge due to sodium ions) creates a wave of changing charges down the axon. 3. Impulse moves across synapse (tiny space between one neuronâs axon and anotherâs dendrites) with the help of neurotransmitters This is an image of neurons located in the cerebral cortex of a hamster.
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Education 67 Reflexes: ï§Are rapid, predictable and involuntary responses to stimuli ï§Occur over neural pathway called reflex arcs and involve both CNS and PNS structures. ï§Somatic reflexes â include all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles. ï§Autonomic reflexes â regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands. (salivary reflexes, pupillary reflex)
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Education 70 Central Nervous System ï§Neural tube â a simple tube wherein the CNS first appear during embryonic development ï§Ventricles â chambers formed by the enlarged four regions of the brain ï§Brain â about two good fistfuls of pinkish gray tissue, wrinkled like a walnut and with the texture of cold oatmeal, weighs a little over three pounds. Cerebral Hemispheres ï§The paired cerebral hemispheres, collectively called the cerebrum ï§Gyri â elevated ridges of tissue in the entire surface of cerebral hemispheres
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Education 71 Spinal Cord ï§Approximately 17 inches (42 cm) long. Extends from the foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebra. 31 pairs of spinal nerves. ï§Enlarged in cervical and lumbar regions ï§Cauda equina â collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal and it looks so much like a horseâs tail.
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Education 73 Gray Matter of the SC and Spinal Roots ï§Looks like a butterfly or the letter H in cross section. ï§Two posterior projections are the dorsal/posterior horns; the two anterior projections are the ventral/anterior horns. ï§The gray matter surrounds the central canal of the cord, which contains CSF ï§Dorsal root ganglion â when damaged, sensation from the body area served will be lost. ï§Dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the spinal nerves.
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Education 82 Peripheral Nervous System Structure of a Nerve: ï§Nerve â a bundle of neuron fibers found outside the CNS. ï§Endoneurium â connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber ï§Perineurium â coarser connective tissue that wraps groups of fibers (fascicles) ï§Epineurium â a tough fibrous sheath that bound all the fascicles together
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Education 84 ï§Sulci â shallow grooves ï§Fissures â deeper grooves, separate large regions of the brain ï§Longitudinal fissure â single deep fissure that separates the cerebral hemispheres Cerebral Cortex ï§ Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement ï§Primary somatic sensory area â located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus. For recognition of pain, coldness, or light touch. ï§Occipital lobe â the visual area ï§Temporal lobe â auditory area, the olfactory area is found deep inside
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Education 86 ï§Primary motor area â allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles, anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe. Corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract the major voluntary motor tract. ï§Motor homunculus â body map of the motor cortex ï§Brocaâs area â found at the base of the precentral gyrus. Damage to this area causes inability to say words properly. ï§Frontal lobe â higher intellectual reasoning and socially acceptable behavior ï§Temporal and frontal lobes â storage of complex memories ï§wernickeâs area) Speech area (- located at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
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Education 91 ï§Corpus callosum â large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemisphere ï§Basal nuclei or basal ganglia â help regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions (starting/stopping movement) sent to the skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex. Diencephalon -Or interbrain, sits atop the brainstem ï§Thalamus â relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex. ï§Hypothalamus â plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance and metabolism. Also the center for many drives and emotions, and as such it is an important part of the so-called limbic system, or âemotional visceral brainâ. (thirst, appetite, sex, pain, pleasure)
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Education 93 *Mammillary bodies â reflex center involved in olfaction ï§Epithalamus- important parts are the pineal body (part of the endocrine system) and the choroid plexus of the third ventricle Brain Stem ïAbout the size of the thumb in diameter and approximately 3 inches long. Structures are midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata ï§Midbrain is a relatively small part of the brainstem. Cerebral aqueduct is a tiny canal that travels through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. Cerebral peduncles (little feet of the cerebrum), convey ascending and descending impulses. Corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involved in vision and hearing
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Education 94 ï§Pons â means âbridgeâ , mostly fiber tracts, involved in the control of breathing ï§Medulla Oblongata â regulate vital visceral activities; contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting. ï¶Reticular formation â extending the entire length of the brain stem which is a diffuse mass of gray matter, involved in motor control of the visceral organ. ï¶Reticular activating system (RAS) â special group of reticular formation neurons that plays a role in consciousness and the wake/sleep cycles. Damage to this area can result in permanent unconsciousness (coma).
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Education 96 Cerebellum â large, cauliflower-like that projects dorsally from the occipital lobe. Provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium. Damage can lead to ataxia. Protection of the CNS Meninges â three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures ï§Dura mater â outermost layer, meaning âtough or hard motherâ, is a double-layered membrane ï§Arachnoid mater â the middle menigeal layer which is web-like ï§Pia mater â innermost layer, meaning âgentle motherâ
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Education 97 ROMBERGâS TEST
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Education 101 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) â is a watery âbrothâ similar in its makeup to blood plasma. It is continually formed from blood by the choroid plexuses. Forms and drains at a constant rate so that its normal pressure and volume (150 ml- about half a cup) are maintained. The pathway of CSF circulation is as follows: choroid plexus(lat venticle)â interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monro)âthird ventricleâcerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)âfourth ventricleâ foramen in 4th ventricle(Foramen of Luschka and Magendie)â subarachnoid space.
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Education 103 HYDROCEPHALUS
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Education 104 Blood-brain Barrier â composed of least permeable capillaries in the whole body. Of water-soluble substances, only water, glucose and essential amino acids pass easily through the walls of these capillaries. Metabolic wastes such as urea, toxins, proteins, and most drugs are prevented from entering the brain tissue. Is virtually useless against fats, respiratory gases, and other fat-soluble molecules that diffuse easily through all plasma membranes. This explains why blood borne alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics can affect the brain. Brain dysfunctions: Concussion â brain injury is slight. The victim may be dizzy, âsee starsâ, or lose consciousness briefly, but no
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Education 105 permanent brain damage occurs. Contusion â result of marked tissue destruction Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) or stroke â when a blood circulation to a brain area is blocked.
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Education 107 THE CRANIAL NERVES Name Function Test I. Olfactory (Sensory) Purely sensory; carries impulses for the sense of smell Subject is asked to sniff and identify aromatic substances II. Optic (Sensory) Purely sensory; carries impulses for vision Vision and visual field are tested with an eye chart III. Oculomotor (Motor) Supplies motor fibers to four of the six muscles (superior, inferior, and medial rectus, and inferior oblique) that direct the eyeball. Pupils are examined for size, shape, and size equality; pupillary reflex is tested with penlight. IV. Trochlear (Motor) Supplies motor fibers for one external eye muscle (superior oblique) Tested in common with CN III for the ability to follow moving objects.
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Education 108 V. Trigeminal (Mixed) conducts sensory impulses from the skin of the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth; also contains motor fibers that activate the chewing muscles sensations of pain , touch, and temperature are tested with a safety pain and hot or cold objects; motor branch tested by asking to open mouth against resistance VI. Abducens (Motor) Supplies motor fibers to the lateral rectus Tested in common with CN III for the ability to move each eye laterally VII. Facial (Mixed) Activates the muscles of facial expression and lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of anterior tongue Anterior 2/3 of tongue is tested for ability to taste; subject is asked to close the eyes, smile, whistle, etc. VIII. Vestibulocochlear (Sensory) Purely sensory; vestibular branch for sense of balance and cochlear branch for sense of hearing Hearing is checked by air and bone conduction using a tuning fork
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Education 109 ANISOCORIA
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Education 110 TRIGEMINAL NERVE
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Education 111 IX. Glossopharyngeal (Mixed) Supplies motor fibers to the pharynx that promote swallowing and production of saliva; carries sensory impulses from taste buds of posterior tongue Gag and swallowing reflexes are checked; subject is asked to speak and cough; posterior tongue maybe tested for taste X. Vagus (Mixed) Carry sensory impulses from and motor impulses to the pharynx, larynx, and the abdominal and thoracic viscera; most motor fibers are parasympathetic that promote digestive activity and help regulate heart activity Tested in common with CN IX, because they both serve muscles of the throat. XI. Accessory (Motor) Mostly motor fibers that activate SCM and trapezius muscles SCM and trapezius muscles are tested for strength XII. Hypoglossal (Motor) Motor fibers control tongue movements Subject is asked to stick out tongue, and any position abnormalities are noted
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Education 113 Effects of the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous System ORGAN SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC Heart Increased heart rate Decreased heart rate Blood vessels Constricts visceral and brain vessels Dilates visceral and brain vessels Lungs Dilates bronchi, âRR Constrict bronchi,âRR Gastrointestinal Decreases peristalsis Increases peristalsis Anal Sphincter Closes anal sphincter Opens anal sphincter Urinary Relaxes bladder, closes sphincter Contracts bladder, opens sphincter Eye Dilates pupil, accommodates far vision Constricts pupils, accommodate near vision
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Education 114 Effects of the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous System ORGAN SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC Skin âGoose fleshâ, pallor, diaphoresis Gastric & Salivary secretions Decreases gastric and salivary secretions Increases gastric and salivary secretions Liver Stimulates glycogenolysis (âblood glucose levels) Pancreas Diminishes secretion of pancreatic enzymes Increases secretion of pancreatic enzymes Adrenal Medulla Stimulates production of norepinephrine Penis Promotes ejaculation Causes erection
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